3D Part1 3rd Dimension

Faculty of Forest, Geo and Hydro Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Institute for Cartography
Bases modernas de
visualizacin de geodatos y
Visualizacin tridimensional de
geodatos
Prof. Dr. Manfred F. Buchroithner

TU Dresden, Institute for Cartography
The Third Dimension
Content
0.
Motivation
1
1.
The Third Dimension in our Environment
2.
The Third Dimension in a Map Current State
3.
Perception of the Third Dimension
4.
Creation of Three-Dimensional Geometry Data
5.
Possibilities of 3D-Visualisation: Pseudo-3D
6.
Possibilities of 3D-Visualisation: True-3D
1 November 2011
Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos
0. Motivation
Lets have a look at topographic maps!
Rocky Mountain National Park;

T
Trails
il illustrated
ill t t d
1 November 2011
Wooded coverage
4
0. Motivation
(2/8)
0. Motivation (2)
Kargel,
Kargel W.
W Die
Die Bergwelt Rumniens
Rumniens
1 November 2011
1 November 2011
0. Motivation
(4/8)
Landscape Aesthetics and Relief
Relief aesthetics:
They attempt to quantify the aesthetic value of the relief of a landscape.
Close connexion with relief intensity (German: Reliefenergie)
Upcoming questions:
To what degree determines the relief intensity of a landscape the possible

aesthetics of a map?
How does the manner of relief representation in a map bias the aesthetic
appearance of the latter?
1 November 2011
0. Motivation
(5/8)
Landscape Aesthetics and Relief (2)
Investigations:
Classical monographs:
Roger Crofts (1975): The Landscape Component Approach to Landscape

Evaluation
Steven Bourassa (1991): The

The Aesthetics of Landscape
Landscape
Allen Carlson (2007): Teaching environmental aesthetics
An optimum visualisation of the relief certainly helps to generate a

mental 3D map
Lenticular foil displays
1 November 2011
0. Motivation
(6/8)
Systematic study of landscape art, design and education

Examples:
Paintings of mogotes of Guilin, China
1 November 2011
www.kunstkopie.d
de
www.orie
entaloutpo
ost.com
www.kunstkopie.d
de
Ludwig Richters paintings of Saxon Switzerland, Bohemian Low Mountain

Range etc.
0. Motivation
(6/8)

Examples:
www.orie
entaloutpo
ost.com
1 November 2011
10
0. Motivation
(6/8)

Examples:
1 November 2011
www.kunstkopie.d
de
www.kunstkopie.d
de
Ludwig Richters paintings of Saxon Switzerland, Bohemian Low Mountain

Range etc.
11
0. Motivation
(7/8)
Is an aesthetic landscape also considered attractive?
Human aesthetic perception is a result of evolutionary adaptation:

Anything serving the survival and the reproduction = attractive
(e.g. natural rock roofs, abris or caves, or places appropriate for
cave digging)
Totally flat landscapes are mostly not so attractive.

Relief water survival
Relief has always been attractive.
1 November 2011
12
0. Motivation
(8/8)

Truly three
three-dimensional
dimensional geo
geo-embodiments
embodiments have a high degree of
attractiveness and probably also a higher user acceptance than flat
geo-displays like colourful maps or colour photographs.
Desirable is the development of methods which enable the map reader to

spontaneously
t
l perceive
i
th
the relief
li f iinformation
f
ti
with
ith the
th unaided
id d eyes, i.e.
i
without the use of either anaglyph glasses, chromadepth glasses, or
polarisation glasses, i.e. autostereoscopically.
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1 November 2011
13
1. The Third Dimension in our Environment

Restriction to third dimension
Height coordinate of the relief
Important because of the Topographic Resistance:
Terrain opposes resistance to human actions
Barrier effects can not be justified only by height,

height
e.g. separation effect of waters, swamps
T
Topographical
hi l Resistance
R i t
is
i noticeable
ti
bl b
by:
Traffic / Tourism
Settlement
Cultivation
1 November 2011
14

(2/5)
Relief and Terrain

Relief:
Entirety of continental and oceanic respectively submarine shapes of the
surface of the earth and of other planets; Part of the terrain
(translated from:
f
Lexikon der Kartographie und Geomatik, Spektrum Verlag,
2002)
Relief
Relief:
Described by dataset of infinitely dense xyz coordinate triplets.
(according to Buchroithner)
Terrain:
Relief and surface cover
(according to Buchroithner)
1 November 2011
15

