,J.

L_

1
/

(Paper

to

be

INCIDENCE

submitted

AND

DEVIATION

FOR

COMPRESSOR

By

National

ASME

Center

and

CORRELATIONS

Lieblein

Space

Clevelandj

L/

meeting.)

CASCADES

Research

Aeronautics

annual

ANGLE

Seymour

Lewis
co

to

Administration

Ohio

ABSTRACT

An

analysis

incidence

angle

aerodynamics

principal

mean

is

presented

and

governing

the

lines

are

line

3 a

angles

for

conventional

C-series

constants

associated

in

with

and
each

such

the

of

these

is

established.

of

can

as

an

be

the

shape

blades.

is

shown

equivalent

NACA

derived

and

that

the

if

blade

circular-arc

for

predicting

65-series

arc

The

discussed,

It

obtained

are

minimum-loss

cascade

angles

double-circular

blade

low-speed

compressor

terms

relation

sections

blades,

of

are

general

variation

for

behavior

expressed

single

the

angle

parameters

camber

British

deviation

influencing

camber

Eor

blades,

blade.

The

from

the

these

the

specific
available

N 6.5- 8324 5

data.
X

(CATEGORY)

NASAFILECOPY
loan expires _n last

DIVISIO;I.......A'

'"

- 2 -

INTRODUCTION
In an
the

earlier

low-speed

tained

paper

losses

when

the

significant

of

losses

as

the

NACA

blades

at

the

reference

of the

success

means

incidence
doing,

deducing

angle

and

was

made

the

cascade

were

made

years,
control
a

difficult

however,

the

(notably

and

performance

relations

porous

data

has

among

significant
were

The

recent

also

made

the

be

of the

various

and

the

wall

general

comparisons
as

availability

flow

the

series
In view

to

investi-

reference

blades.

predicting

In

the

so

principal

of air-angle

two-dimensional

for

design

between

by

[2,3,4_5]

use.

the

theoretical
the

in

In recent

boundary-layer

consistent

of

data

flow

attempts

tunnel-wall

More

further

C-7

used

blades.

developed

of

these

ob-

commonly

and

for

certain

angle.

for

noteworthy

a result

be

of

desirable

correlation

effective

analysis.

cascade

for

data

technique

feasible

for

of true

several

obtained

incidence

established
cascade

such
C-_

thought

could

terms

for

British

variations

absence

of

in

correlations

experimental

to cascade

[9,10,11]

dimensionality.
sistant

the

obtained

correlation

blades

expressed

it was

conventional

introduction

impetus
more

angle

might

limited

cascade

was

generalized

Nevertheless,

correlate

substantial

[6,7,8]

because

a generalized

of minimum-loss

correlations,

turning

of

that

were

blades

investigations,

tunnels.
to

loading

correlation

similar

procedure

cascade

shown

compressor

condition

air

parameters

early

blade

The

loss

of

performance
In

and

65(A10)-series

of the

a general

it was

conventional

parameters.

blades

gate

[i],

NACA

and

amounts

investigation

gave

systematic

improved

considerable

[6])

of the

data

experimental
twoof congeneral

parameters.
CI-I

i c-.

q
- 5 -

The

present

paper

characteristics
angle

at

general
into

blade

the

with

are

for

aerodynamics

based

angles

tions

angle

behavior

an

conventional

incidence

established
air

of

presents

analysis

cascade
minimum

are

loss.

utilized

angles.

on

these

considerations

expressed

in

in

significant

terms

obtain

Empirical

and

low-speed

Available

to

these

geometry

the

blades

of

cascade

of

inlet

of air

cascade

describe

flow

parameters

the

theory

then

variation
The
to

and

insight

are

conditions.

applicable

turning

deviation

a qualitative

correlations

to

air

of

the

correla-

compressor

design.

NOMENCLATURE
A

flow

exponent

chord

incidence

area
in deviation-angle

relation

length

blade

angle,
mean

angle

camber

angle

of

between

line

at

uncambered

inlet-air

leading
blade

edge,

direction
deg

i o

incidence

section,

Ki

correction

factor

in

incidence-angle

relation

correction

factor

in deviation-angle

relation

Mach

number

slope

factor

in

deviation-angle

relation

slope

factor

in

incidence-angle

relation

blade

spacing

blade

maximum

air

velocity

thickness

deg

and

tangent

to

angle of attack,

angle between inlet-air

direction

and blade chord,

deg
air angle, angle between air velocity

and axial

direction,

deg

air turning angle, _l - 923 deg

blade-chord angle, angle between blade chord and axial

direction 3

deg
8

deviation angle, angle between outlet-air

blade meancamber line at trailing

50

direction

and tangent to

edge_ deg

deviation angle of uncamberedblade section, deg

solidity,

ratio

of chord to spacing

blade camberangle, difference

between angles of tangents to mean

camber line at leading and trailing

total-pressure-loss

coefficient,

edges, deg

2_P/pV_

Subscripts :
lower

surface

ref

reference

sh

blade

shape

blade

maximum

upper

surface

station

at

cascade

inlet

station

at

cascade

exit

lO

lO

percent

thickness

thick

(measuring

station)

- 5 PRELIMINARY
CONSIDERATIONS
Blade Designation
Nomenclature and symbols designating cascade blade characteristics
are given in figure

1.

As in isolated-airfoil

practice,

cascade blade

shapes are normally evolved by adding a basic thickness distribution

a meancamber line which, as indicated in figure l,
curvature of the profile.

S_ne frequently

(Alo) and related meanlines

the parabolicIarc
tions
C._

are

the

thickness

tained

from

[12] ; this

meanline

NACA

[7].

65-series

distribution
the

[6,8],

construction

profile

of

to

as

dimensionality

were

selected

attained

only

boundary-layer
data

were

2.0105
on

the

tunnels
observed
was

to

control

2.5x105

loss
with
in

and
low
the
to

incidence

in

fro_

restricted

necessary

against

sensitivity

of

the

large
was

in

angle

range

of

angle

the
in

the

the

also

and

angles

for

or fron
[e.g.,

local
number

probable
absence

the

to

British
been

lower

ob-

surface

blade.

6,11].

degree

some

number

cases

selected.

of the

In
of

local

two-

wall

the
from

about

number

effects

[e.g.,

6314]

lam_inarIseparation

variation

good

Furthermore,

Reynolds

of

correlations

in which

Reynolds

in

the

basic

tunnels

possible

However,

levels,

has

upper

air

data

minimize

Reynolds

estimate

profile

of blade-chord

variations.

[6] and

distribu-

double-circular-arc

cascade

tunnels

to

thickness

[4], and

Selection

exercised

order

turbulence

the

tunnel,

to values

meanline

distribution

of a circular-arc

is referred

the

basic

A high-speed

Data
In view

used curvatures are the NACA

popular

thickness
[4].

represents the basic

the circular-arc
Two

to

such

effects

in

were

instances,

it

performance

parameters

separation,

and

use

- 6 values obtained from the faired curves for the correlations.

The specific

sources of data used in the analysis are indicated by the reference listed
for the various correlations.
Approach
In order to use a uniform nomenclature and consistent correlation
technique for the various blade shapes considered, it
consider the approach characteristics
angle

of the blade in terms of air incidence

i_ the camber characteristics

the air-turning

characteristics

indicated in figure

was believed best to

in terms of the camberangle

in terms of the deviation angle

$# and
5.

