National Highway Authority of India

(Ministry of Road Transport & Highways)

SIX-LANING OF ETAWAH CHAKERI (KANPUR)
SECTION OF NH-2 FROM KM 323.475 TO KM 483.687 IN
THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH
UNDER NHDP PHASE-V ON DESIGN, BUILD,
FINANCE, OPERATE AND TRANSFER TOLL BASIS
SUMMER/INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT SESSION 2014

SUBMITTED BYS.N.
1.

NAME OF STUDENT
SEMESTER
ROLL NO.
7
Mohd Shadab
1100111100
Integral University Lucknow( U.P)
TH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have
been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and
organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I would like to express our gratitude towards NHAI for giving us
the opportunity to carry out our training at the project of HIGHWAY
CONSTRUCTION. I am also thankful for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which helped us in completion of this project.
I am highly indebted to STUP CONSULTANCY and ORIENTAL
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER PVT LTD for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the
project & also for their support in completing the project.
Last but not the least I am also thankful to all those who have
directly or indirectly rendered help in completion of the Field study.

Yours sincerely
Mohd Shadab

ABSTRACT
National Highways constituted about 2% of all the roads in India,
but carried about 40% of the total road traffic as of 2010. The majority
of existing national highways are two-lane roads (one lane in each
direction), though much of this is being expanded to four-lanes, and
some to six or eight lanes.
National Highways form the economic backbone of the country
and have often facilitated development along their routes, and many new
towns have sprung up along major highways.

STUDY AREA

My proposed site is situated at Madanpur Kanpur

Dehat, Kanpur (U.P). It is the ORIENTAL STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
(OSE) camp 3 site area which is having quality control lab, ready mix
concrete plant, Highway Designing office, Quantity Surveying
Department and a huge area for their equipment and their material also.
Highway construction area is near the camp on
that place diversion and pedestrian under pass construction is in
progress and another place there is a toll plaza and PQC highway
construction.

TABLE OF CONTENT
S.N. TITLE
1. ABSTRACT
2. STUDY AREA
3. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
4. INTRODUCTION
5. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE
6. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
7. DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR HIGHWAY
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
RIGID PAVEMENT
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENT
8. RIGID PAVEMENT
MATERIAL
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
PROCESSOR
CURING OF CEMENT CONCRETE
JOINTS IN RIGID PAVEMENT
9. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
TYPES
MATERIAL
PROCESSOR
FACTORS FOR DESIGN OF PAVEMENT
10. SITE INVESTIGATION
HIGHWAY EQUIPMENT
QSC LAB EXPERIMENT
PLANT ESTABLISHED IN CAMP
11. CONCLUSION

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN PROJECT

Sl. No.
(1)
1.

Items of work
(2)
Alignment

2.

Bitumen

3.

Bituminous

Description
(3)
The vertical and horizontal
Location of a road.
A viscous liquid or solid
material black or dark brown
in colour, having adhesive
properties,
consisting
essentially of hydrocarbons,
derived
from petroleum
occurring in natural asphalt
And soluble in carbon
disulphide. Normal grades
used - 50 pen (hard) to 100
pen (soft).
Containing Bitumen

4.

Bituminous Concrete (BC)

5.

Borrow Excavation

6.

7.

8.

Borrow Pit

Cement Treated Upper Subbase

Contract Specifications

Laying and compacting for

use in wearing or PCC in the
thickness of 25 mm to 100
mm,
using
prescribed
aggregate and premixed with
bitumen on a bituminous
bound surface.
When NHAI specifies a new
roadway to be constructed;
the roadway embankment is
usually constructed from
earth available on the rightof-way, however, if there is
insufficient
earth
the
contractor is required to
obtain the needed additional
material from off the right-ofway (land). This material is
called borrow excavation
The source of approved
Material required for the
construction
of
embankments,
or
other
portions
of
earthwork
requirements.
The portion of sub base
treated with cement so as to
provide improved strength.
The requirements, which are
to be followed in the

Construction of highways.
9.

Culvert

10.

Day Work

11.

Dense Bituminous Macadam

(DBM)

12.

Design Life

13.

Earth Excavation

14.

Earthen Embankment

15.

Environmental Impact

16.

Excavation

17.

Expressway

18.

