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Chapter-10
Projections of Planar Surfaces

Learning Objectives

1. Learn the projection of planes in a 3-D space.

2. Learn the projection of intersection of planes
and with the principal planes.

Plane Surface under Study

Classification of Planar Surface

(A) Perpendicular Planes

(a) Perpendicular to one reference

plane and parallel to the other

(b) Perpendicular to one plane and

inclined to the other

(B) Oblique Planes

Perpendicular Planes

Oblique Planes

Inclined Planes

How to Determine True Shape or True Inclination

Stage I: Assumption stage

Assume plane surface parallel to that reference plane to which it
is inclined and obtain the true shape and line view (L-view).
Stage II: Surface inclination stage
Now, rotate the line view of the surface through required
inclination (o) and obtain an apparent shape.

Oblique Planes

How to Determine True Shape or True Inclination

Stage I: Assumption stage

Assume plane surface parallel to that reference plane to which it is
inclined and obtain the true shape and line view (L-view).
Stage II: Surface inclination stage
Now, rotate the line view of the surface through required inclination (o)
and obtain an apparent shape.
Stage III: Edge inclination
In this stage, the edge of the apparent shape of plane surface is rotated
through required inclination (say o) to obtain the final projections.

True Shape Stage Assumption

There are two options to draw a true shape:

(a)If plane is resting on its edge, draw a true shape of
the surface with the resting edge perpendicular to
the x-y line.

(b)If the plane surface is resting on one of its corner,

then draw the true shape of the plane surface such
that line joining resting corner and the center of the
plane parallel to the x-y line. In this stage, we obtain
true shape in one view and line view of surface in
another view.

Model Solution-1

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A rectangular plate of negligible thickness having 150

mm length and 100 mm width is resting on one of its
smaller side on HP. The surface is perpendicular to VP
and makes an inclination of 30o to HP. Draw projections
of the plate.

Model Solution-2

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A pentagonal plate of negligible thickness and having

edge length 100 mm is resting on one of its corners on
VP. The plate is inclined 40o to VP and perpendicular to
HP. Draw projections of the plate.

Model Solution-3

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A circular plate is resting on its circumferential point on

VP with surface perpendicular to HP. It is inclined to VP
such that FV appears as an ellipse. Find the surface
inclination at which the ellipse has minor axis 100 mm
and major axis 150 mm.

Model Solution-4

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A rectangular plate of negligible thickness having 150

mm length and 100 mm width is resting on one of its
smaller side on HP. The surface makes an inclination of
30o to HP and the smaller side makes an inclination of
60o to VP. Draw projections of the plate.

Concluding Remarks

When a plane is perpendicular to a

reference plane, its projection on that
plane is a straight line.
When a plane is parallel to a
reference plane, its projection on that
plane is its true shape.
When a plane is perpendicular to a
reference plane and inclined to
another , its inclination is the angle
which its projection on the plane to
which it is perpendicular, makes with
line xy.

Solution for given

oblique plane
1. Initial Position

Assume the surface of a plane is parallel to that

reference plane to which it is inclined.

2. Second Position

To account the surface inclination rotate

the line view of

the plane to required angle and get the

apparent shape.
This stage accounts the edge inclination.
Inclined the edge to
3. Final Position

given inclination and get the final projections

Problem :- A hexagonal lamina of L mm side; having its

one of the edges
in HP and inclined 0 to VP. Draw
its projections when its
surface makes an
angle 0 with HP.

Draw the projections of a regular

hexagon of 50mm side having
one of its sides in the HP and
inclined at 600 to the VP and its
surface making an angle 450 with
the HP.

Draw the top view of the hexagon with one side

perpendicular to xy line. Project the front view
ac in xy.

Rotate ac by an angle 45 to xy keeping a in xy

line and project the second top view.
Reproduce the top view making a1f1 inclined at
600 to xy and project the final front view.

A circular plate of negligible thickness and 50mm

diameter appears as an ellipse in the front view
having a major axis 50mm and minor axis 30mm.
Draw its top view when the major axis is horizontal.

As the front view is ellipse, its surface must be

inclined to VP.

Assume the plate to be parallel to VP and draw its

FV and TV.
Rotate the line ab (TV) so that its length in FV is
30mm and project the FV.
Reproduce this view so that major axis cd is
horizontal and project the TV.

Problem :- A rectangle of 200 mm X 100 mm is resting on one

of its smaller sides on the VP. It is tilted about
that
side so that, it appears as a square in the
elevation.
Find the inclination of the surface with VP.

Problem :- A pentagonal plate is resting on one of its corners

on ground. The
plate makes an angle 400 with
ground. Draw its projections when
edge opposite to the
corner resting on the ground makes an angle
450 with
VP

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Find out the surface inclination that a
square plate of 150 mm diagonal
makes with the HP if it is resting on
one of its corners on the HP and
appears as rhombus with smaller
diagonal 100 mm and longer
diagonal 150 mm.

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A triangular lamina ABC (side 100 mm) having its
corner C 50 mm above HP and 50 mm in front of the
VP. Edge AB is 25 mm above HP and parallel to the
VP. Draw the projections of the lamina and find its
inclinations with HP and the VP.

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