As

l# these angles are based on the tangents to the blade

meancamber line at the leading and trailing

edges. The use of the devia-

tion angle# rather than the turning angle# as a measure of the air outlet
direction

has the advantage# for correlation

small variation

with incidence angle.

purposes# of a generally

Air-turning

angle is related

to the

chamber, incidence, and deviation angles by

a_ =_
Incidence
turning

angle
angle,

decrease
The
sonable
edges,

is

considered

and

air-turning

use

of

may

and

of the
not

be

in

this

line

is

theoretically

However_

it

is

respect

still

when

is

(i)
it

tends

considered

deviation

blade

possible

difficulty
slope

angle

_
to

increase

positive

when

the
it

air-

tends

to

angle.

incidence

definition
which

positive

deviation

the

+ i-

is

possible

in

angles

mean-line

requires

angle

at

blade

shapes.

for

some

the

65-(Alo)-series

infinite

at

to render

the
these

leading

the

a unique
leading

and

The

principal

blades
and

sections

and

usable

trailing

[6] whose

trailing
in

rea-

mean-

edges.
the

- 7 analysis by arbitrarily
llne.

establishing

an equivalent circular-arc

As shown in figure 2, the equivalent circular-arc

tained by drawing a circular

meancamber

meanline is ob-

arc through the leading- and trailing-edge

points and the point of maximumcamber at the midchord position.

lent incidence, deviation,
the equivalent circular-arc
relation
ficient

Equiva-

and camberangles can then be established from

meanline as indicated in the figure.

between equivalent camberangle and isolated-airfoil

of the NACA65-(A10)-series

The

lift

meanline is shown in figure

coef5.

Inasmuch as cascade perfomance curves vary appreciably with increasing

inlet

Machnumber_it

was necessary to restrict

the analysis of the low-

speed air angles to somereference point on the loss-against-incidence

curve that exhibits

the least variation

eters as Machnumber is increased.

angle

in magnitude of performance param-

The reference location

is the incidence angle at minimumtotal-pressure

selected herein

loss_ defined specifically

as the midpoint of the range of incidence angle between the points of twice
minimumloss.

Typical variations

of total-pressure

loss and deviation angle

are shown in figure 4.

At this point_ it

should be kept in mind that the reference minimum-

loss incidence angle is not necessarily to be considered as a recommended

design point for compressor application.
cidence angle for a particular
design is a function

The selection

of the best in-

blade element in a multistage-compressor

of manyconsiderations_ such as the location

blade row, the design Machnumber, and the type and application
design.

In general_ there is no one _niveral definition

best incidence angle.

of the
of the

of design or

The cascade reference location is established pri-

marily for purposes of analysis.

- 8 Of the manyblade shapes currently

tice

(i.e.,

circular

NACA65-series,

[6].

C-series circular

arc), data sufficient

cant correlation

arc, parabolic arc, double

to permit a reasonably complete and signifi-

have been published only for the 88-(A10)-series

Therefore, a basic correlation

established first

in use in compressor design prac-

and the results

of the 65-(A10)-series

blades of

data had to be

used as a guide or foundation for deter-

mining the corresponding performance trends for the other blade shapes for
which only limited

data exist.

the angle correlations

Accordingly,

it was necessary to establish

on the basis of fixed air inlet

angle rather than

fixed chord angle as in the case of the compressor. Limited data indicate
that a fixed

_i

curve will

to 2 greater than a fixed

loss region.
correlations

have a minimum-loss incidence angle about i

_

curve for the samevalues of

An approximate allowance for t_his difference

_i

in the low-

was madein the

when using data from these two procedures.

INCIDENCE-ANGLE
VARIATIONS
Qualitative

Analysis

It is generally recognized that the low-loss region of incidence angle

is identified
celerations)
velocity

with the absence of large velocity

on either blade surface.

peaks (and subsequent de-

For infinitely

gradients are avoided when the front

entry."

stagnation-point

to establish

location

incidence angle for infinitely

flow theory

Weinig [l_

been referred

used the criterion

the variation

thin circular-arc

steep

stagnation point is located

at the leading edge This condition has frequently

condition of "impact-free

thin sections,

to as the
of

of "impact-free-entry"

sections from potential-

Results deduced therein showedthat the minimum-loss incidence

- 9 angle is zero at zero camberand decreases linearly

solidity

with camber for fixed

and blade-chord angle

Someequivalent results

b_ve been obtained for thick-nose blades with

rounded leading edges based on the criterion

that the location

of the

stagnation point in the leading-edge region of a thick blade is the controlling

factor

Carter
angle

[16]

showed

(angle

at

circular-arc
were

was

and

Apparently,

the

the

conventional

cascade
sections
theory

with

on

this

ratio)

for

increasing

generalized

plots

lO-percent-thick
orientation.

terms

of

greater

air

the

outlet

angle

must

be.

It

optimum

camber

These

angle.

variation
blade

of

with

references,
rather

is

incidence

10-percent-thick

the

these

that

distributions.

a conventional

circulation,

of variation

sections

of

basis

C-series
(In

blade

angle

trends

blade

the

will

be

similar

to

well

as

a preliminary

camber

lower

angle,
orientation
angle.)

in magnitude
to

expect,

incidence

those

in-

blade-chord

reasonable

of minimum-loss

optimum

blade

than

results

there-

angle

established

the

for

by

thin-

theory.
results
data

of

showed

(_=

O)

for

appearance

of

tlT] as
that

to

infinitely

that

not

the

the

minimum-loss

conventional

of positive

tributed
are

by

indidence

fore 3 that

The

lift-drag

decreases

blade
in

minimum-loss

by

for

expressed

airfoil

maximum

[17]

angle

solidity,

semitheoretically

blade

followed

cidence

in the determination of the surface velocity

thin
values

existence

symmetrical

of

the

were

but

always

incidence

angle

of velocity
on

incidence

thicknesses
blades,

examination

two

not

for

of

zero,

positive

distributions
surfaces.

angles

of

thick
at

zero

Apparently,

uncambered

as

in

experimental

indicated

value.

blades

_ne
is at-

incidence
an

increase

angle
in

- i0 incidence angle from the zero value is necessary in order to reduce the
lower-surface velocity

to a more equitable distribution

minimumof the over-all

loss.

that results

This zero-camber thickness effect

in a

will

appear

only for blade-chord angles between 0o and 90, since, as indicated by the
highly simplified
5, the velocity
effect

one-dimensional model of the blade passage flow in figure

distributions

at these limit

angles are symmetrical.

of such a blaae thickness blockage on "impact-free-entry"

angle for straight

in [18]o

The results

in terms of the parameters used in this paper_ the "impact-

free" incidence angle is zero at

until

incidence

(uncambered) blades of constant chordwise thickness in

incompressible twodimensional flow was investigated

showedthat,

The

_i = 0_ increases with increasing

_i

a maximumvalue is reached and then decreases to zero again at

91 = 90o

It is reasonable to expect that similar

trends of variations

zero-camber reference minimum-loss incidence angle will

of

be obtained for

compressor blade profiles

On the basis of the preceding analysis,
that_ for low-speed-cascade flowj
will

generally be positive

reference minimum-loss incidence angle

and blade-chord angle

also indicates that the variation

variations

is expected

at zero camberand decrease with increasing

camber, depending on solidity

at fixed solidity

therefore_ it

The available

of reference incidence angle with camber

and chord angle might be essentially

linear.

could be expressed in terms of slope and intercept

the intercept

If so, the
valuesj where

value represents the magr.itude of the incidence angle for

the uncamberedsection (function

chord angle)

theory

of blade thlck_uess, solidity,

and blade-

- ii

Data Correlations
Form

of correlation

blade-chord

angle

necessary
as

to

with

the

camber

angle

data
The

satisfactorily

by

for

preliminary

significant

previously

of reference
for

the

establish

mentioned

resented

is

- Although

fixed

minlmum-loss

blade

linear

in

cascade

incidence

and

of

angle

can

of

were

found

angle.

then

be

it

inlet-air

reference

inlet-air

that

parameter,

terms
data

variation

solidity

indicates

orientation

correlations

observed

theory

angle,

to be

incidence
The

was

repangle

variation

described

in

equation

as

i : io + n_
where

io

is the

of the

incidence-angle

Since
cause
the

the

incidence

variation

existence

positive

values

magnitude

of the

maximum

blades
all

of

to

the

conventional

incidence

effect.