Fly Ash

Any structure, not classified

as a bridge, which provides
an opening
under
the
roadway.
An item in BOQ for which
rates for the supply of labour,
material
and
plant
&
machinery are quoted by the
bidder. If PSC considers
necessary the varied work is
executed on Day Work basis.
A dense bitumen macadam
road base or base course
manufactured with bitumen.
Initially figured to be a 20year period for pavement.
On a construction project that
requires new or relocated
roadway, the earth, which
must be moved from one
place to another, is called
earth excavation.

Earthen
embankment
including Subgrade, earthen
shoulders and miscellaneous
backfill
with
approved
material
obtained
from
roadway excavation, borrow
pit or other sources.
The effects a project will
have upon the environment,
especially
the
human
environment.
The act of taking out
materials, the materials taken
out, or the cavity remaining
after materials have been
removed. NHAI has an
agreement with the
A divided arterial highway
for through traffic with full or
partial control of access and
generally
with
grade
separations
at
major
intersections.
The finely divided residue
that
results
from
the
combustion of ground or

19.

Geo-textile Material

20.

Granular Sub-base

21.

Mobilization Advance

22.

Professional Liability
Insurance

23.

Pavement

24.

Permanent Work

25.

Profile Correction Course

26.

Rigid pavement

27.

River Shingles

powdered coal, transported

from the firebox through the
boiler by flue gases.
Woven cloth made from
nylon type of material that is
not bio-degradable
A
continuously
graded
Granular material to MOST
Specification for Highway
Works. Used in the sub-base
layer of road construction,
which consists of crushed
rock, slag or concrete is the
superior material and is the
only one permitted for major
trunk roads and motorways.
The
employer
typically
reimburses the contractor
when completed portions of
work
are
performed.
Contractors therefore must
find financing to help start a
new project. The pay item
mobilization is provided to
help the contractor with these
early start-up costs.
Professional
Liability
Insurance is an insurance to
cover a loss resulting from
malpractice or other liability
of a professional person to a
third party. The insureds
benefits under the policy
begin when the insureds
liability to a third party has
been asserted.
The part of a roadway having
a constructed surface for the
facilitation
of
vehicular
movement.
The items of work in the
BOQ to be executed in
accordance with the contract.
A
bituminous or
non
bituminous course provided
to rectify the undulations and
camber correction of road
surface
Road pavement / surface
constructed with cement
concrete
Small size stones available in
river bed.

28.

Specifications

29.

SPV

30.

Terrain

31.

Variation item

32.

Wearing course

33.

Weep Holes

34.

Wet Mix Macadam (WMM)

35.

Voids

The standard specifications,

supplemental specifications,
special provisions, and all
written or printed agreements
and instructions pertaining to
the method and manner of
performing the work or to the
quantities and qualities of the
materials to be furnished
under the contract.
A
special
company
established by a company to
meet a specific financial
objective.
The physical features of a
tract of land.
This include increase or
decrease
in
quantity,
additional or omitted item,
change in character or
quality,
levels,
lines,
positions
and
specified
sequence
The top surface of a road,
which is made of asphalt and
laid over the base course. It is
made using high quality stone
to improve wear and skid
resistance.
Small
openings
whose
purpose is to permit drainage
of water that accumulates
inside a building component
(e.g., a wall etc.)
Laying
and
compacting
coarse and fine crushed rock
or slag blended to meet the
grading requirement. Clean
crushed graded aggregate and
granular material premixed
with water to a dense mass on
a prepared sub base
Space occupied by air
particles during compaction
of any pit.

INTRODUCTION

Express way

National Highways

State Highways

District road

The National Highways Network of India is a network of highways that is

managed and maintained by agencies of the Government of India. The National Highways
Authority of India (NHAI) is the nodal agency responsible for building, upgrading and
maintaining most of the national highways network. It operates under the Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways. The National Highways Development Project (NHDP) is a major effort
to expand and upgrade the network of highways. NHAI often uses a public-private partnership
model for highway development, maintenance and toll-collection.
India has the distinction of having the world's second highest-altitude motor highway Leh-Manali
Highway, connecting Shimla to Leh in Ladakh, Kashmir.
This project is introduced for the widening of highways from 4 lanes to 6 lanes. This
project is divided into a no of companys area wise and give them to permission for construction.

SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is an autonomous agency of
the Government of India, responsible for management of a network of over 70,000 km of
National Highways in India. It is responsible for the development, maintenance,
Management and operation of National Highways, totaling over 71,772 km (44,597 mi) in
length.
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is the nodal agency responsible for
building, upgrading and maintaining most of the national highways network. It operates
under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. The National Highways Development
Project (NHDP) is a major effort to expand and upgrade the network of highways. NHAI
often uses a public-private partnership model for highway development, maintenance and
toll-collection.
India has 70,934 km (44,076 mi) of national highways (NH) connecting all the major
cities and state capitals as of August 2011. The government is currently working to ensure
that by December 2014 the entire National Highway network consists of roads with two or
more lanes.

OBJECTIVE
PROJECT BACKGROUND- Government of India had entrusted NHAI for
Development , Maintenances & Management of NH-2 including section from km 323.475 483.687 km. authority has accordingly awarded the project to M/S ORIENTAL STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERS PVT. LTD. For Six Laning of Etawah Chakeri Section of NH 2 under NHDP phase
v on DBFOT toll basis.
Consortium has since promoted and incorporated the concessionaire as a limited
liability company under companies act 1956 i.e. Etawah Chakeri Highway Private Limited
(ECHPL).

Project DataProject name - Design , engineering , construction , development , finance , operation and
maintenance of 6 laining the existing 4 lane section from km 323+475 to 483+687 (NH-2)
DBFOT toll basis.
Name of ClientProject Length- 160.212 Km
Concessionaire - M/S Etawah Chakeri Highway Private Ltd.
Independent Consultants- M/S Stup Consultants Pvt Ltd.
Project Management Consultant - In house OSEPL
Design Consultant- LEA associates South Asia Pvt Ltd New Delhi.
Project Cost- 1955 crores
Date of Concessionaire Agreement- 5 march 2012
Concessionaire Period -16 years
Appointed Date - 13th march 2013
Construction Period -912 days
Commercial Operation Date- 11th September 2015
MILESTONE OF PROJECT - following milestones are achieved
S.N.
1
2
3
4

DISCRIPTION
Financial closure
Milestone 1 (180 days from appointed date) 10%
Milestone 2 (1 year from appointed date) 30%
Milestone 3 (730 days from appointed date) 75%

DATE
13/03/2013
9/09/2013
13/03/2013
13/03/2015

Scheduled six laning (912 days from appointed date)

100%

11/09/2015

DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR HIGHWAY

Design required for construction of highway is based upon the types of highway and there
different layers on which it works. It works on suitability, fast, economic etc. consideration.
It have two types of pavement.

TYPES OF HIGHWAY FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT HIGHWAY

RIGID PAVEMENT HIGHWAY

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT HIGHWAY- Are those pavements which reflect the

deformation of subgrade and the subsequent layers to the surface. Flexible, usually asphalt, is
laid with no reinforcement or with a specialized fabric reinforcement that permits limited flow
or repositioning of the roadbed underground changes.

CHARACTERISTICS-

1. The design of flexible pavement is based on load distributing characteristic of the component
layers. The black top pavement including water
& gravel bound macadam fall in this category
2. Flexible pavement on the whole has low or negligible flexible strength flexible in their
structural action). The Flexible pavement layers transmit the vertical or compressive stresses to
the lower layers by grain transfer through contact points of granular structure.
3. The vertical compressive stress is maximum on the pavement surface directly under the wheel
load and is equal to contact pressure under the wheels. Due to the ability to distribute the stress to
large area in the shape of truncated cone the stresses get decreased in the lower layer.
4. As such the flexible pavement may be constructed in a number of layers and the top layer has
to be strongest as the highest compressive stresses.
5. To be sustained by this layer, in addition to wear and tear, the lower layer have to take up only
lesser magnitude of stress as there is no direct wearing action die to traffic loads, therefore inferior
material with lower cast can be used in the lower layers.

RIGID PAVEMENT HIGHWAY- The rigid characteristic of the pavement are associated with
rigidity or flexural strength or slab action so the load is distributed over a wide area of subgrade
soil. Rigid pavement is laid in slabs with steel reinforcement.

