P4.

20 A round steel tie rod is used as a tension member to support a dead load of 190 kN and a live load
of 220 kN. The yield strength of the steel is 320 MPa.
(a) Use the ASD method to determine the minimum diameter D required for the tie rod if a factor of
safety of 2.0 with respect to yielding is required.
(b) Use the LRFD method to determine the minimum diameter D required for the tie rod based on
yielding of the gross section using the LRFD method. Use a resistance factor of t = 0.9 and load factors
of 1.2 and 1.6 for the dead and live loads, respectively.

Solution
(a) The service load on the axial member is
P D L 190 kN 220 kN 410 kN
The allowable normal stress is

320 MPa
allow Y
160 MPa
FS
2.0
The minimum cross-sectional area required to support the service load is
P
(410 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
Amin

2,562.500 mm 2
allow
160 N/mm 2
and thus, the minimum tie rod diameter is
2
d min 2,562.500 mm 2
d min 57.1 mm
4
(b) The ultimate load for LRFD is
U 1.2D 1.6L 1.2(190 kN) 1.6(220 kN) 580 kN
The design equation for an axial member subjected to tension can be written in LRFD as
t Y A U
Consequently, the minimum cross-sectional area required for the tension member is
U
(580 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
Amin

2, 013.889 mm 2
2
t Y
0.9(320 N/mm )
and thus, the minimum tie rod diameter is
2
d min 2,013.889 mm 2
d min 50.6 mm
4

Ans.

Ans.

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P5.5 An axial member consisting of two

polymer bars is supported at C as shown in
Figure P5.5. Bar (1) has a cross-sectional area of
540 mm2 and an elastic modulus of 28 GPa. Bar
(2) has a cross-sectional area of 880 mm2 and an
elastic modulus of 16.5 GPa. Determine the
deflection of point A relative to support C.
FIGURE P5.5

Solution
Draw a FBD that cuts through member (1) to find that the internal
axial force in member (1) is
F1 35 kN (T)
Similarly, draw a FBD that cuts through member
(2) and includes the free end of the axial member.
From this FBD, the equilibrium equation is
Fx 35 kN 50 kN 50 kN F2 0
Therefore, the internal axial force in member (2) is
F2 65 kN 65 kN (C)
The deformation in bar (1) can be computed as
F L (35 kN)(1,000 N/kN)(850 mm)
1 1 1
1.9676 mm
A1 E1
(540 mm 2 )(28, 000 N/mm 2 )
and the deformation in bar (2) can be computed as
FL
(65 kN)(1,000 N/kN)(1,150 mm)
2 2 2
5.1481 mm
A2 E2
(880 mm 2 )(16,500 N/mm 2 )
The deflection of point A relative to the support at C is the sum of these two deformations:
uA 1 2 1.9676 mm (5.1481 mm) 3.18 mm 3.18 mm

Ans.

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P6.4 A compound shaft consists of two pipe

segments. Segment (1) has an outside diameter of
200 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm. Segment
(2) has an outside diameter of 150 mm and a wall
thickness of 10 mm. The shaft is subjected to
torques TB = 42 kN-m and TC = 18 kN-m, which act
in the directions shown in Figure P6.4/5. Determine
the maximum shear stress magnitude in each shaft
segment.
FIGURE P6.4/5

Solution

Equilibrium:
M x T1 42 kN-m 18 kN-m 0

M x T2 18 kN-m 0
Section properties:

J1
J2

T1 24 kN-m

T2 18 kN-m

D14 d14 (200 mm)4 (180 mm) 4 54,019,686 mm 4

32
32
D24 d 24 (150 mm)4 (130 mm)4 21,551,281 mm 4
32
32

Shear stress magnitudes:

(24 kN-m)(200 mm / 2)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)
1
44.4 MPa
54,019,686 mm 4
(18 kN-m)(150 mm / 2)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)
2
62.3 MPa
21,661,281 mm 4

Ans.
Ans.

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P6.8 A solid 0.75-in.-diameter shaft is subjected to

the torques shown in Figure P6.8. The bearings
shown allow the shaft to turn freely.
(a) Plot a torque diagram showing the internal
torque in segments (1), (2), and (3) of the shaft. Use
the sign convention presented in Section 6-6.
(b) Determine the maximum shear stress magnitude
in the shaft.
FIGURE P6.8

Solution
Equilibrium:

M x T1 10 lb-ft 0

T1 10 lb-ft

M x T2 10 lb-ft 50 lb-ft 0

T2 40 lb-ft

M x T3 30 lb-ft 0

T3 30 lb-ft

Section properties:

J1 J 2 J 3

32

(0.75 in.) 4 0.031063 in.4

Shear stress magnitudes:

T c (10 lb-ft)(0.75 in. / 2)(12 in./ft)
1 1 1
1, 448.7 psi
J1
0.031063 in.4
Tc
(40 lb-ft)(0.75 in. / 2)(12 in./ft)
2 2 2
5,794.7 psi
J2
0.031063 in.4

T3c3 (30 lb-ft)(0.75 in. / 2)(12 in./ft)

4,346.0 psi
J3
0.031063 in.4

The maximum shear stress in the shaft occurs in segment (2):

max 5,790 psi

Ans.

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P5.8 A solid brass [E = 100 GPa] axial member is loaded and

supported as shown in Figure P5.8. Segments (1) and (2) each have
a diameter of 25 mm and segment (3) has a diameter of 14 mm.
Determine:
(a) the deformation of segment (2).
(b) the deflection of joint D with respect to the fixed support at A.
(c) the maximum normal stress in the entire axial member.