[6] are

to be
blade

angle

be

(io)10

of

the

10-percent-thick

any

correction

expressed

io_

as

the

cent,
with

and
a

(Ki)sh

thickness

it

the

for

represents
distribution

(i

and

is

is reasonable
and

the

basis

is

to

assume

slope

that

10-percent-thick

that

the

the
both

distribution

a generalized

proposed

the

apparently

thickness

the

for

- io)/_.

thickness

since

it is
in the

6S-series

necessary

blade

Therefore,
used

camber_

camber

thickness

shapes,

represents

zero

with

io =
where

for

of a finite

of the

contribute

angle

(2)

65-series

correlation

zero-camber

of

reference

form

(Ki)sh(Ki)t(io)10

variation

of

thickness
ma_ximum
any

zero-camber

incidence

angle

distribution,

(Ki) t

represents

blade

thicknesses

correction

different

(5)

from

necessary
that

of

other
for
the

than

a blade
65-series

for

i0 pershape
blades.

- 12 (For a 10-percent-thick
problem, therefore,

6S-series blade, (Ki) t = i

is reduced to finding

eq. (5)) as functions of the pertinent

blade profiles

for

lent

incidence

be

the

deduced

solidity
Values
line
for
so

of

each

that

points

and

the

angles

_.ta.

plot

(figs.

n and i o (through

involved for the various

are

and

slope

of reference

an!

air

satisfactory

consistent

2 and

for

in

terms

_)_

of

io

plots

io

these

were

angle

blades

of

equiva-

and

can

against

lines

of

and

7o

straight
angle

were

selected

the

io

of

6 and

camber

variation

resulting

functions

fitting

straight

of the

as

in figures

by

a_gle

The

of the

and

obtained

representation

variation

expressed

of

incidence

inlet

low-speed-cascade

minimum-loss-incidence-angle

values

given

extensive

when

the

deduced

angle

the

[6],

represented
The

io

solidity

variables

- From

blades

adequately

_ta

both

data

values

obtained.
The

ure

deduced

8 indicate

rule
the

configurations,
cidence

angle

determination
may

camber

of intercept

a fixed

were

and

a.nd inlet-air

to

blades

65-(A10)-series

that

variations

the values of

The

considered

NACA65-(A10)-series
data

and (Ki)sh = io)

be

due

tions

in

effects

of the

Although

the

50 to

70 and

in figures

of

for

the

the

value
local

deduced

c_mbers_

was

data

points

rep:resentation.
the

range

insufficient
Some

laminar

compared,

to

of the

of

separation

in

In

several

equivalent

permit

scatter

in fig-

an

in-

accurate

of the

altering

_ta
the

range

sections.

cascade
values

6 and

of

observed

low

tests

a minimum-loss

the

the

effectiveness

covered

characteristics

from

and

particularly

of
to

values

ds,ta
of

7 are

Of

[6] include

solidity

extrapolated

from

to

values
0.5

to

cover

of
1.5_

wider

inlet-air
the

angle

deduced

ranges

of

varia-

_i

and

- 15 -

q.

The

extrapolation

theory
In

{15]

figure

values

of

(inlet

the

should

be

in

C.I,

C.2,

ness

and

_ud

C._)

profile

with

and

at
two

are

between
of the

compared

shown

is

on

usually

low-loss

with

- The

thickness

circular-arc

40

mean

].

In

similar,
percent
C-series

exaggerated

thickened

the

and

their

the

thickness

scale

near

chord

the

of

cases
opera-

caution

variations.

been

designated

various

C-series

maximum

length.

thick-

The

distributions

in figure

trailing

be-

distributions

general,

of

necessary

such

deduced

have

9.

edge

(The

65(C.I

6S-series

in actual

blade

construction.)
In
portions

view
of

incidence
greater
the

incidence

the

the

than

for

those
of

any

profiles
angles

somewhat

C-series

angles

absence

C-series

of

blades

zero

for

greater

the

for

(fig

camber

uncambered

9),
the

blockage

it may

data,

taken

be

C-series

profiles;

cascade

arbitrarily
an

for

65-series

definitive
was

thickness

to be

is,

value

i.i.

10-percent-thick

that

blades

that

the

in

of

C.A

the

forward

the

minimum-loss

are

somewhat

(Ki)sh
(Ki)sh

Observed

= 0.

nonzero

However,

line

have

_l

attempted

solidity
the

to

= 0

range

blades.

various

_l

were

at

to

particularly

at

of

popular

an

not

extrapolation

and

more

data

down

sincei_ for

extrapolations

the

fairly

30

precisely,

solidity

[17,19320

are

term

According

vanish

curves
it is

slope

3 a wide

not

further

the

so forth

of the

of the

obvious.

does

Actually,

a_.gle

of

is

terms

fairing

nozzles)

The

= 0

slope

value

variations

distributions

located

series

turbine

in any

_i

indicated.

exact

circular-arc

C.3,

thickness

as

obtained.

combination

at

of the

incidence

and

exercised

zero

arbitrary

the

uniform

C-Series
used

3 an

reference

usually

to

value

adopted

vanes

of the

io

the

determine

guide

is

cause

was

to

locate

tion

however,

7, therefore

critical
to

of

>

i.

In

for

the

minimum-loss

profile

(obtained

from [21]) comparedfavorably with values predicted from the deduced (io)lO
values for the 65-series blade (fig.

6 and eq. (3)) with an assumedvalue

of (Ki)sh = i.i.
In view of the similarity
true circular

arc (fig

between the 65-(A10)-series

2)_ the applicability

ure 7 to the circular-arc

meanline and a

of the slope values in fig-

meanline was investigated.

For the recent

cascade data obtained from tunnels having good boundary-layer control

[lO,13], a check calculation
blades using figures

for the 10-percent-thick

6 and 7 with (Ki)sh = 1.1

For the three configurations

C.A circular-arc

revealed good results.

in El3] tested at constant

_l(@ = 30o),

the agreement between observed and predicted minimum-loss incidence angles

was within 1.

For the one configuration

in

_0] tested at constant

(_ = 31), the predicted value of minimum-loss incidence a__glewas 1.7

greater than the observed value.
2 difference

between fixed

However, in view of the general 1 to

_l

crepancy is to be expected.

and fixed

_ operation 3 such a dis-

Onthe basis of these limited

data 3 it

ap-

pears that the low-speed minimum-loss incidence angles for the C-series
circular-arc

blade can be obtained from the

i o and n values of the 65-

series blade with (Ki)sh = 1.1

Double-circular-arc
of circular-arc
drawn
to

between

the

circles

thickness
leadingcascade

upper
the
of

distribution
and
data

- The

lower

surfaces.

and

point
the

blades.

of maximum

leadingfor

trailing-edge
again

prevents

the

and

double-circular-arc
The

thickness

at

trailing-edge

arc

radius

an

accurate

is

shown

each

is composed

surface

is

midchord

and

the

radii.

The

chordwise

double-circular-arc

edge

for

blase

profile
in

determination

figure
of

with
9.

tangent

1-percent

Lack

of

a reference-

- 15 incidence-angle rule for the double circular

circular-arc

arc.

