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= 11.3g
= 11.3g
Since, the total mass of reactants is equal to that of the total mass of
products, hence these observations are the law of conservation of mass.
Q.2:- Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water.
What mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of
hydrogen gas?
Ans.:- It is given that: The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen by mass to form water is 1:8. Then, the
mass of oxygen gas required to react completely with 1 g of hydrogen
gas is 8 g.
Therefore, the mass of oxygen gas required to react completely with 3 g of
hydrogen gas is:- 8 3 g = 24 g.
Q.3:-Which postulate of Daltons atomic theory is the result of the law of
conservation of mass?
Ans.:- The postulate of Daltons atomic theory which is a result of the law of
conservation of mass is:- Atoms are indivisible particles, which can neither be
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Q.4:- Which postulate of Daltons atomic theory can explain the law of
definite proportions?
Ans.:- The postulate of Daltons atomic theory which can explain the law of
definite proportion
is:The relative number and kind of atoms in a given compound remains constant
1027
kg (6.022
1023 )
QUESTIONS ON (PAGE NO.-39):Q.1:- Write down the formulae of:1. Sodium oxide
2. Sodium chloride
3. Sodium sulphide
4. Magnesium hydroxide
Ans.:- (1) Formula of sodium oxide:Symbol:-
Na
Atomic number:Na
O
11
Electronic configuration:2
2,8,1
2,6
Valency:NaO
Al
Cl
Formula:-
1
2
Atomic number:Cl
13
17
Electronic configuration:1
2,8,3
2,8,7
Valency:AlCl
Al
3
Na
Atomic number:Na
S
Formula:-
11
Electronic configuration:2
2,8,1
Valency:NaS
16
2,8,6
Mg
OH
Formula:-
number:OH
Electronic configuration:1
12
2,8,2
Valency:Mg(OH)
(2) CaCl,
(3) KSO,
(4) KNO,
Ans.:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chemical Formula
Al(So)
CaCl
KSO
KNO
CaCO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3
Name of compound
Aluminium Sulphate
Calcium Chloride
Potassium Sulphate
Potassium Nitrate
Calcium Carbonate
(5) CaCO
3
O4 ion?
Ans.:- (i) In an HS molecule, three atoms are present; two of hydrogen and one
of sulphur.
3
(ii) In a P O 4
oxygen.
QUESTIONS ON (PAGE NO.-40):Q.1:- Calculate the molecular masses of H , O, Cl, CO, CH, CH, CH, NH,
CHOH.
Ans.:- (1) Atomic mass of Hydrogen (H) = 1u
H contains 2 atoms of hydrogen.
So, Molecular mass of hydrogen (H) = 1
2 = 2u.
2 = 32u.
2 = 71u.
1 + 16
= 44u.
(5) Atomic mass of Carbon (C) = 12u
Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1u
In CH, 1 atom of carbon and 4 atoms of Hydrogen are present.
So, Molecular mass of CH = 12
1+1
4 = 12 + 4 = 16u.
2+1
6 = 24 + 6 = 30u.
2+1
4 = 24 + 4 = 28u.
2 = 12 + 32
1+1
3 = 14 + 2 = 17u.
1 + 16
1+1
4 = 12 + 16 + 4
= 32u.
Q.2:- Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na O, KCO, given atomic
masses of Zn = 65u, Na = 23u, K = 39u, C = 12u, O = 16u.
Ans.:- Solution:-
1 + 16u
2 + 16u
2 + 16u
1 + 16
QUESTIONS ON (PAGE NO.-42):Q.1:- If one mole of carbon atoms weights 12g, what is the mass (in gram) of 1
atom of carbon?
Ans.:- Solution:Atomic mass of Carbon (C) = 12u
1 mole = 6.022
1023
atoms
12 g
6.023 10
= 1.99
1023 g
Q.2:- Which has more number of atoms, 100g of sodium or 100g of iron (given,
atomic mass of Na = 23u, Fe = 56u)?
Ans.:6
= 6.022
1023
1023
6.022 10
23
atoms
23
6.022 10
23
23
= 26.18
atoms
100
23
10
= 6.022
1023
1023
atoms
atoms
6.022 10 23
56
6.022 10 23
56
= 10.75
100
23
10
SOLUTION OF NCERT EXERCISE :Q.1:- A 0.24g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to
contain 0.096g of boron and 0.144g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage
composition of the compound by weight.