1. The

rigid pavements are made of cement concrete either plan, reinforced or prestressed concrete

2. Critical condition of stress in the rigid pavement is the maximum flexural stress occurring in
the slab due to wheel load and the temperature changes.
3. Rigid pavement is designed and analyzed by using the elastic theory

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
1. Deformation in the sub grade is transferred to the
upper layers
2. Design is based on load distributing characteristics of
the component layers
3. Have low flexural strength
4. Load is transferred by grain to grain contact
5. Have low completion cost but repairing cost is high
6. Have low life span (High Maintenance Cost)
7. Surfacing cannot be laid directly on the sub grade but
a sub base is needed
8. No thermal stresses are induced as the pavement have
the ability to contract and expand freely
9.Thats why expansion joints are not needed
10. Strength of the road is highly dependent on the
strength of the sub grade
11. Rolling of the surfacing is needed
12. Road can be used for traffic within 24 hours
13. Force of friction is less Deformation in the sub grade
is not transferred to the upper layers.
14. Damaged by Oils and Certain Chemicals

RIGID PAVEMENT
1. Deformation in the subgrade is not transferred to
subsequent layers
2. Design is based on flexural strength or slab action
3. Have high flexural strength
4. No such phenomenon of grain to grain load transfer
exists
5. Have low repairing cost but completion cost is high
6. Life span is more as compare to flexible (Low
Maintenance
Cost)
7. Surfacing can be directly laid on the sub grade
8. Thermal stresses are more vulnerable to be induced as
the
ability to contract and expand is very less in concrete
9.Thats why expansion joints are needed
10. Strength of the road is less dependent on the strength
of the
sub grade
11. Rolling of the surfacing in not needed
12. Road cannot be used until 14 days of curing
13. Force of friction is high
14. No Damage by Oils and Greases

RIGID PAVEMENT HIGHWAY-As above discussed rigid pavement is of cement

concrete pavement.

MATERIALCement- In rigid pavement there is only OPC (ordinary Portland cement) is used having 43
grades. For cement testing, cement should be of grey colour and for consistency STANDARD
CONSISTENCY test is performed.
Aggregate-In order to make good concrete, it is important to avoid crushed aggregate of poor
shape, very angular, flaky, elongated or splintery aggregates gives a harsh mix of low
workability. Los angles test is performed for aggregate. Los angles test limits shall be not more
than 35% and 50% for concrete wearing coarse and sub base coarse respectively. There are
grading of aggregate is done for gradation of aggregate. And bulking of sand is done for fine
aggregate.
.
Aggregate

Fine aggregate

Coarse aggregate

WATER- water should be clean and free from injurious amount of oil, salt , vegetable matter or
other substances harmful to finished concrete.
DOWEL BAR AND TIE BAR- It shall be plain round steel tie bar. Tie bar should be 12mm
diameter and dowel bar should be 36mm diameter. Dowel bar of 0.5m .one half is on one side
and another one is on other side. TIE BAR is used across the longitudinal joints of cement
pavement. Tie bar ensure two slabs to remain firmly together. Tie bar are design to act as load
transfer devices. DOWEL BAR are mild steal PLAIN bars of short length. This bar is used to
transfer load from one slab to another.

TOOLS, EQUIPMENT Tools and equipment are required for proper preparation of
subgrade, laying of sub base and batching, mixing, placing, finishing and curing of
concrete shall be at the project site in good working condition.
List of tool, equipment and
appliances
a) Subgrade and sub base compaction(1) Compaction equipments-three wheeled or random roller, tendum roller, grader.
(2) Watering devices-watering
Lorries,watering cans.
b) Concrete manufacture- in modern ways RMC plant is used as concrete
manufacture by which we can make concrete of any proportion.
c) Transportation, laying and compaction of concrete1) Concrete vibrators
2) Spades
3) Scrader
4) Transit mixer
5) Screed vibrator

d) Curing1) Polythene sheeting

2) Ponding operation

e) Cleaning and sealing of joints

1) Iron raker
2) Coir brush
3) Kerosene stove
4) Painters brush
5) Scraper

PROCESSOROGL (ORIGINAL
GROUND LEVEL)

EMBANKMENT

SUBGRADE

DRAINAGE LAYER

DLC (DENSE LEAN

CONCRETE)

PQC (PAVEMENT QUALITY

CONCRETE)

ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL- It is the original ground on which pavement has to be done.
In this layer cleaning and grouting is done. Then make the layer in straight and become leveled.
It is to be 95% compacted.
EMBANKMENT-This is the layer which is used for extension of road depth. This layer is
made in 200mm each. In this layer CBR test is performed, for this layer CBR value should be
less than 7%. Tri axial test is also performed for soil strength.
PREPARATION OF SUB BASE OR SUB GRADE- \This layer is made by granular soil
.for this soil CBR value should be more than 7%.this layer is made in three step, one is of
200mm , 2 nd layer is of 150 mm and top layer is of 150mm.this layer is having compaction
97%.
1) There is no soft spots are present in the subgrade
or sub base
2) The uniformly compacted subgrade or sub base extends at least 300mm on either side of the
with to be concreted.
3) The subgrade is properly
drained.
4) It should be saturated with water not less than 6 hours nor more than 20 hours in advance
of placing concrete.
5) It becomes dry prior to the actual placing of concrete, it shall be sprinkled with water taking
care to see that no pools of water or soft patches are formed on the surfaces
DRAINAGE LAYER- This layer is made by aggregates, fine and coarse aggregates. This
layer is for drainage .
DENSE LEAN CONCRETE(DLC)- This layer is made of concrete ,in this layer
water/cement ratio is less as compare to PQC .after laying of this layer compaction is done
suitabilily.
PQC layer-This layer is of made of cement concrete. Pavement quality concrete (PQC)
is the top layer of pavement. This layer is made in onetime.

CURING OF CEMENT CONCRETEINITIAL CURING It is done by jute bags.in it water is absorb by jute bags and then cured
with much time.
FINAL CURING-It is done by one of the final method.
1) Curing with wet earth
2) Impervious membrane method
JOINTS IN RIGID PAVEMENT1) TRANSVERSE JOINTS
a) EXPANSION JOINT
b) CONTRACTION JOINT
c) WARPING JOINT
d) CONSTRUCTION JOINT
2) LONGITUDINAL JOINTS

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT-

TYPES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT-

DENSE-GRADED

OPEN GRADED

GAP GRADED

MATERIALCOARSE AGGREGATE- It shall be either crushed or broken stone , crushed slag , over burnt
brick or naturally occurring aggregate .crushed or broken stones shall be hard and generally free
from fleet, elongated ,soft and disintegrated particles. Crushed slag shall be manufactured from
air cooled blast furnace slag. Laterite shall be compact, heavy and of dark colour.

SAND-It should be clean dune or pit sand free from organic and other
deleterious material.
INTERFACE TREATMENT-This layer is to be cleaned to remove dust and dirt and a thin
layer of bitumen binder is to be sprayed before the construction of any type of bituminous layer
over this surface.
BITUMINOUS SURFACE DRESSING- It is provided over an existing pavement to serve as
thin wearing coat.
SEAL COAT- It is usually recommended as a top coat over certain bituminous pavements
which are not pervious, such as open graded bituminous constructions like grouted macadam.
PENETRATION MACADAM-It is used as a base or binder course. The coarse aggregate are
spread and compacted well in dry state and after that hot binder of relatively high viscosity id
sprayed in fairly large quantity at top.
BITUMINOUS MACADAM-It is a pre-mix construction method consisting of one or
more coarse of compacted crushed aggregates premixed with bituminous binder after
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE OR ASPHALT CONCRETE- It is a dense graded premixed
bituminous mix which is well compacted to form a high quality pavement surface course. The
thickness of bituminous concrete surface course layer usually ranges from 40 to 75mm. IRC
recommended 40mm thick AC surface course for highway pavement.
Road Construction Process

1. Filling of earth as per the alignment/design It should be 95% compacted by three wheel
roller and tandam roller. In it granular soil should be used for embankment purposes. Its
thickness varies from 10cm to 30cm. it is compaction is carried out at optimum moisture
content. For this CBR value should be less than 7%.
2. Construction of sub-grade (SG) for this compaction should be 95% by three wheel roller
and tandam roller. In it granular soil should be used for embankment purposes. Its
thickness varies from 10cm to 30cm and it is having 3 layers SG1 (200mm), SG2
(150mm), top SG layer (150mm). It is compaction is carried out at optimum moisture
content. For this CBR value should be more than 7%.
Function and
Properties

Significance

of

Subgrade

Basement soil of road bed.

Important for structural and pavement life.

Should not deflect excessively due to dynamic loading.

May be in fill or embankment.