Since the double-

blade is thinner than the 65-series blade in the inlet

the zerO_camberincidence angles for the double-circular-arc

be somewhatdifferent
(Ki)sh < lo
of figure

region,

blade should

from those of the 65-series section, with perhaps

It can also be assumed, as before, that the slope-term values

7 are valid

for the double-circular-arc

tion of the available

blade.

From an examina-

cascade data for the double-circular-arc

(_ = 25 , _ = 1.355 [12]; and _ = 40 , _ = 1.064 [19], it

blade

appears that

the use of figures 7 and 8 with a value of (Ki)sh = 0.7 in equations (2)
and (5) results

in a satisfactory

comparison between predicted and ob-

served values of reference incidence angle.

Effect

of

blade

correction

(expressed

of

obtained

(io)10

6 should
to

the

exist
theory

thickness
value

of

low-speed
were

not

of

and
1.O

for

maximum
here
from

data

indicated
Effect
minimum-loss
data.

of

incidence

should

blade

thickness

is

as

angle

maximum
ratio

from

blades

ll for
Mach

use

have

limited

vary

in

with

the

to

with

previous

been

based

base

blades

in figure

ratio.
zero

the

[22,23]

a preliminary

incidence

angle

as

(3).

correlations
on

limited

ratio

equation

zero

with

very

establish

According

for

increased_

zero-camber

conjunction

all

values

thickness

possible

- The

of

be

Although

of variable

reference

number.

angle

from
will

for

some

n_ximum-thickness

of O.10.

it was

previously,

6S-series

(Ki) t

incidence

It appears

(5))

effect,

factor

inlet

eq.

zero-camber

definitive,

in figure

(Ki)t,

of blade

obtained

thickness-correction

of

indicated

lO-percent-thick

thickness

completely

terms

- As

values

increase
a

in

the

other

the

for

thickness.

of

reference

low-speed-cascade

high-speed

data,

however

increasing

inlet

Mach

3 that

minimum-loss

nunlber for

certain

- 16 blade shapes. The variations

of minimum-loss incidence angle with inlet

number are plotted for several blade shapes in figure

the test data points to lower values of inlet

13.

The extension of

Machnumber could_not generally

be madebecause of reduced Reynolds numbers or insufficient

lish

Mach

points to estab-

the reference location at the lower Machnumbers. In someinstances,

however, it

was possible to obtain low-speed values of incidence angle

from other sources.

The blades of figure 13(a) show essentially
loss incidence angle with inlet
of about 0.8.

no variation

of minimum-

Machnumber, at least up to a Machnumber

_ne blades of figure 13(b), however, evidence a marked in-

crease in incidence angle with Machnumber. Since the most obvious difference between the blades in figures

13(a) and (b) is the construction

the leading-edge region, the data suggest that blades with thick-nose
regions tend to show, for the range of inlet
no Machnumber effect

have a significant

data, however, are too limited

observation at this time

Machnumber effect,

inlet

Machnumber covered, essentially

on minimumloss incidence angle, while blades with

sharp leading edges will

available

of

Machnumber effect.

to conclusively

The

_,

confirm this

Furthermore, for the blades that do showa

the magnitude of the variation

angle with Machnumber is not currently

of reference incidence

predictable.

DEVIATION-ANGLE
VARIATIONS
Qualitative

Analysis

Inasmuchas the flow deviation is an expression of the guidance calmcity

of the passage formed by adjacent blades 3 it
geometry (camber, thickness,

solidity,

is expected that the cascade

and chord angle) will

be the principal

- 17 influencing

factor involved.

Cascadepotential-flow

theory indicates

that

the deviation angle should increase with blade camberand chord angle and
decrease with solidity.
angle varies linearly

Weinig [15] for example, shows that the deviation

with camberfor a given value of solidity

angle for infinitesimally

thin blades at zero incidence.

and chord

Furthermore3 with

deviation angle equal to zero at zero camberangle in this theory, it was

possible to express the deviation angle as a ratio
Values of the ratio
thin circular-arc

of the camberangle.

of deviation angle to camber angle for an infinitely

blade of small camber were found to decrease with solidity

and increase with chord angle.

These values are for the incidence angle

for "impact-free entry" previously mentioned, which corresponds essentially

to the condition of minimumloss.
The results

of [15] indicate

that for a blade of zero thickness,

minimum-loss deviation angle is zero at zero camber angle.

the

Analysis indi-

cates, however, that this is not the case for blades of conventional
thicknesses.
positive

A recent theoretical

value of zero-camber deviation angle according to potential-flow

calculations

is given by Schlichting

thick profile
It will

r <

90 ) with

for the conventional staggered cascade

nonzero

blade

of

than

the

(convex)

surface.

circulation

and

upper
blade

velocity

thickness

magnitude

a negative

for a conventional lO-percent-

be recalled from the discussion of the zero-camber minimum-

greater
on

[ll]

at zero incidence angle.

loss incidence angle that,

(O <

demonstration of the existence of a

occurs

on

set

the

Such

at

blade

velocity

consequently

in

zero

incidence

angle,

lower

(concave)

surface

distributions
a positive

result

deviation

in
angle.

- 18 Furthermore_ since the deviation angle increases slightly

incidence angle (dS/di

is positive

in potential

with increasing

cascade flow),

positive

values of deviation angle will

likewise be obtained at the condition of

minimum-lo_s incidence angle.

Since the zero-camber deviation angle arises

from essentially
variation

a thickness blockage effect,

the characteristics

of the

of minimum-loss zero-camber deviation angle with cascade geome-

try would be expected to roughly parallel

the variation

loss zero-camber incidence angle in figure 6.

deviation-angle

correlations

may, therefore,

of the minimum-

The low-speed referenceinvolve intercept

values as in the case of the reference-incidence-angle

and slope

correlations.

Data Correlations
Form
ence

of

correlation.

incidence

represented
angle

angle

by

for

deviation

- Examination

reveals

linear

that

the

variation

fixed

solidity

and

angle

can

be

then

air

of

deviation-angle

observed

data

of reference
inlet

expressed

be

deviation

angle.
in

can

The

equation

data

refer-

satisfactorily

angle

variation
form

at

with
of

camber

reference

as

5 = so
where
slope
it

8o
of

was

is
the

found

solidity,

the

reference

devlation-angle
that

so that

the

slope

equation

deviation

angle

variation
term
(4)

be

- 5o

mG= I

solidity

represents

exponent

the

@ariable

value
with

of
air

zero

camber
be

camber

(5 - 5o)/$.

expressed

expressed

and

as

is

the

Furthermore,

a function

of

as

m_= 1
= _
ab

q]
were

for

with
could

could
8

(4)

at

inlet

(5)

solidity

angl@J

of

It will

i and
be

noted

is

the

that

- 19 equation (5) is similar

for circular-arc

in form to the frequently

blades originally

modified by Carter [24].

used deviation-angle

rule

established by Constant [2] and later

Carter's rule for the condition

of nominal incidence

angle is given by
5

in which mc

mc

is a function of blade-chord angle [24].

As in the case for the zero-camber reference minimum-loss incidence

angle, the zero-camber deviation angle can be represented as a function

of

blade thickness as
5o = (KB)sh(Ks)t(5o)IO
where (5o)10 represents the basic variation
series thickness distribution,

for the 10-percent-thick

(KS)sh represents any correction

for a blade shape with a thickness distribution

65-series blade, and (Ks)t

different

represents any correction

blade thicknesses other than i0 percent.

the values of

65-

necessary

from that of the

necessary for maximum

(For a 10-percent-thick

blade, (F_5)t and (KS)sh are equal to i.)

duced to finding

(7)

65-series

The problem, therefore,

is re-

m, b, and 5o as functions of the pertinent

variables involved for the various blade shapes considered.

