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9:ENDANGERED
ECOSYSTEM
Name:Lim Jo Lynn
Class:4 Anggerik
Index:
Topics
1
pag
e
9.1 Human activities that endanger an
ecosystem
9.1.1 The impact of human activities on
the ecosystem
3
3-7
Air pollution
Water pollution
Eutrophication
Thermal pollution
Noise pollution
9.2 The Greenhouse Effect and the
Thinning of Ozone Layer
8-11
12-14
15-16
16-17
17-18
19-20
21-22
22-24
*
The negative effects of hasty and unplanned development and
mismanagement of the ecosystem result in various environmental
problems.
*
These problems bring about negative effects that are increasingly
threatening the economic resources, health and survival of the ecosystem.
*
Contain many unique species which provide food, medicine and other
biological products.
*
Regulate the worlds climate by influencing wind, rainfall, humidity
and temperature patterns.
*
Called the carbon sink of the Earth because they absorb vast
amount of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen into
the atmosphere.
*
Deforestation results in :
*
Soil erosion
Flash flood
Landslides
The absence of plant root systems makes the soil structure unstable.
*
When it rain heavily for a long period of time, the top layer of the soil
disintegrates easily and this leads to landslides on steep hillsides.
*
The eroded soil is then carried away by moving water and deposited
at the bottom of river.
*
Together with depletion of water catchment areas, cause flash
flood during rainy seasons.
*
Soil erosion causes the land to be depleted of minerals and natural
resources, making the land useless for cultivation.
*
The extinction of countless species and varieties of plants and
animals, many of which have never been catalogued scientifically.
Extinction of flora and fauna species reduces biodiversity
4
*
The destruction of storehouse of genetic diversity on Earth. The
Earths biodiversity is a rich source of food and priceless medicines for
mankind
*
Tree roots bind soil particles together, and the tree canopy reduces
the force of rain beating down on the soil and cause nutrients to be lost
through leaching and run-off.
Air
Therm
al
Pollutio
n
Water
Noise
1.Air pollution
1. Air pollution is caused by the presence of pollutants in the air
which are harmful to life and the environment.
2. Sources of pollution are as follows:
a) Burning
Rubbish
Forest
Solid waste
7
(c) Health:
Acidic soil releases the ions of certain heavy metals such as
cadmium, lead, mercury which may contaminate the supply of
drinking water.
Increased acidity in the aquatic ecosystems also kills
phytoplankton which changes the food chain.
9
10
Status
Good
51-100
Moderate
101-200
Unhealthy
201-300
Very unhealthy
301-500
Hazardous
Above 500
Emergency
Level of pollution
Low, no ill effects on
health
Moderate pollution,
no ill effects on health
Mild aggravation of
symptoms among
high risk groups
Significant
aggravation of
symptoms and
decreased exercise
tolerance among high
risk groups
Severe aggravation of
symptoms and a
danger to health
Severe aggravation of
symptoms and a
danger to a health
WATER POLLUTION
Sources, Components, Effects, Solution of water pollution
11
Sources
Agricultur
al
run-off
and
waste
12
Component
s
Nitrates
and
phosphates
Effects
Solutions
Lead to
eutrophicatio
n
Herbicide
and
pesticide
residues
-Have toxic
effects on
organisms in
water and
human
-Pesticides
levels can be
magnified as
they pass
through food
chain
Accumulation
of pesticides
-Use
biodegradable
pesticides
-Use alternative
method
(biological pest
control)
-Planting
genetically
modified crops
that can resist
attacks by
insects as this
may reduce the
Untreated
sewage
human
faeces
and
domestic
waste
13
in consumers
may kill them
or affect their
metabolism
-Lead to
lower sperm
counts,
decreased
ovulation,
inability to
conceive and
birth defects.
need to use
chemical
pesticides
Suspended
solids
Reduce light
penetration
-High demand
for oxygen
-Treat sewage
before it enters
rivers
-Prevent slurry
(liquid manure)
from farms from
entering rivers
and ponds
Nitrates
and
phosphates
Detergents
Leads to
eutrophicatio
n
-Hard
detergents
create foam
which
reduces the
availability of
oxygen to
organisms
living in the
water
-Soft
detergents
are
biodegradabl
e but may
-Use
biodegradable
detergents with
low phosphate
contents
Effluent
from
industries
Electronic
s and
electropla
ting
plants
-Food and
beverage
processin
g industry
-Rubber
products
processin
g industry
Undergro
und pipes
14
Microorgani
sms
(viruses,
bacteria,
and
protozoa)
Heavy
metals
(copper,
mercury,
zinc, and
chromium),
oil, grease,
and
suspended
solids,
waste
water
contains
numerous
contaminan
ts,
(including
hydroxide
sulphide).