Ans.:- Percentage of any element in a compound =
100
% of boron =
0.096 g
0.24 g
% of boron =
100
100
% of boron = 40%
% of Oxygen =
0.144 g
0.24 g
% of Oxygen =
100
100
% of Oxygen = 60%
Q.2:- When 3.0g of carbon burnt in 8.00g oxygen, 11.00g of carbon dioxide is
produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00g of carbon is
burnt in 50.00g of oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your
answer.
Ans.:-
Carbon
Oxygen
3.0g
Carbon dioxide
8.00g
11.00g
(3) Copper
Symbol:-
Mg
Cl
Atomic number:Mg
Cl
Formula:-
12
Electronic configuration:1
17
2,8,2
Valency:MgCl
2,8,7
Ca
Atomic number:Ca
O
Formula:-
20
Electronic configuration:2
2,8,8,2
Valency:CaO
2,6
*Cu
NO
Formula:-
number:NO
Electronic configuration:1
29
2,8,17,2
Valency:Cu(NO)
Al
Cl
Atomic number:Cl
13
17
Electronic configuration:1
2,8,3
2,8,7
Formula:Al
3
Valency:AlCl
Ca
CO
Formula:-
number:CO
20
Electronic configuration:2
2,8,18,2
Valency:CaCO
Q.5:- Give the name of the elements present in the following compounds.
(A) Quick lime
Potassium sulphate
(D)
10
2+1
2 = 24 + 2 =
26u.
B. Molar mass of Sulphur molecule (S):Atomic mass of Sulphur (S) = 32u
In Sulphur (S), 8 atom of Sulphur molecule are present.
So, Molecular mass of Sulphur (S) = 32
8 = 256u.
4 = 124u.
1 + 35.5
1=
1 + 14
1 + 16
3
= 1+ 14 + 48 = 63u.
1 = 14u
(Atomic mass of
4 = 108u
(Atomic mass of
nitrogen = 14u)
B. Mass of 4 mole aluminium atoms:= 27
aluminium = 27u)
C. Mass of 10 mole sodium sulphite(NaSO):= 10
[23u
2 + 32u
1 + 16u
3]
(Atomic
[46u + 32u
+ 48u],
= 1260u
= 10
[126u],
Ans.:-
Given mass( m)
Molar mass( M )
2 = 32g mol
12 g
32 g mol
= 0.375 mole
B. 20g of water:-
2 = 2g mol
1 = 16g mol
20 g
18 g mol
= 1.11 mole
1 = 12g mol
2 = 32g mol
22 g
44 g mol
13
0.2 = 3.2g
= 0.5 mole
2 + 16
1] = 18g
18g = 9.0g
8 = 256g
1 mole = 6.022
1023
molecule
Therefore, the number of molecules in 256g (1mole) sulphur = 6.022
23
10
6.022 10 23
256
= 3.76
6.022 10 23
256
16
1023
1023
molecules.
2 + 16
3] = 102g
102g = 1 mole
0.051g =
104
mole
14
1
102
0.051, = 5
1023
104
=
=2
6.022
6.022
1023
104
1020
15
In this reaction calcium oxide and water are reactants while calcium
hydroxide is product.
Q.2:- Explain Laws of Chemical Combinations with an example.
Ans.:-Laws of Chemical Combinations :- There are two laws of chemical
combination.
1. Law of Conservation of Mass
2. Law of Constant Proportions
3. Law of Multiple Proportions
In this reaction calcium oxide and water are reactants while calcium
hydroxide is product.
In this reaction 74 g of calcium hydroxide is obtained when 56 g of calcium
oxide reacts with 18 g of water, which is proved by experiment.
Here the total mass of reactants, i.e. calcium oxide and water is equal to
74 g. And the mass of product, i.e. calcium hydroxide is also equal to 74g.
This proves that the total mass of reactants is always equal to the total
mass of product, which proves the Law of Conservation of Mass.
16
2. Law of Constant Proportions:- Law of Constant Proportion states that:A chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements
by mass.
This law is also known as Law of definite proportions. Joseph Louis Proust
gave this law hence, this law is also known as Prousts Law.
Examples:Water (HO) is formed by the combination of hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of
masses of hydrogen and oxygen is always in 1:8 in water irrespective of source
of water. Whether you collect the water from a well, river, pond or from
anywhere the ratio of their constituent atoms by mass will always same.
Nitrogen dioxide is a compound, which is formed by the combination of
nitrogen and oxygen. The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen by mass in nitrogen
dioxide is in 7:16.
