Gases

Characteristics
Gases have a ceaseless chaotic motion, whereby their movement is
totally random.
The molecular forces of attraction between gases are so small that
they are able to move freely and independently from other
molecules.
They are subjected to change in temperature and pressure, much
more than liquids and solids.
Physical properties
Most gases behave similarly at low temperature and high pressure
all gases assume the volume and shape of their respective
containers
gases are the most compressible state of matter.
Gases will mix evenly and completely (by the process of
diffusion) when confined to the same container.
Gases have a much lower densities than liquids and solid
Kinetic theory of gases
The volume occupied by the particles is negligible.
The particles are in a continuous, ceaseless chaotic motion,
where their movement is totally random.
There are no attractive or repulsive interactions between the
particles:
Collsions of the particles with the walls of the container result
in the pressure (P) exterted by the gas:
Collisions between particles are elastic and no kinetic energy
is lost.
The average kinetic energy Ek, is directly proptional to the
atmosphere of the gas.
Pressure is the force applied per unit area.
Pressure of a gas= Force
Area
In this context, the SI unit for force is the newton (N). 1N= 1 kg ms/2
Force= mass x acceleration (ms/2)
The SI unit for pressure is a pascal (Pa) = a newton squared per
second

1Pa= 1N/m2

Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the Earths
atmosphere. The actual value of atmospheric pressure depends on
the location, temperature and weather conditions.
The atmospheric pressure is much denser near the surface, rather
than higher altitude, and the density decreases very rapidly as the
altitude increases.
The standard atmospheric pressure (1atm) is equal to the
pressure which supports a column of mercury exactly 760mm (760
cm) high at 0 at sea level.
Therefore a standard atmospheric pressure is equals to 760mmHg,
which also equals to 760 torr.
1 torr= 1mmHg
1 atm=760mmHg (exactly)
1atm=.01325x10 to power 5
= 101,325 Pa1
= 760mmHg
and because a 1000 Pa = 1Kpa
1atm= 1.01325x10 to power 2
to find atm = mmHg x 1/760
e.g. what is the pressure in atmospheres if the barometer reading is
688mmHg
688x1/760= 0.905
e.g. 2 convert 749 mmHg to atmospheres
749x1/760= 0.985 atm
to convert mmHg to kPa
1atm= 1.01325x10 power 5
so the conversion factor we need is mmHg x 1.01325x10 power
5/760

this gives us the mmHg in pa

and to turn this in kPa we multiply the answer by 10 power 4
so pressure = 732 x 1.01325x10 power 5/760
= 9.76 x10 power 4
= 96.6 kPa
Gas Laws
Boyles law : the pressure-volume rel/ationship
The temperature of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional
to the volume of gas. Whereby when a fixed amount of gas is
compressed (pressure increases) the volume decreases, and when
the pressure decreases, volume increases.
So when under constant temperature:
Pressure increases=volume decreases
Pressure decreases= volume increases
P=1
Volume
P= K1 X 1/ v
K1= proportionality constant which
P= k1 X 1/ V
Reversibly to get K1
PxV=k1
Although the individual values of pressure and volume can vary
greatly for a given sample of gas, as long as the temperature does
not change and is held constant the amount of gas does not change,
P x V is always equals to the same constant (k1).
Therefore for a given sample of gas under different set of conditions
at constant temperature we have:
P1V1 = k1=P2V2
So
P1V1=P2V2