THE PASSIVE VOICE

Present Passive Voice: Latin use of the Active and Passive Voices corresponds
generally to the English use. The passive forms for present, imperfect and future
are based on present stems for all conjugations, with these personal endings:
-r
-ris
-tur
-re

-re

portor
portris
porttur
portmur
portmini
portantur

doceor
docris
doctur
docmur
docmin
docentur

-mur
-mini
-ntur
-ere
mittor
mitteris
mittitur
mittimur
mittimin
mittuntur

-ere (io)
capior
caperis
capitur
capimur
capimin
capiuntur

-re
audior
audris
audtur
audmur
audmin
audiuntur

Imperfect Passive: The imperfect passive is formed by inserting -ba-:

portbar
portbris
portbtur
portbmur
portbmin
portbantur

docbar
docbris
docbtur
docbmur
docbmin
docbantur

mittbar
mittbris
mittbtur
mittbmur
mittbmin
mittbantur

capibar
capibris
capibtur
capibmur
capibmin
capibantur

audibar
audibris
audibtur
audibmur
audibmin
audibantur

Future Passive: Formed by inserting -bi- for first and second conjugations, -- for
third and fourth:
portbor
portberis
portbitur
portbimur
portbimin
portbuntur

docbor
docberis
docbitur
docbimur
docbimin
docbuntur

mittar
mittris
mitttur
mittmur
mittmin
mittentur

capiar
capiris
capitur
capimur
capimin
capientur

audiar
audiris
auditur
audimur
audimin
audientur

Passive Infintives: Change the final -e of the infinitive ending to -, except in the
third conjugation where the entire infinitive ending becomes -.
portr

docr

mitt

cap

audr

Specttrs procul audr possunt, the spectators can be heard at a distance.

Perfect Passive System

The perfect system for the passive voice (perfect, pluperfect and future perfect) is
formed by adding a form of esse to the perfect passive participle (the 4th principal
part). The perfect passive participle (always nominative) will agree with its subject
in number and gender.
Perfect Passive (I was carried . . . ): present tense of esse + the perfect passive
participle:
portatus sum
portatus es
portatus est
portat sumus
portat estis
portat sunt

doctus sum
doctus es
doctus est
doct sumus
doct estis
doct sunt

missum sum
missum es
missum est
miss sumus
miss estis
miss sunt

captus sum
captus es
captus est
capt sumus
capt estis
capt sunt

audtus sum
audtus es
audtus est
audt sumus
audt estis
audt sunt

Pluperfect Passive (I had been carried . . . ): imperfect tense of esse + the perfect
passive participle:
portatus eram
portatus eras
portatus erat
portat ermus
portat ertis
portat erant

doctus eram
doctus eras
doctus erat
doct ermus
doct ertis
doct erant

missum eram
missum eras
missum erat
miss ermus
miss ertis
miss erant

captus eram
captus eras
captus erat
capt ermus
capt ertis
capt erant

audtus eram
audtus eras
audtus erat
audt ermus
audt ertis
audt erant

Future Passive (I will have been carried . . . ): future tense of esse + the perfect
passive participle:
portatus ero
portatus eris
portatus erit
portat erimus
portat eritis
portat erunt

doctus ero
doctus eris
doctus erit
doct erimus
doct eritis
doct erunt

missum ero
missum eris
missum erit
miss erimus
miss eritis
miss erunt

captus ero
captus eris
captus erit
capt erimus
capt eritis
capt erunt

audtus ero
audtus eris
audtus erit
audt erimus
audt eritis
audt erunt

The perfect passive participle will agree with its subject in number and gender:
Vir ab agricol in casam ductus est. The man was led into the house by the farmer.
Virg a vir in casam ducta est. The maiden was led into the house by the man.
Animal puer in casam ductum est. The animal was led into the house by the boy.