Nitrous oxide is a compound which is also formed by the combination of
nitrogen and oxygen. The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen in nitrous oxide is
in 28:16.
Nitric oxide is a compound, which is also formed by the combination of
nitrogen and oxygen. The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen in nitric oxide is in
7:8.
3. Law of Multiple Proportions:- This law states that:When two elements A & B combine together to form more than one compound,
then the different masses of A combine with a fixed mass of B are in simple
ratio.
Example:A. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water and hydrogen peroxide.
In water (HO):- 2g of hydrogen combine with 8g of oxygen.
In hydrogen peroxide (HO):- 2g of hydrogen combine with 32g of oxygen.
B. Carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide.
In carbon monoxide (CO):- 12g of carbon combine with 16g oxygen.
17
18
OR
19
Symbol of many elements are taken from their English name, while symbol
of many elements are taken from their Greek or Latin names.
20
Symbol of some element which are derived from their Latin name:-
Several elements are named after the place where they discovered, such
as Copper which was taken from Cyprus. Some elements are named after
their colour, such as Gold which means yellow.
Q.7:- What you mean by atomic mass? How we can calculate atomic mass of any
element?
Ans.:- Atomic Mass:- Mass of atom is called atomic mass. Since, atoms are very
small consequently actual mass of an atom is very small.
For example:- The actual mass of one atom of hydrogen is equal to 1.673 x 10 -24
g. This is equal to 0.000000000000000000000001673 gram. To deal with such
small number is very difficult. Thus for convenience relative atomic mass is used.
Carbon-12 is considered as unit to calculate atomic mass. Carbon-12 is an
isotope of carbon. The relative mass of all atoms are found with respect to
C-12. ]
One atomic mass = 1/12 of the mass of one atom of C-12.
21
Thus atomic mass is the relative atomic mass of an atom with respect to
1/12th of the mass of carbon-12 atom. a.m.u. is the abbreviation of
Atomic mass unit, but now it is denoted just by u.
The atomic mass of hydrogen atom = 1u.
This means one hydrogen atom is 1 times heavier than 1/12 th of the
carbon atom.
The atomic mass of oxygen is 16u, this means one atom of oxygen is 16
times heavier than 1/12th of carbon atom.
Example:-
Q.8:- What you mean by Absolute or Actual mass? How we can calculate
Absolute or Actual mass of any element? Give example.
Ans.:- Absolute mass or Actual atomic mass:- It is found that, the actual atomic
mass of a carbon-12 atom is equal to 1.9926 X 10 -23g.
Thus by multiplying the relative atomic mass with 1.6605 10 -24 g we can
get the absolute or actual mass of an atom.
22
Existence of Atoms:- Atoms of most of the elements exist in the form of molecule
or ion, since they are most reactive.
For example:- Hydrogen (H), Oxygen(O), Chlorine (Cl), etc.
However, atoms of some elements, which are non-reactive, exist in freestate in nature.
For example:- Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), etc.
Usually atoms are exist in following two forms:1. In the form of molecules
2. In the form of ions
1. Molecule:1. Molecule is the smallest particle of a compound.
2. Atoms exist in free states in the form of molecule.
3. A molecule may be formed by the combination of two or more similar
atoms of an element, such asoxygen molecule is formed by the
combination of two oxygen atoms, molecule of hydrogen which is formed
by the combination of two hydrogen atoms.
4. Molecules may be formed by the combination of atoms of two or more
different elements. For example:- Molecule of water. It is formed by the
combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Molecule
of Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide. It is formed by the combination of
one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom.
5. A molecule takes part in chemical reaction.
6. Most of the atoms exist in the form of molecule. Molecules are formed by
the combination of two or more elements.
Example:- Molecule of hydrogen (H2), Molecule of oxygen (O2), Molecule of
nitrogen (N2), etc.
Molecules of elements
Molecules of Compounds
25
26
Q.12:- What you mean by Ions? How many types of Ions present in nature?
Ans.:- Ions:- Atoms of several elements exists in the form of ion. Atoms or
molecule with negative or positive charge over them are called ions.
Types of Ions:- Ions classified into two types on the bases of charge &
atoms.
On the bases of charge:1. Cations:- Ions having positive charge over them are called cations.
2. Anions:- Ions having negative charge over them are called anions.
27
On the bases of atoms:1. Monoatomic ions:- Ions formed by one atom are called monoatomic ions.
2. Polyatomic ions:- Ions formed by two or more atoms are called polyatomic
ions.
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