PAN AFRICAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE FOR BASIC SCIENCES,

TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

M.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Option: Telecommunication

ASSIGMENT #2

Course: Advanced Microwave Engineering Systems

Lecturer: Dr. Kibet Langat

KWIZERA Eva (EE300-0008/15)

Date, 08 October, 2015

Academic year: 2015 2016

ASSIGNMENT #2
1. Design an air filled circular waveguide
Frequency separation = 1GHZ
TE
f c11

TM
f c01

=
=

TM
TE
f c01
f c11

Pmn

2a
Pmn
2

1.841
2a o o

2.4049
2a o o

2.4049
2a o o

1.841
2a o o

0.5639
2a o o

0.56393108
=109
2a
a=

0.56393108
=0.0269 m=2.69 cm
210 9

The waveguide radiusis 2.69 cm

The corresponding cutoff frequencies for this waveguide

Pmn
1.841
1.8413108
TE
=
=3.269GHZ
f c11 =
2a = 20.0269 o o 20.0269
f

2.

TM
c01

P mn
2a

2.4049
2.40493108
=
=4.271 GHZ
20.0269 o o 20.0269

f =75 GHZ10 GHZ

i)
ii)
iii)

Design a rectangular waveguide such that there is only one mode of propagation
The lowest usable frequency is 10% above cutoff frequency
The highest usable frequency is 5% below the cutoff frequency where the next
mode can propagate
m
a

1
f c=

TE
for TE 10 , f c10
=

a=

C
C
C 1.1310
+ 0.1 =1.1 =
=7.5109
2a
2a
2a
2a

1.1310 8
=0.022m=2.2cm
27.510 9
TE
for TE 01 , f c01
=0.95

b=

C 0.953108
=
=10109
2b
2b

0.953108
=0.01425 m=1.425 cm
210109

3. Cubical cavity
fr = 3GHZ
Determine a (the smallest possible size of this cavity) =?
Which mode does it resonate at this frequency?
m
a

p
c

f r=
2
For a cubical cavity ,a=b=c

Therefore,

m
a

p
a

f r=
2

1
a

At

1
2+
a

()

TM 110 , f r=
a=

3108 2
=0.071m=7.1 cm
2310 9
The mode of propagation
1
a

2
1
2+
a

1
TM 110 , f r=

()

1
a

1
2+
a

()

TE 101 , f r=

1
a

2+

1
a

()

TE 011 , f r =

4. An air-filled rectangular waveguide

a = 7.2cm
b = 3.4cm
= 40dB
f = 3GHZ
Determine:
. The wavenumber at the operating frequency (K)
. The cutoff frequency for the waveguide (fc)
. The cutoff frequency for the attenuating section of the waveguide (fc)
. The attenuation constant
. The length of the attenuating section

2f 2310 9
1
=
=62.8 m
8
C
310

i)

K= =

ii)

m
a

n
b

f c=
2
m
a

2
At TE10,

1
f TE

c, 10 =
2

iii)

m
0.6 a

1
TE
f c, 10=

iv)

0.6a

2k 2

0.60.072

2(62.8)2

v)

40 dB=20lo g10 ( ez )
2=log 10 ( ez )
102=ez
z=

4.6
=0.1258 m=12.58 cm
36.596

5. Derive the TM modes in a lossy circular waveguide

Assuming the axis of the structure along z-axis, the general expressions for cylindrical
Coordinate fields may be written as;
z
E z ( , , z )=[e ( , ) +e z ( , ) a z ]e
H z ( , , z )=[h ( , ) +h z ( , ) az ]ez
Where the vectors

e ( , ) and

the wave while the vectors

h ( , ) represent the transverse field components of

ez ( , ) az

and

components of the wave.

1 d Hz
1 d Ez
j E =
+ H ( 1 ) j H =
+ E (1 a)
d
d

h z ( , ) a z are the longitudinal

j E = H

dHz
d Ez
(2) j H = E
(2 a)
d
d

H
( ) d H z
d

d
d

E
( ) d E z
d

d
d

1
j E z=

To solve the longitudinal field components in terms of transverse field component

dH z
dH z
1 dE
1 j dE z
E = 2 z + j
( 4 ) H = 2

(4 a)
d
d
d
kc
k c d

E =

dH z
dE dH z
1 dE z
1
j
(5)H = 2 j z
(5 a)
2
d
d d
k c d
kc

2
2
2
Where k c =k + and = + j

The value of

is contains purely imaginary when there is a totally lossless system.

As in reality some loss always occurs, the propagation constant,

will contain both

real and imaginary parts, and respectively.

TM Modes
The transverse fields of TM modes are found by simplifying the general guided wave
equations with Hz=0. The resulting transverse fields for TM modes are;
dE z
j dE z
E = 2
( 6 ) H = 2
(6 a)
k c d
k c d

( )

( )

E =

dEz
j dE z
( 7 ) H = 2
( 7 a)
2
d
k c d
kc

( )

( )

The longitudinal electric field of the TM modes within the cylindrical waveguide must
satisfy:
2
2
E z +k E z=0
Where

E z ( , , z )=e z ( , ) ez

Inserting the expression for Ez into the differential equation yields:

