BNJ 30703

Why do we study control systems?

Hanani bt Abd Wahab

What do these two have in common?

Controlled vs Uncontrolled

Boeing 777

Tornado
Highly nonlinear, complicated dynamics!

Both are capable of transporting goods and people over long distances

BUT
One is controlled, and the other is not.
Control is the hidden technology that you meet every day
It heavily relies on the notion of feedback

Controlled vs Uncontrolled

What is Control?
Control is a term that describes the process of
forcing a system to behave in a desired way in
order to achieve certain objective(s)/goal(s).
Control is the process of making a system variable
adhere to a particular value, called the reference
value.

What is Control System?

Control system is a group of components which
maintains desired results (goals) by manipulating
the value of another variable in the system.

How to Control?
Compute
Control Law

Actuate
Gas Pedal/
Brake

Sense
Vehicle Speed

Goals (Desired results)

Stability: system maintains desired operating point

Performance: system responds rapidly to changes
Robustness: system tolerates perturbations in dynamics

Control = Sensing + Computation + Actuation

In Feedback Loop

Feedback Control System

In general

Room Temperature Control

Main Components:
Plant: Process + Actuator
Controller
Sensor
Disturbance

More Examples
Control is the hidden technology that you
meet every day
Control System in Nature
Historical Examples
Modern Examples

Control Systems in Nature

Pancreas:
regulate blood sugar.

Adrenalin
automatically generated to increase heart-rate and
oxygen intake in times of flight.

Eyes
able to follow a moving object.

Hand:
able to pick up an object and place it at a
predetermined location

Flyball Governor

Historical Examples
Ancient Greece [1 300 BC]: water float
regulation, water clock, automatic oil lamp.
17th Century: Cornelis Drebbel temperature
control.
18th Century: James Watt Flyball governor
Late 19th Century to mid 20th Century:
Development of Classical Control Theory
1960s present Modern Control Theory

Regulate speed of steam engine

Reduce effects of variations in load
(disturbance rejection)
Major advance of industrial revolution

Valve closes,
slowing engine

Steam
engine

Boulton-Watt steam engine

Modern Examples

Balls fly out

as speed
increases,

Flyball
governor

http://www.heeg.de/~roland/SteamEngine.html

Control in Transportation

Control System in Transportation System

Control in Process Industry
Control in Manufacturing Industry
Control in Home
Automotive: Engine regulation, active suspension,
anti-lock braking system (ABS).
Steering of missiles, planes, aircrafts and ships at
sear.

Control in Process Industry

In the process industries, control is used to
regulate level, pressure and temperature of
refinery vessel.

Control in Manufacturing
Systems

In steel rolling mill, the position of the rolls is

controlled according to the measure of thickness
of the steel coming off the finishing line.

Control in Home
CD Players, the position of the laser spot in
relation to the microscopic pits in a CD is
controlled.
Video Recorder, the tracking of the record and
play back head is controlled by controlling the
velocity of the tape.
Air conditioning system uses thermostat and
control the temperature in the room.

Control in Home
CD Player

Open-loop vs. Closed-loop

An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating
device to control the process directly without
using feedback.

Open-loop vs. Closed-loop

A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of the output and
feedback of the output signal to compare it with the desired output
(reference or command).

Missile launcher system

Control is the hidden technology that

you meet every day

Why do we study control systems?

Summary
Goals (Desired results)
Stability:
system maintains desired operating point

Performance:
system responds rapidly to changes

Robustness:
system tolerates perturbations in dynamics

Main References :
Ogata K., Modern Control Engineering, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 2002 Fourth Edition.

Others References :
J. Dorf, Modern Control Engineering, Addison Wesley
Publishing , 2004.
Norman S. Nise Control System Engineering, The
Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co. Inc. , 2004
Fourth.Edition,
Introduction to Matlab 7 for Engineers, McGraw.Hill
International Edition, 2005