3. Construction of granular sub-base (GSB) It is of made of aggregate, sand mix. And

it is having compaction 98% fully compacted and it is tested by core cutter method. It is having
thickness
200mm.
Stress distribution through granular layer

4. Laying of wet mix macadam (WMM) In it each layer is of veried 100mm150mm(125mm).it is depending upon the size of aggregate used. It is of made of crushed
stone and broken aggregates mechanically interlocked by rolling and the voids filled
with screening and binding material with the assistance of water.
5. Laying of dense bituminous macadam (DBM) This layer is having dense layer of bituminous
concrete. this layer occurs in two layers bottom layer are having thickness 60mm and
top layer Is gating thickness 90mm. This layer are having compaction 92%.
6. Laying of bituminous concrete (BC) This layer is the top most layer of flexible pavement.
This layer is made of bituminous concrete and having compaction 95%.This layer is of
50mm thickness.

Wearing Course

High Resistance to Deformation

High Resistance to Fatigue; ability to withstand high strains - flexible

Sufficient Stiffness to Reduce Stresses in the Underlying Layers

High Resistance to Environmental Degradation; durable

Low Permeability - Water Tight Layer against Ingress of Surface Water

Good Workability Allow Adequate Compaction

Sufficient Surface Texture Good Skid Resistance in Wet Weather

WHEEL LOAD DISTRIBUTION

Load distribution in rigid pavement and flexible pavement

Properties
Design
Principle

Material
Flexural
Strength
Normal
Loading
Excessive
Loading
Stress

Flexible
Rigid
Empirical method
Designed and analyzed by using the elastic
Based on load distribution Theory
characteristics
of
the
components
Granular material
Made of Cement Concrete either plan,
reinforced or prestressed concrete
Low or negligible flexible
Associated with rigidity or flexural strength
Strength
or slab action so the load is distributed over
a wide area of subgrade soil.
Elastic deformation
Acts as beam or cantilever
Local depression

Causes Cracks

Transmits vertical and

compressive stresses to the
lower layers

Tensile Stress and Temperature Increases

Design
Practice

Constructed in number of
layers.

Laid in slabs with steel reinforcement.

Temperature
Force of
Friction

No stress is produced
Less. Deformation in the
sub grade is not transferred
to the upper layers.
Road can be used for traffic
within 24 hours
Rolling of the surfacing is
Needed

Stress is produced
Friction force is High

Opening to
Traffic
Surfacing

Road cannot be used until 14 days of curing

Rolling of the surfacing in not needed.

FACTORS FOR DESIGN OF PAVEMENTS

Design wheel load
Static load on wheels
Contact Pressure
Load Repetition
Subgrade soil
Thickness of pavement required
Stress- strain behavior under load
Moisture variation
Climatic factors
Pavement component materials
Environment factors
Traffic Characteristics
Required Cross sectional elements of the alignment

SITE INVESTIGATION
HIGHWAY

GRADER- Machine with a swiveling blade situated between two wheel shafts for
leveling the ground or clearing debris off a roadway. Graders are commonly used in
the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads. In the construction of
paved roads they are used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface for
the asphalt to be placed.

TENDEM ROLLER- The tandem roller is made up of two very heavy and unequal sized
steel rollers fitted to a chasis, which is powered by steam, gasoline or diesel. These
hydraulic double drum vibratory rollers are ideal for compacting various stabilized soils,
bituminous concrete and rolling cement concrete on road surface construction. This
compaction equipment is widely used in the construction of high-class highways,
airports, harbors, dams, municipal road and industrial ground. This roller has capacity to
better compact till 200mm.

PAVER- Road Paver is a construction machine mainly used for the paving project on
the road base and surface for highway of various kind of material. The asphalt is added
from a dump truck or a material transfer unit into the paver's hopper. The conveyor
then carries the asphalt
from the hopper to the auger. The auger places a stockpile of material in front of the
screed. The screed takes the stockpile of material and spreads it over the width of the road
and provides initial compaction.

THREE WHEELED MOUNTED ROLLER- This is used only for surface planning and
give the surface shining. This is not a vibrating roller.in only done plane passes. It only
gives leveling and make it leveled surface.

POWER SHOWEL- A power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric
mining shovel) is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for
digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction. Power shovels
are used principally for excavation and removal of overburden in open-cut mining
operations, though it may include loading of minerals, such as coal. They are the modern
equivalent of steam shovels, and operate in a similar fashion.