2
d e z ( , ) 1 d e z ( , ) 1 e z ( , ) 2
+
+ 2
+k c ( , ) =0
2
2

d
d
d
The electric field function may be determined using the separation of variables technique
by assuming a solution of the form:
z
e z ( , ) e =R ( ) P( )
Inserting the assumed solution into the governing partial differential equation yields
d 2 R ( ) P ( ) dR ( ) R ( ) d 2 P ( ) 2
P()
+
+ 2
+k c R ( ) P ()=0

d
d 2

d 2
Dividing by

R ( ) P() gives

2
d2 P () 2
1 d R ( )
1 dR ( )
1
+
+
+ k c =0
R ( ) d 2
R() d
2 P( ) d 2

We multiply the expression above by

in order to make the third term dependent

on only.
The result is:
2
2
2 d R ( )
dR ( )
1 d P ( ) 2 2
+
+
+ k c =0(1)
P() d 2
R ( ) d 2
R ( ) d
According to the separation of variables technique, we may set the

2
equal to a constant (- k c ). The resulting differential equation defining

d2 P () 2
+ k c P ( )=0
d 2

dependent term
P ( ) is

Which has the general solution of

The function

P ()

P ( )= Asin k + Bcos k

must be periodic in so that

must be an integer (n).

P ( )= Asinn + Bcosn
2
2 d R ( )
dR ( )
+
+ ( 2 k 2c + n2 ) =0(2)
2
R ( ) d
R ( ) d

Equation (2) is known as Bessels equation which has solutions known as Bessel
functions. We may write the general solution to Bessels equation as:
R ( )=C J n ( k c ) + D Y n ( k c )
The Bessel function of the second kind approaches

as its argument approaches zero.

Since the circular waveguide fields must be bounded at the origin ( = 0), then the
constant D must be zero.
e z ( , ) ez =R ( ) P ( )=J n ( k c ) [ Asinn + Bcosn]
The longitudinal electric field function for the cylindrical waveguide TM modes is:
E z ( , )=J n ( k c ) [ Asinn + Bcosn]ez
The TM boundary conditions for the cylindrical waveguide are
E ( , , z )=0 E z ( , , z )=0
Application of the boundary condition on Ez yields:
E z ( , )=J n ( k c ) [ Asinn + Bcosn ] ez =0
Thus, the TM modes of the cylindrical waveguide are defined by

J n ( k c )=0

If we define the mth zero of the nth order Bessel function as pnm, then the TM nm
P nm
k
=
c
,
nm
mode cutoff wavenumber is found by

The resulting transverse fields of the TMnm modes are:

dE z
E ( , , z )= 2
=
J ' n ( k c ) [ Asinn + Bcosn ] ez
kc
k c d

( )

E ( , , z )=

dEz

= 2 J n ( k c ) [ Acosn Bsinn ] ez
2
d
kc
kc

( )

H ( , , z )=

j dE z
j n
= 2 J n ( k c ) [ Acosn Bsinn ] ez
2
k c d
kc

H ( , , z )=

j dE z j n
=
J ' n ( k c ) [ Asinn + Bcosn ] ez
2
d
k

kc
c

( )

( )

The cutoff frequency of the TMnm mode is given by

P
k c , nm= nm

f c, nm=

Pnm
2

Pnm

f c ,nm
f

2
k
nm= k 2k 2c ,nm=
f c ,nm
f

2
1
k

V p=
=
nm
f c ,nm
f

2
1

d 1 1 1
V g [
] =
d

6. Specify the cutoff frequencies for the first 4TE and first 4TM modes of an air- filled
circular waveguides with radius 0.8cm. Draw a graph of frequency vs. propagation
showing the frequencies at which each of these modes will propagate. Is there a
frequency range in which only one mode will propagate? If so, what is the range and
what mode is propagating
ANSWER:
p'
k c = mn
a
f c, mn=

Pmn
n=1
n=2
n=3

c p ' mn
2 a

m=0
3.8318
7.0156
10.1735

TE (Transverse
mode
m=2
m=1
1.8412 3.0542
5.3315 6.7062
8.5363 9.9695

electric)
m=3
4.2012
8.0153
11.3459

The first 4 TE modes in circular waveguides are:

TE11, TE21, TE01, TE31
Their corresponding cutoff frequencies are:
c p ' mn 310 81.841 2
f TE
=
=
=10.9889 GHZ
c, 11
2 a
20.8102
f c, 21=

c p ' mn 31083.0542
=
=18.2284 GHZ
2 a
20.8102

f TE
c, 01=

c p ' mn 31083.8318
=
=22.8694 GHZ
2 a
20.8102

TE

TE

f c, 31=

c p ' mn 310 84.2012

=
=25.0741GHZ
2 a
20.8102

TM (Transverse Magnetic)
mode
m
0
1

Pm1
2.405
3.832

Pm2
5.52
7.016

Pm3
8.654
10.174

5.135

8.417

11.62

The first 4 TM modes in circular waveguides are:

TM01, TM11, TM21, TM02
Their corresponding frequencies are:
c p mn 310 82.405
TM
f c, 01=
=
=14.3579GHZ
2 a 20.8102
f

c pmn 31083.832
=
=
=22.8706 GHZ
2 a 20.8102

TM
c, 11

f c, 21=

c p mn 310 85.135
=
=30.6473GHZ
2 a 20.8102

f TM
c, 02=

8
c p mn
310 5.52
=
=32.9451GHZ
2 a 20.8102

TM

Graph showing the frequency vs. propagation

The only one mode that will propagate is TE 11 mode at the range of frequency 10.9889 GHZ
14.3579 GHZ.