Study Stack - APHG Population Table Review

APHG Unit 2 Population Barrons &

Rubenstein
Words

Definitions

Age-sex distribution

A model used in population geography that describes the ages

and number of males and females within a given population;
also called a population pyramid.

Baby boom

A cohort of individuals born in the U.S. between

1946&1964,which was just after WW II in a time of relative
peace and prosperity.These conditions allowed for better
education & job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both
marriage and fertility.

Baby bust

a). Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility
rates in the U.S dropped as large numbers of women from the
baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and
more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life.

Baby bust Continued

b). As such, the fertility rate dropped considerably, in contrast

to the baby boom, in which fertility rates were quite high.

Carrying capacity

The largest number of people that the environment of a

particular area can sustainably support.

Chain migration

The migration event in which individuals follow the migratory

path of preceding friends or family members to an existing
community.

Cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic,

such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

Cotton Belt

The term by which the American South used to be known, as

cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of the
region.

Crude birth rate

The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

Demographic accounting equation

An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline

in a population within a country during a partic-ular time period
taking into account both natural increase and net migration.

Demographic transition model

Demographic transition model A sequence of demographic

changes in which a country moves from high birth and death
rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Demography

The study of human populations, including their temporal and

spatial dynamics.

Dependency ratio

The ratio of the number of people who are either too old or
young to provide for themselves to the number of people who
must support them through their own labor. This is usually
expressed in the form n : 100, where n equals the number of

http://www.studystack.com/PrintTable.jsp?studyStackId=396930[9/15/2015 9:41:44 PM]

Study Stack - APHG Population Table Review

dependents.
Doubling time

Time period required for a population experiencing

exponential growth to double in size completely.

Emigration

The process of moving out of a particular country, usually the

individual person's country of origin.

Exponential growth

Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people is

added to a population each year. Exponential growth is
compound because the fixed growth rate applies to an everincreasing population.

Forced migration

The migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a

country against their will.

Generation X

A term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to

describe people born in the United States between the years
of 1965 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will have
to support the baby-boom cohort as they head into their
retirement years.

Immigration

The process of individuals moving into a new country with the

intentions of remaining there.

Infant mortality rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday

within a particular area or country.

Internal migration

The permanent or semipermanent movement of individ-uals

within a particular country.

Life expectancy

The average age individuals are expected to live, which varies

across space, between genders, and even between races.

Thomas Malthus

Author of Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) who

claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food
production increases arithmetically, and thereby that,
eventually, population growth would outpace food production.

Migration

A long-term move of a person from one political jurisdiction to

another.

Natural increase rate

The difference between the number of births and number of

deaths within a particular country.

Neo-Malthusian

Advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough

resources for current and future populations.

Overpopulation

A value judgment based on the notion that the resources of a

particular area are not great enough to support that area's
current population.

Population density

A measurement of the number of persons per unit land area.

Population geography

A division of human geography concerned with spatial

variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements
of population.

Population pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and

sex distribution of a particular population.

Pull factors

Attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as a

pleasant climate and employment or educational

http://www.studystack.com/PrintTable.jsp?studyStackId=396930[9/15/2015 9:41:44 PM]

Study Stack - APHG Population Table Review

opportunities.
Push factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a

harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.

Refugees

People who leave their home because they are forced out, but
not because they are being officially relocated or enslaved.

Rust Belt

a). The northern industrial states of the United States,

including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy
industry was once the dominant economic activity.

Rust Belt continued

b). In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of
their economic base to economically attractive regions of the
United States and to countries where labor was cheaper,
leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.

Sun Belt

U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and

southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since
World War II.

Total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her

childbearing years.

Voluntary migration

Movement of an individual who consciously and vol-untarily

decides to locate to a new area-the opposite of forced
migration.

Zero population growth

Proposal to end population growth through a variety of official

and nongovernmental family planning programs.

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land

suitable for agriculture.

Agricultural revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and

animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Census

A complete enumeration of a population.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people
alive in the society.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people

alive in the society.

Demographic transition

The process of change in a society's population from a

condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of
natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death
rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total
population.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Dependency ratio

The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64,
compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming

a constant rate of natural increase.

Epidemiological transition

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic

transition.

http://www.studystack.com/PrintTable.jsp?studyStackId=396930[9/15/2015 9:41:44 PM]

Study Stack - APHG Population Table Review

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human

settlement.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that

transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one

year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to

live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a
newborn infant can expect to live.

Medical revolution (Improved medical

practices have eliminated many of the
traditional causes of death in poorer
countries and enabled more people to live
longer and healthier lives.)

revolution Medical technology invented in Europe and North

America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin
America, Asia, and Africa.

Natural increase rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as

the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the

environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a

very high proportion of the population.

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is

land suitable for agriculture.

Population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age

and sex.

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout

her childbearing years.

Zero population growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural
increase rate equals zero.

Brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people. Branch (of a

religion) A large and fundamental division within a religion.

Chain migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or

members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a

regular basis.

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed

countries.

Emigration

Migration from a location.

Floodplain

The area subject to flooding during a given number of years

according to historical trends.

Forced migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

Guest workers

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of

Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and

http://www.studystack.com/PrintTable.jsp?studyStackId=396930[9/15/2015 9:41:44 PM]

Study Stack - APHG Population Table Review

Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higherpaying jobs.

Immigration

Migration to a new location.

Internal migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

International migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that

hinders migration.

Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a

new location.

Migration transition

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from

industrialization, population growth, and other social and
economic changes that also produce the demographic
transition.

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another.

Net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level

of emigration.

Pull factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location.

Push factors

Factors that induce people to leave old residences.

Quota

In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on

the number of people who can immigrate to a country each
year

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and
cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race,
religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political
opinion.

Undocumented immigrants

People who enter a country without proper documents.

Voluntary migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

http://www.studystack.com/PrintTable.jsp?studyStackId=396930[9/15/2015 9:41:44 PM]