NACA65-(Alo)-series
the
plot
angle

slope

term

of

reference

for

so that

the

points

were

obtained

equivalent

a fixed

selected
data

blades.

solidity
both

and

- Values

by

fitting

deviation
and

air

satisfactory

a consistent

of

angle

inlet

the

intercept

straight
against

angle.

variation

for

the

line

to

straight
of

the

resulting

5o

each

equivalent

The

representation

term

and

data

camber
lines

were

variation
5o

and

of
m

- 20

values
was

were

obtained.

guided

by

the

reported

in the

of

in

l, as
For

m_= 1
ures

the

the

b
The

compared

as

[1]).

in

the

values

is

rule

in figure

15

blade

indicated

In view
magnitude

given

functions

The

represent

separation

values

blade

investigation

rule

deduced

representations.

figure

of the

65-(12A10)10

guide-vane

deviation-angle

1A.

are

duced

for

cascade

exponent

15 and

points

extrapolation

at

of

to

Pl

solidities

of

of

[25]

(for

an

(5),

deduced

= 0

1 to

1.5

aspect

ratio

values

of

[6]).

the

and

data

The

of

by

equation

inlet-air

values

(eqo

to indicate

flagged

in
for

(equivalent

diffusion

of the

higher

levels

of

deviation

the

extrapolated

from

the

loss

angle

smaller

(5))
the

symbols

configurations

angle

this

for

the

observed

data

marked

ratios

cambers

in

of the

high-camber

which

to be

presented

effectiveness

the

for

is

and

are

are

de-

range

in

boundary-layer
greater

condition

expected
which

fig-

than

3 an

increase

compared

a lower

about

with

loss

the

level

existed.

C-Series
cascade
of the

rule

possible
the

to

tion

of

of

served
istic

number

profile

the

deduce
data

is

blades.

C-series
cannot

available.

be

values
ma= 1
obtained

is

made

First,
of

obtained.

from

view

tunnels

blade,
this

8o

comparison

with

an

to

the

good

shape.

_or

between

cascade

on

for

the

data

the

was

basis

of
C.A

determinaand

of the
for

it

uncambered

predicted

values

boundary-layer

determination

the

(as

systematic

However,

ma= 1

1.1

several

of

accurate

and
that

equal

from

absence

blade

it appears

Secondly,

determined

of the

for

(KS)sh

a satisfactory

were

for

relations

if a value

used,

- In

circular-arc

preliminary

[7,21],

i o)
5o

for

constants

limited

section

arc

data

circular-arc

ob-

characterC.A

control

circular[10,15]

- 21 for a solidity
(8 - 8o)/_

of 1.0 and _i = 30, _25, 453 and 60 .

were computedfor these blades according to the

of figure

12.

A value of

m_=1 for

These values of

arc inlet

m are plotted in figure

angle, and the proposed variation

8o variations

_l = 0 was obtained from the per-

formance data of a free-stream circular

[26].

Values of

of

guide vane presented in

13 against inlet-air

m_=1 for the circular-arc

meanline

is shownby the solid line.

In the absence of data covering a range of solidities,
that the solidity
is effectively

exponent b

in the deviation-angle

independent of the profile

applicable for the circular-arc

with limited

experimental data on inlet

rule of equation (5)

shape and will

meanline.

it was assumed

therefore also be

This assumption is in agreement

guide vanes.

The variation

of ratio

of deviation angle to camber angle obtained from constant-thickness

circular-

arc guide-vane sections of [27] (5o = 0

of solidities
of

is shownin figure

b and ma=1

for guide vanes) over a wide range

16. A compuatedvariation

based on values

obtained from figures 1A and 13_ respectively,

is shown

in the figure by the solid line.

Double-circular-arc
the

double-circular-arc

be

reliably

of

the

everj

blade

utilized

questionable
since

thickness
the

blades.

the

in

C-series

distribution_

will

be

construction

materially

and
it

limited

[12319] , it was

two-dimensionality

reference-incidence-angle

angles

the

- Although

the

of a
of the

felt

data
that

correlations
affected.

deviation-angle

rule

because

respective

tunnels.

3 only

these

for

could

test

blades

to expect

Therefore

available
data

double-circular-arc

is reasonable

are

that,
the

3 the

as

How-

differ

only

in

in

case

of

the

zero-camber
m_= I

not

and

deviation
b

values

- 22 deducedfor the C-series circular-arc

double-circular-arc
arbitrarily

blade_ but the

circular-arc

(6))

with
the

two

exponent
Carter_

results

rules

in

indicates

rule

in

i/2
a

values

decelerating

this

equation

(5)

of

the

However_
reference
for

the

m,

angle
reference

(6)

variation

equivalent
the

values,

the

condition

differences

to the
has

application_

minimum-loss

of

frequently
both

incidence

used

between

for

the

of the
from

solidity

limited

and

obtained

from

the

NACA

in figure
rule

Carter's

angle

in

1/2

for

14 essentially
the

form

of

rule.
the

that

rules

used

were

in

Carter's

incidence

minimum-loss
been

data.

exponent
to

arcs

solidity

close

rules

rule

compared

and

nominal

reference

were

cascades

is noted
of

Carter's

difference

obtained

between

it

rule

value

deviation-angle

50

rule

The

circular

and

pertains

Carter's

parameter

of

circular-arc-mean-line

variable

of

use

principal

accelerating

a modification

for

of

The

proposes

b,

its

use

of

originally

basic

in

angle

variations.
was

1 for

widespread

orientation

the

Carter's

the

the

to

rule

since

Actually,

constitutes

developed

modified

as

trend.

the

Qriginally

is suggested for the double-

(5).

blade

The

blades

addition

from

El61

to

of

deviation

and

work,

cascades

confirms

tudes

5o

close

65-(A10)-series

In

in the

equation

later

view

of equation

the
in

the

obtained

occurs

and
of

- In

predicting

deduced

variation

determination)

of rules.

for

some

the

An

blade

Comparison

blades3

5o values may be different

selected value of 07 for (KS)sh in equation (7) (as for the

reference-incidence-angle

(eq.

blade might also be used for the

the

magni-

rule

was

anglej

incidence
over

a wide

evaluated_

for

whereas
angle.
range

of

simplicity_

- 23 An illustrative

comparison of predicted reference deviation angle as

obtained from Carter's rule and the modified rule for a lO-percent-thick
thick-nosed circular-arc

blade is shown by the calculated results

ure 17 for ranges of camber angle 3 solidity,

tion angles in fig.

17 were restricted

values of equivalent diffusion

figure

1V

show

thatj

by

modified

rule

the

dicted

by

larly

true

are

Carter's
for

required

for

Differences
in

are

figure

ever,

it

18,

of varying
the

obtained
ratio

values
further
to

other

the
kept

establish

for

fr_n

faired
of
value

curves
at

of

(8o)10

at

the

data,

it

is

conventional

t/c

blade

the

on

) blade

for

obtained
maximum

that
shapes.

than

greater

camber

the

on

rule

this

these
of

limited

- A

data.

in C27_.
8

from

plots
figure

thiakness
correction

pre-

angles
rule.

as

indicated

blades.

How-

factors

in

Further

research

eqo

for

(V))

correction

against

given

is particu-

factor

in
The

of

the

foundation.

correction

(8o)10((K_)t

the

the

on a firmer

plots

modified

blade,

for

producing

those

This

to

(Devia-

angles

blade.

magnitude

equivalent
= 0

10-percent
proposed

smaller

thickness.

of

are

modified

65-(12A10

Thus,

The

deviation

magnitude

according

based

ratio

angle.

