BIOKIMIA

NUKLEOTIDA

Agustina Setiawati, M.Sc., Apt

Don't memorize structures, but

know the important features

Albert, 1994, Molecular Biology of the

Cell, Mc Graw Hill

REFERENSI

Kromosom dalam sel

Nucleus

Chromosome

Kromosom
tanpa histon

Human 4 x 109
22 autosom yang berbeda
2 sex kromosom
Masing2 single linier DNA

1 Chromosom
E. Coli 4.7 x 106
40 50 loop superkoil

DNA

CHROMOSOME

A HISTORY OF DNA
SEE p. 292293

Discovery of the DNA double helix

A. Frederick Griffith Discovers that a
factor in diseased bacteria can transform
harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria
(1928)
B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of
DNA.
(1952)
C.

Watson and Crick - described the

DNA molecule from Franklins X-ray.
(1953)

DNA Double Helix

Rungs of ladder
Nitrogenous
Base (A,T,G or C)

Legs of ladder

Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone

UNIT FUNGSIONAL DNA/RNA

Perbedaan struktur gula antara

RNA dan DNA

Basa DNA/RNA

IKATAN RANTAI DNA

IKATAN FOSFODIESTER

O
C

5 end

HN

H2N-C

5
PO-CH2

G
CH

NH2
O

3
O
O P O

4
2
OH

O
CH2

ribose sugars
Phosphodiester linkages

RNA is a polymer of
ribonucleotides
N

CH

CH

N
O

O
O P O

C
OH

HN

CH

CH

O
CH2

purines: adenine & guanine

pyrimidines: cytosine & uracil

NH2

Directional chain (5 to 3)
4 Bases

pGCUA

N
O

HC
C
N
OH
N

O P O

CH2

CH

3 end

O-H

OH

DNA/RNA BERSIFAT ANTIPARALEL

DNA vs. RNA

DNA

RNA

Double Helix
Gula deoksiribosa
Adenine pairs with
Thymine (A-T)
Tetap ada di nukleus

Rantai tunggal
Gula ribosa
Uracil replaces
Thymine!
Ditransport ke
sitoplasma

The B-form DNA helix has a diameter of about 20

~20

Base pairs fill the center of the helix; the phosphates ( ) are on the outside.
A base pair is more exposed to the solvent on one side (the major groove,
at the top in these views) than the other (the minor groove, bottom).

B-form DNA consists of a right-handed double helix with antiparallel strands

3.4
per bp

minor

major groove
34 (10 bp)
per turn
major
groove

minor groove

These dimensions are for DNA fibers. In solution, there are ~10.5 base-pairs per turn.

Melting and Renaturation of DNA

Renaturation driven by homologous base pairing

Untai ganda DNA

Untai tunggal DNA
Basa bebas

A260 = 1.00
A260 = 1.37
A260 = 1.60

The two strands of the double helix separate

reversibly at high temperatures

If the temperature is lowered,

the strands recombine. The
rate of reassociation is
inversely proportional to the
complexity of the DNA.

80
% Denatured

The temperature at which this

denaturation or melting
occurs depends on the pH
and salt concentration, and
increases with the GC content
of the DNA. (The curves
drawn here are schematic.)

100

60
40
40 50 60 70% GC

20
0
70

80
90
100
o
Temperature / C

110

Double-stranded and single-stranded DNA differ in their

optical absorption at 260 nm

dA
dG
dU
dC

The conjugated -electron systems of

the purine & pyrimidine bases absorb
strongly in the UV. (Thats why UV
light is mutagenic and carcinogenic.)

nucleotides
ssDNA
dsDNA

The absorbance of double-stranded

DNA (dsDNA) at 260 nm is less than
that of either single-stranded DNA
(ssDNA) or the free bases. This is
called hypochromism.

TERIMA KASIH