Work Study

Motion & Time Study

Work Study is the process of creating

labour standards based on the
judgement of skilled observers.

Work Study investigates the work

done in an organization and aims at
finding the best & the most efficient
way of using the available resources.

0100090000037800000002001c00000000000400000003010800050000000b0200000000
050000000c023d080d0e040000002e0118001c000000fb021000070000000000bc020000
00000102022253797374656d00080d0e0000f382992b9c5c110004ee8339a80920000c020
000040000002d01000004000000020101001c000000fb029cff0000000000009001000000
000740001254696d6573204e657720526f6d616e00000000000000000000000000000000
00040000002d010100050000000902000000020d000000320a5a00000001000400000000
00100e3a0820c92d00040000002d010000030000000000

Method Study
Method Study is the systematic
recording & critical examination of
existing and proposed ways of doing
work, as a means of developing and
applying easier and most effective
methods & reducing costs.
Contd..
Jobs with the following study should
be taken first for motion study:
*Reduce manufacturing cost
*Avoid bottlenecks
*Reduce fatigue
*Processes involved in high scrap production.
*Reduce repetitive task.
Procedure
*Select & Define
*Record
*Critically Examine
*Develop the best method
*Install
*Maintain
1. Select & Define

*Select the job worth studying & define the objectives to

be achieved

Consider:
*Economic Aspects, Technical Aspects & Human Relations
2. Record
*Charts
*Diagrams
*Layout Models

3. Critically Examine
*Primary Question: indicate facts & reason underlying them

*Secondary Question: indicates alternatives & consequently the

means of improvement.
4. Develop the best method
*Record the method
*Consult all levels of management &
workers
*Test the modified method (advantages
over original method)
*Prepare & put the report on the
proposed method to the management for
approval.
5. Install
Preparation & Implementation
*Preparation
i. Planning
Responsibility, target dates for job completion
ii. Arranging
Checking necessary plant, tools & equipment
Selecting workers for training & Informing
everyone
iii. Rehearsing
Implementation: introduction of developed
method as standard practice.

Process Charts:
An organized way of recording all the activities
performed by a person, by a machine, at a workstation,
with a customer or on materials.

The chart can be made by grouping the

following activities:

* Operation: changes, creates or

adds something

* Transportation:

Moves the study’s subject from one place to

another (also called material handling).

* Inspection:

Checks or verifies something but does not

change it.

* Delay:

Occurs when the subject is held up awaiting

further action.

* Storage:
 Occurs when something is put away until a later time.

Rules of Human Motion by “Parker”

*Balanced distribution of work between both hands
*Both hands should not be idle at the same time
*Work of the two hands should follow opposite and
symmetrical motion
*Lowest practical & usable motion should be used

*Maximum usage should be made of the momentum

developed

*Motion should be smooth & continuous , they should not

involve frequent stops & directional change.
*Ballistic movement wherever feasible should be preferred
over controlled ones.
*A worker may use mechanical aids to assist him to
overcome muscular effort
Rules pertaining to the arrangement of work place
*Tools & accessories should have definite location and
conveniently located
*Tools & other materials should be easily accessible &
close to working areas
*An assembled or final product should preferably be
dropped on a conveyor near the work place

*Good illumination should be provided

*Height of the work place & chair should be comfortable

*Hands should not perform any work that can b done by a
jig or fixture or by foot operation
*Colour of work place should be eye soothing
*Proper ventilation is required
Def. of Motion Study by ‘Gilberth’
The science of elementary wastefulness
resulting from using unnecessary,
ill-directed and inefficient motions.
THERBLIGS
Therbligs are used to describe the
basic elements of movements of
fundamental hand motions of the
work cycle.

It was suggested by Gilberth

Time Study / Work Measurement
Time Study techniques find the time
required to do a job by a qualified
operator working at a standard pace
and using the standard method.

Thus a standard time for a process

is set.

Standard Time
Standard Time: Amount of time
required to complete a unit of work

A. under existing working conditions

B. using the specified method and machinery
C. by an operator able to do work in
a proper manner
D. at a standard pace.
Time study equipment
*A stop watch
*A time study board
*Time study forms
* Pencil, rubber, steel rule, tachometer, calculator etc.
Applications of Time Study
*checking time standards
*for timing repetitive operations
*to study a process in detail
*determine schedules & planning
*determine budgets
*cost of product
*attain economies of production
*performance appraisal.
Difference bet. Time & Motion Study
*Time Study is a technique of work measurement
*It is a quantitative analysis leading to establishment of standard
time
*It is a technique of method study
*It is a qualitative analysis of work situations which leads to
improvement of an operation

*Time study is used to measure the operation time, the unit being
0.01 minute with the help of a stop watch
*By conducting time study, a standard time is fixed for determining
the wages and maintaining the efficiency in production
*Motion study is used to measure the time of motion elements, the
time being recorded to 0.0005 minute by means of a micrometer
*By conducting motion study the best method of performing an
operations is established.
Allowances
An amount of time added to the
normal time to provide for personal
delays, unavoidable delays and
fatigue of the operator.

Types
1. Personal Allowance
*To satisfy personal needs
*Heavy work / light works

2. Fatigue Allowance
Fatigue occurs due to unhealthy working
condition , type of work, health of the
worker.
Contd..
3. Delay Allowances
*Avoidable delays like visiting to colleague , idealness etc.
*Unavoidable delays like interruption from the inspector,
foreman, time analyst etc.
*Process allowances, some ideal time due to nature of
work.
*Special allowances for periodic activities like setting up a
planner or lubricating a lathe machine etc.