[l_ .)

double-circular-arc

that

values

maximum

the

angle

in mind

thickness

data

angles

values

the

in

10-percent-thick

the

8o

proposed

maximum

the
of

be

the

for

cases 3 the

greater

turning

less

of blade

Values

tracting

inlet-air

a given

are

to

Effect

high

since

rule

is required

for

less than 2.0

all

somewhat

rule

even

should

modified

from

the

are

in fig-

to cascade confi_uratlons

ratio

in practically

and inlet-air

point.
curve

is

by

the
In

effect

deduced
was

thickness

computed

12 from

was
factor

maximum

were

the

measured

the

also

sub-

absence
applicable

of

- 2_ -

Effect
loss

of

deviation

a thin-nose
to

the

Mach

number.

angle

with

inlet

and

inlet

little

inlet

different

number
is

Actually,

variations

ways:

changing

by

observed

outlet

on

product

of

density

effect

is

small

the

net

Variation
has

been

the

general

it

is

with

conducted

to

cidence

angle.

geometry

of

fixed
the

change

change
in

and fromthe
available
angle

on the

that

Examination
a positive
deviation

slope
angle

- Thus

conditions

at

against

of the
in

the

effect

of

in

region

of

the
the

potential-flow

of

deviation
with

low

loss_

angle.

several

boundary-layer

devel-

(compressibility

effect

in both

cases,

one

the

reference

position

Ulti_tely,

the

entire
with

is

of

range

of

incidence

primarily

cascade

arising

is

centered

where

the

course,
infor

function
from

information

on

angle

(a potential-flow
no

analysis

the

effect)
is

currently

on deviation-

trend

of

variation

flowo

of

increases

Since

attention

of

potential

flow

loss.

losses,

the

in

of necessity,

angle

of

approaching
wake

far,

cascade

capacity

angle

ii)_

considered.

angle

deviation

(fig.

deviation

Apparently,

over

two-dimensional

guidance

ratio

only

incidence

variations
of

sub-face

range

angle.

variation

the

the

number

of

20 for

In contrast

angle

deviation

velocity).

Mach

in figure

blade.

variations

affect

of minimum-

presented

incidence

velocity

axial

flow

in the

axial

the

flow

predict

variation

and

loss

orientation

variations

approaches

of

The

in

inlet

in

can

two

circulation,

incidence
for

curve

desired

to

are

circular-arc

the

number

blade

variations

on minimum-loss

between

in Mach
the

number

thick-nose

effect

opment 3 or the
the

Mach

a conventional

Mach

- Experimental

angle

theory

(Weinig_

against

incidence

[15],

incidence

angle).

eogo)

angle

Calculations

shows

exists
based

that

(ioe._
on

- 25 theory of Weinig reveal ti_t

and blade-chord angle.
finite

solidity

the magnitude of the slope varies with solidity

The deviation-angle

(deviation

slope approaches zero for in-

angle is essentially

and increases as solidity

constant at high solidity)

is reduced At constant solidity,

the slope of

deviation angle against incidence angle increases as the chord angle is increased.

These trends indicate

guidance effect

(high solidity

physically

that the greater the initial

and low blade angle)_ the less sensitive

the

deviation angle is to changes in incidence angle.

For analysis purposes3 since the region of low loss is generally
the variation

small_

of deviation angle with incidence angle for a given cascade

geometry in the region of minimumloss can be represented as

ref+ (i- iref,\ Y/re

f
where
the
of

(dS/di)re
reference

the

angle
at

the

for

air
data.
fect,

the

an

blades
each

values

angle.

[6].

configuration
incidence

Qualitative

is

slope

as

the

anticipated

in

of the

empirical

of deviation

plot

(as

in fig.

angle

of

was

magnitude
figure

phenomenon
the

determination

with

as

a function

values

of

graphically.

obtained

is

for

against

slope

of

from

strongly
a

of figure

incidence
the

curve

The

deduced

or

21 will

of

and

indicated

guidance

was

fairings

solidity

at

magnitude

the

the

theory

the

data

_,

evaluated

of

angle

angle

e.g.),

variation

incidence

deviation

essentially

slope

with

experimental

dS/dl

21

is

deviatlon-angle

angle

low-speed

the

agreement

that

slope
An

of the
From

is presented

Inasmuch
it

variation

of reference

the

angle.

analysis

minimum-loss

variation
these

of

from

65-(A10)10

represents

incidence

slope

obtained

(Sl

inletby

channel
also

the
ef-

be

- 26 applicable for other conventional blade shapes. Thus_ it

is possible to

predict the deviation angle at incidence angles other than the reference
location

within the low-loss range of operation from the use of equation

(8) and figure 21 for cons_tant _l

operation
SUMMARY

The foregoing analysis has presented a correlation

of experimental

air angles for conventional compressor blade sections as obtained in the

low-speed two-dimensional cascade Simple general rules were evolved
for the prediction

of incidence angle and deviation angle at the reference

condition of minimumlosso
correlations

of [i],

low-loss-region

These results,

in conjunction with the loss

can permit an analytical

prediction

of the complete

performance of conventional blades over a wide range of

cascade geometries

Such relations

can be used to evaluate different

stage design diagrams or_ conversely, to determine the blade camberand

cascade geometry necessary to produce a given velocity
level.

The rules may also be of help in facilitating

triangle

and loss

comparisons with

actual compressor performance.

However, the present analysis is incomplete.
the deviation-angle

rule for the double-circular-arc

ther data to substantiate

the correlations.

obtain a better evaluation of the differences

blade, require fur-

It is likewise desirable to
between constant inlet-air

angle operation and constant chord-angle operation.

information

Manyareas, such as

Furthermore, additional

concerning the ir_luence of high Math number and off-design

incidence angles of cascade performance is needed

- 27_
Finally 3 it

is recognized that the performance of a given blade

geometry in the compressor configuration

will

differ

from the performance

established in the two-dimensional cascade. These differences

frc_ the effects

result

of the various three-dimensional phenomenathat occur in

compressor blade rows.

It is believed, however, that a firm foundation

in two-dimensional-cascade flow constitutes

an important step toward the

complete understanding of the c_npressor flow.

flow performance c_u be successfully
be established from further

utilized

The extent to which cascadein compressor design can only

comparative evaluations.

- 28 REFF2ENDES
1. Lieblein_ S. :

Loss and Stall Analysis of CompressorCascades. Paper No.

58-A-91, ASME,1958o
2. Constant3 H.:

Note on Performance of Cascadesof Aerofoils.

Eo36963British

Note No.

RoA.E., 1959.

3o Davis, Hu_ut: A Method of Correlating Axial-Flow-Compressor Cascade

Data AoSoMoEojTrans. 3 vol.
4. Howell, A. R:

703 no. 8, Nov. 1948_ pp. 951-955.

The Present Basis of Axial Flow CompressorDesign.

Pt. I - CascadeTheory and Performance Ro& M. No. 2095, British

AoR.C._ June 1942.
5. Howell, A. R., and Carter 3 A. D. So: Fluid Flow ThmoughCascadesof _/
Aerofoils.

Repo_No.R.6_ British

NoG.ToE_,Sept. 19464

z_

6. Herrig_ Lo Joseph_ Emer'

y, James C., and_Erwin_ Jo_ Ro: Systematic

Two-Dimensional CascadeTests of NACA65-Series CompressorBlades

at LowSpeeds. NACARMLSiG51, 1951o
7. Fletcher# Po J o:

Low Speed Tests on CompressorCascadesof Parabolic

CamberedAerofoils.
M.159, British

Pt. II - Pitch/Chord Ratio = 0.75

Memo.No.