FIGURE P5.8

Solution
(a) Draw a FBD that cuts through segment (2) and includes the free
end of the axial member. From this FBD, the sum of forces in the
vertical direction reveals the internal force in the segment:
Fy F2 14 kN 28 kN 0
F2 42 kN (T)
The cross-sectional area of the 25-mm-diameter segment is

A2 (25 mm) 2 490.8739 mm 2

4
The deformation in segment (2) is thus
FL
(42,000 N)(1,200 mm)
2 2 2
A2 E2 (490.8739 mm 2 )(100, 000 N/mm 2 )
1.026740 mm 1.027 mm

Ans.

(b) The internal forces in segments (1) and (3) must be determined at
the outset. From a FBD that cuts through segment (1) and includes
the free end of the axial member:
Fy F1 40 kN 14 kN 28 kN 0
F1 82 kN (T)
The deformation in segment (1) can be computed as
FL
(82,000 N)(1,800 mm)
1 1 1
3.006883 mm
A1 E1 (490.8739 mm 2 )(100, 000 N/mm 2 )

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Similarly, consider a FBD that cuts through segment (3) and includes the free end of
the axial member:
Fy F3 28 kN 0
F3 28 kN (T)
The cross-sectional area of the 14-mm-diameter segment is

A3 (164 mm) 2 153.9380 mm 2

4
The deformation in segment (3) can be computed as
FL
(28,000 N)(1,600 mm)
3 3 3
2.810262 mm
A3 E3 (153.9380 mm 2 )(100, 000 N/mm 2 )
The deflection of joint D with respect to the fixed support at A is found from the sum of the three
segment deformations:
u D 1 2 3
3.006883 mm 1.026740 mm 2.810262 mm
6.943885 mm 6.94 mm

Ans.

(c) Since segments (1) and (2) have the same cross-sectional area, the maximum normal stress in these
two segments occurs where the axial force is greater; that is, in segment (1):
F
82,000 N
1 1
167.0490 MPa (T)
A1 490.8739 mm 2
The normal stress in segment (3) is
F
28,000 N
3 3
181.8914 MPa (T)
A3 153.9380 mm 2
Therefore, the maximum normal stress in the axial member occurs in segment (3):
Ans.
max 181.9 MPa (T)

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(b) The elongation in the axial member is found from Eq. (5.5):
L
L F ( x)
d
dx
0
0 A( x ) E
For the truncated cone axial member:
L
4P
4 P L dx

dx
2
2
0
Ed 02 0
x
x
2
Ed 0 1
1

L
L
4P L
2 PL

x
Ed 0 1
Ed 02

L 0
L

Ans.

P5.15 Rigid bar ABCD is loaded and supported as

shown in Figure P5.15. Bars (1) and (2) are
unstressed before the load P is applied. Bar (1) is
made of bronze [E = 100 GPa] and has a crosssectional area of 520 mm2. Bar (2) is made of
aluminum [E = 70 GPa] and has a cross-sectional
area of 960 mm2. After the load P is applied, the
force in bar (2) is found to be 25 kN (in tension).
Determine:
(a) the stresses in bars (1) and (2).
(b) the vertical deflection of point A.
(c) the load P.
FIGURE P5.15

Solution
Given that the axial force in bar (2) is 25 kN (in tension), the deformation can be computed as:
FL
(25, 000 N)(800 mm)
2 2 2
0.297619 mm
A2 E2 (960 mm 2 )(70, 000 N/mm 2 )
Since the pin at C is a perfect connection, the deflection of the rigid bar at C is equal to the deformation
of bar (2):
vC 2 0.297619 mm
From a deformation diagram of the rigid bar, the
vertical deflection of joint C is related to B by
similar triangles:
vB
v
C
1.6 m 0.5 m
1.6 m
vB vC
3.2vC
0.5 m
3.2(0.297619 mm) 0.952381 mm
The joint at B is also a perfect connection; therefore, the downward displacement of B also causes an
equal contraction in bar (1):
1 vB 0.952381 mm
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Note that a downward displacement at B causes contraction (and hence, compression) in bar (1).
(a) The normal stress in aluminum bar (2) can be computed from the known force in the bar:
F
25,000 N
2 2
26.041667 MPa 26.0 MPa (T)
A2 960 mm 2
The normal stress in bronze bar (1) can be computed from its contraction:
FL L
1 1 1 1 1
A1E1
E1

1E1
L1

( 0.952381 mm)(100,000 N/mm 2 )

158.730159 MPa 158.7 MPa (C)
600 mm

Ans.

Ans.

(b) From a deformation diagram of the rigid bar, the vertical deflection of joint A is related to joint B by
similar triangles:
vA
v
C
2.0 m 0.5 m
2.0 m
vA vC
4vC 4(0.297619 mm) 1.190476 mm 1.190 mm
Ans.
0.5 m
(c) The force in bar (2) is given as F2 = 25 kN. The force in bar (1) can be determined from the stress
computed previously:
F1 1 A1 ( 158.730159 N/mm 2 )(520 mm 2 ) 82,539.683 N 82.5397 kN

Consider a FBD of the rigid bar. The

equilibrium equation for the sum of moments
about D can be used to determine the load P:
M D (1.6 m)F1 (0.5 m)F2 (2.0 m)P 0
(0.5 m)(25 kN) (1.6 m)( 82.5397 kN)
2.0 m
72.2817 kN 72.3 kN

Ans.

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