DRAG LINE- A dragline excavator is a piece of heavy equipment used in civil

engineering and surface mining. These are used for road, port construction, pond
and canal dredging, and as pile driving rigs.

CLAMSHELL- Hydraulic clamshell bucket is designed to be attached onto an

excavator. The dual hydraulic cylinders/rams mounted on the outer rim of the bucket
provide excellent digging force.The inner side of the bucket has a smooth surface for
easy unloading of high viscosity material such as mud and clay, while the outer layer is
reinforce with additional layer of wear strips. The bowl's radius has been optimized to
match with the locus of the hydraulic cylinder/ram to deliver consistence full load for
maximum productivity.

BACKHOE- A backhoe loader is an interesting invention because it is actually three

pieces of construction equipment combined into one unit. A backhoe loader is:

A tractor

A loader

A backhoe

Each piece of equipment is suited to a particular sort of work. On a typical construction

site the backhoe operator usually uses all three components to get the job done.

NEEDLE VIBRATOR- A concrete vibrator is a construction tool used on concrete pouring

sites. A vibrator is used to ensure that a pour is even and free of air bubbles so that the
concrete will remain strong and have a smooth finish.
Proper use of a concrete vibrator requires some training. The head should always be slowly lowered
into the pour and pulled out gradually to avoid the formation of an air pocket. The tool should never
be dragged through a pour, because it will leave a groove in the concrete behind it. The amount of
time required varies depending on the mix, but it does

not usually take more than 30 seconds to settle the concrete sufficiently and move on to the
next section of concrete.

SCREED VIBRATOR- Double beam screed vibrator consists of a Beam unit and a
Vibrator unit.
Double beam screed vibrator is used to vibrate the concrete to give a compact and levelled
surface. These vibrators are self-travelling and only require guiding along the formwork,
dragged at ends by two operators without working in the concrete.

BAUSER-It is a vehical used to transport prime coat and tack coat bitmin. It consist a
pipe through which these coats are laid on pavement layer.

AIR COMPRESSOR-This is used to clean the layer of pavement before submerging

another layer on it .it works on high air pressure .In flexible pavement it is done before
DBM and before BC layer for doing prime coat and tack coat.

FORM WORK-form work is used in rigid pavement construction. This is used when
PQC layer is to be laid then it helps in positioned dowel bar and to remain concrete.

TRANSIT MIXURE-this is a drum which is used to transport concrete to the side. This
mixture drum is having rotating drum which is used to rotate the and mix the concrete so
that lumps cannot be form. This drum is filled by RMC plant mixture.in this drum when
concrete is filled then temp should be checked and it should be remain at limit when it
placed.

QSC Lab (material testing lab)

STANDARD CONSISTANCY TEST- This test method is used to determine the amount
of water required to prepare hydraulic cement pastes with normal consistency, as required
for certain standard tests. The principle is that standard consistency of cement is that
consistency at which the Vicat plunger penetrates to a point 5-7mm from the bottom of
Vicat mould. This test is performed by vicat apparatus.

FREE SWELL TEST- Free swell or differential free swell, also termed as free swell
index, is the increase in volume of soil without any external constraint when subjected to
submergence in water.
BITUMIN EXTRACTOR- For the Determination Of Bitumen Percentage In
Bituminous Mixtures. It Has A Removable Precision- Machined Aluminum Rotor Bowl
Mounted On A Vertical Shaft. A Filter Paper Disc Is Pressed In Between The Rotor Bowl
And Cover Plate By Tightening A Knurled Nut. The Bowl Assembly Is Enclosed In A
Housing Mounted On A Cast Body. The Manually Operated Unit Can Be Used Both In
The Field And Laboratory. In The Manually Operated Unit, The Gears Are Enclosed In
A Cast Body. The Solvent May Be Introduced Tests Through A Cup On The Housing
Cover
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE- The compressive strength is the capacity
of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size. It can be measured by
plotting applied force against deformation in a testing machine. Some material fracture at
their compressive strength limit; others deform irreversibly, so a given amount of
deformation may be considered as the limit for compressive load. Compressive strength is
a key value for design of structures.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF BEAM- Flexural strength, also known as modulus of
rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength, a mechanical parameter for brittle material, is
defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load. The transverse bending
test is most frequently employed, in which a rod specimen having either a circular or

rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture using athree point flexural test technique.
The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its
moment of rupture. It is measured in terms of stress.
CBR METHOD-This test result have been correlated with flexible pavement thickness
requirements for highway. This is lab test and is performed on mould. This method is for
stability of soil subgrade and other flexible pavement.
MARSHAL STABILITY TEST-This test is performed to know the flow of
bitumen, stability and density of bitumen.
WATER BATH This is equipment used for heating the sample at a
particular temperature.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY WEIGHPAN-This pan is used to measure the weight the
sample with respect to air.
WEIGH PAN-It is used to measure the weight of specimen.
CORE CUTTER METHOD-This test is used to know the specific gravity of sample.
DIRECT SHEAR TEST-This test is performed to know the shear failure of soil sample.
GRADATION OF AGGREGATE-This test is performed to know the proper
proportion of aggregate at which it is suitable for concrete and WMM.
FLAKINESS INDEX-It is the % by wt of aggregate particle whose least dimension
/thickness is less than three fifth or 0.6 of their mean dimension. This test is applicable
for size larger than 6.3mm.
ELONGATION INDEX-It is of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles
whose greatest dimension or length is greater than 4, 5 or 1.8 times their mean
dimension.
MODIFIED PROCTOR TEST-This test is performed to know the optimum
moisture content of soil sample. And also know the dry density of soil sample.
SLUMP CONE TEST- This test is performed to know the slump of concrete. By this
test we know the workability of concrete. Higher the slum means higher workability.
This test is performed by slump cone equipment.
COMPACTION FACTOR TEST-By this test we know the workability of concrete by
the application of compaction.in this method we fall concrete from a height and then see
the compaction.
BULKING OF SAND-This test is performed to know the bulking of sand. This test
is performed with the help of water and sand.
LOSS ANGELES ABRASION TEST-By this test we find the %wear due to the relative
rubbing action between the aggregate and steel ball used as abrasive charge.by this test
we know the wearing action of top surface road stone.
IMPACT TEST-This is for evaluating the toughness of stone or resistance of the
aggregate to fracture under repeated impacts .it indicates the resistance of aggregate
against impact.
PENETRATION TEST-It determines the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring
the depth in 10th of a mm to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate in 5 second. Its
value various type of bitumen

is ranges between 20 and 225.30/40 and 80/100 grade are more commonly used bitumen.
For hot climate
30/40 is used.
DUCTILITY TEST-This serves as a satisfactory binder in improving the physical
interlocking of the aggregate bitumen mixes. The binder which does not possess
sufficient ductility would crack and thus provide pervious pavement surfaces. This test is
believed to measure adhesive property and ability to stretch. Minimum ductility value
specified is only 15 cm for bitumen grade A65 to 200 in certain regions.
VISCOSITY TEST- It is inverse of fluidity. It is the general term of consistency and is
measure of resistance to flow.
SOFTENING POINT TEST- For determination of softening point of a given
bitumen.by this experiment we get that temperature at which the substance attains a
particular degree of softening.higher softening point indicates lower temp susceptibility
and is preferred in warm condition.softening point of various grade of bitumen varies from
35-70 degree.
PLANTS ESTABLISHED IN CAMP1. READY MIX CONCRETE PLANT- Ready-mix concrete is concrete that is manufactured in
a factory or batching plant, according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck
mounted intransit mixers. This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete
mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites. Ready mix concrete is sometimes
preferred over on-site concrete mixing because of the precision of the mixture and reduced work
site confusion.

2. GRADATION OF AGGREGATE PLANT- This plant is used for grading of aggregate

for WBM(water bound macadam).and other purpose.

3. BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PLANT- Hot mix asphalt (HMA) is a generic term that
includes many different types of mixtures of aggregate and asphalt cement (binder)
produced at elevated temperatures (generally between 300-350F) in an asphalt plant.
Typically, HMA mixtures are divided into three mixture categories: dense-graded; opengraded; and gap- graded as a function of the aggregate gradation used in the mix.

CONCLUSION
There is a lot of construction work related to civil engineering field is being done
by various construction companies and their departments. It was a very nice
experience to be at NHAI site. Highways are need of nation to flow transport in
better way.
Here I meet many person and learn many thing from them they are very cordial
and helped in every difficulty to solve that one. They explained me every aspect of
everything.
In this way this summer training was very helpful in understanding the various
construction and theory aspect. So we can say that this project was helpful in
understanding the civil engineering in a better way.