NoG.ToEo,Nov. 1952.

8. Erwin, John R., Savage3 Melvyn, and Emery, James C.:

Low-SpeedCascadeInvestigation

Two-Dimensional,

of NACACompressorBlade Sections

Having a Systematic Variation in Mean-Line Loading.

NACARM

LSZIS0b3 1955.
9. Katzoff,

S. 3 and Hannah, Margery Eo:

cal and Experimental Lift

Further Comparisons of Theoreti-

and Pressure Distributions

Cascadeat Low-Subsonic Speed. NACATN 2591, 1951.

on Airfoils

in

- 29 lO Blight,

F. G., and Howard, W_ Tests on Four Airfoil

I - Deflection,

Drag, and Velocity Distribution.

Repo E.74, Dept. J ....

Supply, Aero. Res. Lab_ Melbourne (Australia),

ii.

Schlichting,

Cascades. Pt.

July 1952.

Herman: Problems and Results of Investigations

cade Flow.

on Cas-

Jour Aero. Sci_ vo. 21, no. 3, Mar. 195A, pp. 163-

178.
12. Andrews, S. J:

Tests Related to the Effect

of Profile

Shape and

CamberLine on CompressorCascadePerformance Rep. No. R.60,

British
13. Felix,

N.G.TE, Oct. 1949.

__'_

A Richard, and Emery, James C:

_7_,_

A Comparison of Typical

National Gas Turbine Establishment and NACAAxial-Flow Compressor

Blade Sections in Cascadeat Low Speed. NACARML53B26a_1953.
lA. Korbacher, G. K.:

A Test on a CompressorCascadeof Aerofoils

Their Position of MaximumThickness

15

Leading

Edge

British

NGTE.,

Weinig_

Fritz:

Ambrosium
16.

Carter,

A.

Cascade.
CaP.
17.

Jeffs,
Data
Arc

and

Pitch/Chord
June

The

Barth

Rep.

Flow

_ne
No.

29,

British

A,

Hounsell,

for Aerofoils
Camber

Around

Lines.

Low

R.55_

No.

of

of

the

0.75.

Chord

from

the

Memo.

No.

M.89,

1950o

(Leipzig),

D.S.:

Ratio

&0%

Having

the

Speed

Performance

British

A.

and

F.,

Jo_hann

M.139,

Sept.

Aerofoils

19A9.

(See

in

also

1949.)
Adams,

C.I 3 C.2,
No.

of Related

N_G.T.E.,

Sept.

Memo.

of Turbomachines

1935o

M.O.S.,

Having

Blades

R.

or C.A
British

Go:

Further

Base

Profiles

N.G.T.E._

Performance
on Circular

Dec.

1951.

18.

Stanitz,

John

D.:

Distribution

Effect

at

with

Axial

ment

of the

the

Inlet,

the

Blade

Blade-Thickness

Leading

and

Rotor

of

50

Edge

of an

Influence

for

Zero

Taper

Entrance

of

This

Angle

on Axial-Velocity
Rotor-Blade

Distribution

of Attack.

Row
on Aline-

NACA

TN

2986,

1955.

19.

Howell_

Ao

Co4,

Ro:

Co5,

Power

A Note

and

on Compressor

Aerofoils

Jets

(Reso

Hazel

Po:

and
20

Hughes,
May

21.

Fletcher,

MOB1,

P.

NACA

Bailey,

25.

Thickness

and

Sept.

C.I 3 C.2,

Arcs.

Memo.

1944.

Memo

on

Compressor

C.5,

No.

M.1011,

0 _!

_._._- J _(_/_)_J

M.1210,

Bri_

N._.G_.E.,_/ _/_'.

the

D.

James

Percent-Thick
L54102,

1950o

James

C._

and

Trailing-Edge

Jefferson,
Cambered

Blades

Ratio

Erwin,

Radius
in

Cascade

= 1.0.

John
on
at

of Parabolic
Memo.

Ro:

the

No.

Effect

of

Performance

Low

Speeds.

of
NACA

1954o

J.

L.:

Compressibility

Compressor

Blades.

Rep.

Effects
No.

on Cas-

E.5972,

British

1945.
S.,

Effect

Cascade.

Dunavant,

Mar.

Compressor

and

May
A.

I - Pitch/Chord

Cascades

1951.

of Low

Carter,

in

Emery,

Wo,

R.AoE.,

Pto

Joseph_

LSIJI6,

into

Circular

C.7.

Tests

NoG.T.Eo,

6S-Series

cades

24.

of

Ltd.,

Profiles

Low-Speed

Aerofoils

Lo

Section

25.

Dev.),

Base

J.:

British

Herrig,

RM

Up

Aerofoils

1946.

Cambered

22.

Made

Base

and
of

Ro &
C:

Hughes,
Profile

M.

No.

Cascade

Guide-Vane

}_zel
Shape

2384j

Po:
on

the

British

Investigation
Profiles

and

Theoretical
Performance

A.R.Co,

Mar.

of a Related
Design

Charts.

Investigation
of Aerofoils

_-

1946.
Series
NACA

of
RM

6.._

- 31 26. Alsworth, Charles C., and lura,

Investigations

Toru:

Theoretical and Experimental

of Axial Flow Compressors Pt. 3 - Progress Report

on Loss Measurementsin Vortex Blading.

Mech. Eng. Lab, CoI.T.,

....

July 1951o (Navy Contract N6-ORI-I02, Task Order IV.)

27 Mankuta, Harry, and Guentert, Donald C.:
on Turning
in Axial
28.

Korbacher,
Their

Through

29.

Todd,

FlOWo

NACA

RM

Go

on a

Compressor

Air
Ro

K.:

Position

M.80,
K.

British

W.:

An

No.

Test

of Maximum

Camber

Conditions
& Mo

Circular-Arc

Armular

of Maximum
No.

Constant-Thickness

of _5_

ESIE07,

Thickness
of

N.G.T.E.,

the

SomeEffects

Mar.

Cascade

in

of Axial-Flow

British

A.RoC._

Vanes

the

of Aerofoils
Chord
Leading

and

Having

a Position

Edge.

Memo.

1950.

Study

2792_

of the

from

Experimental
a Cascade

Guide

of

_....

Three-Dimensional

Oct

._

1951o

A0_

Chord

of Solidity

Compressor
19A9o

High-Speed
Blades

co
uP
I

line
Measuring

plane

cascade

blade.

Ik/
/

Axial

Figure

i.

direction

- Nomenclature

for

A_

,-4

,--I

u_ .,_

.,-4

Jr/
I

co

o
,-4

//

r.H

LO
!
r-_

if)
_o

.,-.I
0

r_

0
_-_

,-4

4_
o.

r_
r_
!

_
oJ
N3
.H

32

6O

2S

56

24

52

ao
ao
!
N3
2O

48

&
,--t

16

44
a_

4_
ill
e,q
"_

12

4o _

56

52

28
0

8
Design

Figure

5.

12

(isolated-airfoil)

- Equivalent

line as equivalent

camber

circular

16
lift

angles

20

24

coefficient

for NACA

arc (fig. 2).

65-(CzoAI0)

mean

camber

V2 /

V Z =

V2
/

Vu

Vu

VI

V2
V Z
Vu

V z
I

A_

(a) r = 0.

(b)

90 .

(c)

Figure
5.
Effect
of blade
thickness
on surface
angle for uncambered
airfoil
section
according
dimensional
model.