Lead
(highly
toxic heavy
metal)
contain high
levels of
phosphates
which can
lead to
eutrophicatio
n
- Cause
cholera
-Drink properly
treated and
boiled water
-Highly toxic
accumulate in
the
organisms via
food chains
-Mercury
causes acute
nervous
disorder in
humans.
-Treat effluents
before
discharging into
water sources
-Taking legal
action against
illegal dumping
of toxic wastes
-Accumulate
in the tissues
of living
organisms
-Impair the
mental
performance
-Replace lead
pipes used in
plumbing with
copper-based
pipes.
of children
Eutrophication
Defination: Artificial nutrient enrichment of an aquatic system
with organic material or inorganic nutrients, causing an excessive
growth of aquatic plant life.
Causes by
a) Leaching of inorganic fertilisers, especially nitrates and
phosphates, from agricultural lands
b) Input of untreated sewage as well as discharge from sewage
treatment plants
c) Run-off of animal waste from pastures and farmlands into
lakes, rivers or ponds.
Process of eutrophication
1)
Run-off of excess nutrients into water encourage rapid
growth of algae, results in a population explosion known as an
algae bloom
15
2)
At night, high respiration rate of the algae results in a high
demand for oxygen.
3)
Excessive growth of algae restricts the penetration of light
into the water. The rate of photosynthesis of aquatic plants
reduced and further reduced the supply of oxygen in water.
4)
The algae grow faster than their consumers. Most of algal
population dies without being consumed.
5)
Decomposing microorganisms especially aerobic bacteria
used up the oxygen in deeper water at a fast rate.
6)
Untreated sewage or animal wastes from farm that contain
high concentration of organic matter encourage the rapid growth
of aerobic bacteria.
7)
The aerobic bacteria use up oxygen faster than it can be
replenished. An increase in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
results in a severe depletion of oxygen.
8)
Low level of oxygen concentration kills larger aerobic aquatic
organisms and organisms that require higher oxygen levels
(freshwater shrimps and mayfly nymphs)
9)
If the oxygen levels continues to drop and water become
completely deoxygenated, anaerobic bacteria will grow and
release toxic gases (eg. hydrogen sulphide), causing the death of
aquatic organisms.
10) During the growth of algae, certain blue green bacteria also
produce toxins.
11) At night BOD levels, organisms that are more tolerant of
lower concentration of dissolved oxygen (eg. leeches, Tubifex
worms, and sludge worms) may appears and multiply.
What is BOD?
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved
oxygen required by the microoganisms to decompose the organic
matters in the water.
The measurement of BOD is an indication of the level of water
pollution.
If there is a large amount of organic waste in the water, the
population of aerobic bacteria will increase to decompose the
organic matter. The dissolved oxygen level in the water
decreases, and the value of BOD will be high.
16
2. Effects:
17
3. Ways to prevent:
2. Effects:
19
Causes:
1. Increases of the
greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
due to:
(a) combustion of fossil fuels
(b) deforestation
(c) industrial production
2. As the concentration of greenhouse gases rises, more heat is
trapping in the atmosphere and raising the average temperature
on earth. Hence, this phenomenon brings to global warming.
Effects:
1. Occurrence of floods
2. Climate changes
21
22
Ultraviolet rays destroy the leaf cells and chlorophyll. This lowers the rate of photosynthesis and
reduces crop yield.
Ultraviolet rays kill microorganisms and phytoplankton that are at the bottom of the marine food
chain.
Leads increases in the temperature on Earth.
High levels of ultraviolet radiation can damage the eggs of amphibians.
Implementation of laws
*control pollution
~Enviromental Quality Act,1974
(water quality management)
~Enviromental Quality Regulation,1989
(waste treatment & disposal facilities)
~Enviromental Quality Regulation,1977
(crude palm oil)
~Enviromental Quality Regulation,1979
(sewage & industrial effluents)
~Protection of Wildlife Act,1972
Use of Technology
*catalytic converters (clean up exhaust emissions & convert harmful gasses)
23
24
*use more hybrid car which combine electric & gasoline engines
26