0 <

At

<

XIVz

<Au.
Vu

90 .

velocity
at zero incidence
to simplified
one-

1Z

lO

8
o
v

I0

20

50
Inlet-air

Figure
from

6.

- Reference

low-speed-cascade

b des [6].

mlnimum-loss
data

40
angle,

_I,

incidence

50

60

70

deg

angle

of 10-percent-thick

for
NACA

zero

camber

deduced

65-(A10)-series

_J
Q)

o
!

E_
o
.
o

o
G.I ,--I

.,-4
!

o
_

59
QJ

,---t

r-I .,--.i
m _
c0
,-t

o r--_
?
H
b_
-r-4

r_

_
,'-'I

m
,r-'t

+_
@

_---I_-.--

_o _-4
H
r-t

r--I _.D
O
Cq

<
i1)

O
nc_

L_
I

O
!

Inlet-air

I
angle,

i
_i,

deg

3O

Solidity,

7
V

1.50

1.25

1. O0
C0
-4

uO
I

_5

_4

..,..

.....v,._

.rq

.25

_q

_e_e__aluo_
-8

-----_--

(5)

and

figs.

"_

--

15_ 16/

-12

._5

_
0

i0

20

50
Equivalent

(a)

._.00

Inlet-air

Fig_re
8. - Comparison
of data
minim'am loss incidence
angle
circular
arcs.

40
camber

angles

angle,

of

30

50
q%

and

.50
60

70

deg

_5 .

values
and deduced
rule v.alues of reference
for 65-(AI0)I0
blades
[6] as equivalent

Inlet-air

angle,

_l,

deg
60

I J

<

<..

Solidity,

__

\
\

"_

--<

\\

\\

-4

"--_

"-o.

"_-,_,

GO
tO
i

-8

-12

.50
o
c
-1c

8_

7O

\,

"-...

\
I .2S
_

1.O

-i:?
0

[3

>)

(_)

Figure
and

Y<

Inl<t-ilr

_:;}i]<s

8. - Concluded.
deduced

loss

rule

equivalent

angle

circular

d'

<<:)

:_nd

Comparison

values

incidence

4 C,

of
for

arcs.

reference

65-(AI0)I0

[0

50

7C/>.

of da%a v_lues
minimum
blades

[6]

(1)

_-_

0
(Q

O_
0
0

0
CO
4_
UD
|

0
0

.,-t

._1
_d

.r-t

-r-t
r_
_3

_3

r_)
I
_

r_

0
-r-I

1.2

T!

1.0

t_

co
be)

J
i:

.8

'f

o
+_
O

.6

o
O

L
O

.4

t:

t;

.2
T'-

:i
:l

F;

.02

.04

.06

Maximum-thickuess

ratio,

Figure
i0. - Deduced
blade maximum-thickness
camber
reference
minimum-loss
incidence

correction
for
angle
(eq. (5)).

zero-

Zero-camber
o

_-_ o
,
o

ofD
1
O <
(1) _o
_gJ
J ct-

fDO_

c+_

(1)

fD _

c_- _.
c+
i
o7
N"O
m

oD

,_,_"
c_

_c_
0
!

deviation

angle,

(6o)i0,

deg
_n

I
[_1

-H_
III

+H
Jii
4-1_

-144

Exponent

k_k_
0
.
01

'b J
0

I
rn

0
_

FI

rn

r/l

I-Jo

_-Jc+
_M
rn

rt-

(1)

,4

o
!

D_
!
C_
G_

0
f_
p.

2o

Ill

Inlet-alr

Jo
angle,

81,

deg2_/5

16

12

/ Z2.-4_
f

bD

co

<

uo
t

-- -- --

[]

Rule,
Rule,
Data,

a = 0.75
_ = 0.5
G1 = 45o

<>

Data,

_l =

60

_0

o
o
(a)

Solidity,

0.5

and

0.75.

2o

]lJ
B1,
16

--

0
[]

30
45
60
70
Rule

12

<S

deg

/
/

6/0_

/
J

_w "_S
/

/o11

9_.-_

30

7
/

16

24
Equivalent
(b)

Figure

15. - Comparison

between

erence mlnimum-loss

deviation

equivalent

arcs

circular

$2
camber

40
angle,

Solidity,

angle

48
deg

56

64

72

1.O.

data values

(data from

_,

for
[6]).

and deduced
NACA

rule values

65-(A10)10-series

of ref-

blades

as

16

12

7o

6o

1
/f
Inlet-alr

co

/0/

//

uD

angle,
deg

_q

0
(c)
o
'H

Solidity,

1.25.

20

.H
1
'El
_

16

0
[]
0
A

3O
45
6o
70
Rule

/70
--

<

12
j4_

/
u

/"
/

_m./
f

_6 j_li

3O

/
/

Ioi

16

24
Equivalent
(d)

Figure

15. - Concluded.

Comparison

32
camber

40
angle,

Solidity,
between

56

48

64

q_, deg

1.5.
data

values

and

deduced

rule

values of reference minimum-loss deviation angle for NACA 65-(A10)10series blades as equivalent circular arcs (data from [6]).

.4

Data 3 @
__Calculated
.3
co
uo
!

_D

= 40
from
0.250
_0.965

o"
40
0

hO

.2

o
.4

.i
o_
0
0

.8

1.6

2.4

3.2

4.0

Solidity_
Figure

16.

- Comparison

of

experimental

deviation-angle

ratio and rule values using

solidity
exponent
figure
i_.
Data for circular-arc
inlet guide
annular
cascade
[27].

given
vanes

by
in

18
Inlet-air
angle,

_iJ

deg
12

/
/

ho
(a)

Solidity,

1.5.

16
o

Deduced
G)

Carter'

J /16

rule
s

rule

12

j
J

__/__

_ I_

/
/
f

16
Camber
(b)

Figure

17.

deviation
and

deduced

thick-nose

angle,
Solidity,

Comparison
angles

24

of

according

modified
circular-arc

rule

@,

52

40

deg

1.0.
calculated
to
for
blades.

Carter's

reference
rule

l@-percent-thick_

12

Maximumthickness
ratio,

t/c
0.i0

_-Double

co

circular

arc

bD

0
(a) Solidity,

1.5;

inlet-air

angle,

40 .

16
h0

/
Deduced
Carter's

rule
rule

12

16
Camber
(b) Solidity,

24
angle,

1.0;

@,

inlet-air

32

40

deg
angle,

60 .

Figure
18. - Comparison
of calculated
reference
deviation
angles
according
to Carter's
rule and deduced
modified
rule for circular-arc
blades
of different
thickness.

.0.i0

1.4

1.2

1.O

cO
.8

uO
!
40
o

o=
.6

O
O

.4

.2

.02

.04

.06

.08

Maxlmum-thickness

ratio,

.i0

12

t/c

Figure
19.
- Deduced
maximum-thickness
correction
camber
reference
minimum-loss
deviation
angle

for
(eq.

zero(13)).

Blade
o
o

bo
46

C-series 10C_/25C50
Double circular arc
10.5 2A/25C50
I

.4

.5

.6
Inlet Mach

Figure
inlet
1.555;

number,

20.
- Variation
of reference
Mach
number
for
circular-arc
blade-chord

angle,

42.5

.7

.8

MI
deviation
blades.
[12].

angle
with
Solidity,

.9

co

.0

_d
.H
0

co

_0
-_
_

o
b

or--I _

0
q-t
(1)
,_
a3
_3

*r-t _
a3
,'-I

_
!

N,--t
o
%
,--t%
o,1

taO n:_
0,1

.r-I

_ao_a_ou_

aoug_a_a=

adoTs
N,XSA-CLEVIdLAND,

OHIO

IC-548