(3/5)
Interpretation of Relief Data

Calculation of relief
facets from the DTM
Catchments Uimon
Steppe and Katun
Tributary Valleys
Flow gradient Uimon

Steppe and Katun
Tributary Valleys
1 November 2011
16

(31/5)

Calculation of relief
facets from the DTM
1 November 2011
17

(32/5)
Catchments Uimon
Steppe and Katun
Tributary Valleys
1 November 2011
18

(33/5)
Flow gradient Uimon

Steppe and Katun
Tributary Valleys
1 November 2011
19
1 November 2011
20
1 November 2011
21
2. The Third Dimension in a Map Current State

Term Map
Maps are flattened,
fl
d scaled-down,
l d d
generalised
l d and
d commented
d cartographic
h
representations of natural and social topics of the earth,
(from: International Dictionary of Cartographic Terms)
Diminution vs. Minimal sizes
Generalisation:
G
li ti
select,
l t eliminate,
li i t merge
Explanation: decoding help, symbolisation, classification
1 November 2011
22
2. The Third Dimension in a Map Current State

(2/2)
Function of a Map
Orientation guide
Positioning of thematic
information
Navigation aid
Data storage
Basis for discussion

Public participation
Information p
panels
Decision carrier
Planning
Route selection
1 November 2011
23
3. Perception off the Third Dimension
Stereoscopic vision is learned in infancy (unconsciously)
Perception of spatial relationships is based on phenomena which can be

monocular or binocular (psychological vs. physiological depth cues)
Spatial perception is a process in (at least) two steps:

image
g detection ((eye[s])
y [ ])
image interpretation (visual centre of the brain)
Human
H
spatial
ti l perception
ti
iis image
i
d
detection,
t ti
-processing,
i
-interpretation.
i t
t ti
The quality of visual detection determines the spatial perception.
Geometry is only indirectly captured by image differences (pattern, colour,
brightness). Thus: high frequency, accurately fitting image data required!
1 November 2011
24
3. Perception of the Third Dimension

(2/12)
From Natural to Artificial Stereoscopic Vision
Spatial perception is based on 10 major parameters, the depth cues.
Monocular or binocular depth cues
physiological
psychological
retinal disparity
retinal image size
convergence
linear perspective
accomodation
aerial perspective
motion parallax
occlusion/overlapping
( h
(chromostereopsis)
i )
shadowing
h d i (ill
(illumination)
i
i )
texture gradient
1 November 2011
25

(3/12)
Relief Representation in a Map

Relief representation in cartography has always been challenging.
Some approaches:
pp
Hypsometric colouring
Attention: land-cover vs. height
Haze effects: aerial perspective
Illumination effects / shading
Oblique light hill shading
Slope hachures / slope shading
Combination of both
Consideration of land-cover
1 November 2011
26

(4/12)
Monocular Spatial Perception
It is also possible to receive a certain spatial impression with only one eye:
The observer relies on clear visual structures (depth cues):
Occlusion
Knowledge regarding the relation of proportions and/or scales and
distances
Motion perception
Haze effect
1 November 2011
27
3. Wahrnehmung der dritten Dimension

(5/14)
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28
1 November 2011
29
1 November 2011
30

(8/12)
Contour Line Drawing
irregular grid of points with

known height
Interpolation of contour lines
Contour line displacement
because of other map
elements or of adjacent
contour lines at a too steep
angle
l off slope!
l
!
Example: Argut (Altai Mountain,

Russia)
Contour lines are a tool for the
visualisation of the relief
Modifications can be assumed
from the context
1 November 2011
31

(9/12)
Relief Perception by the Map User
More than 60% of all users of topographic or hiking maps and are not able to
derive the relief information spontaneously (studies carried out in the 1970s
and the 1980s; participants: members of alpine climbing courses with
academic education).
Studies from 1992, 1997 and 2006 in 16 visitor centres of national parks and
national monuments of the western U
U.S.A.
S A and of Iceland with 909
participants revealed that a varying percentage of 67 to 100 % of the visitors
of the information centres spontaneously headed for the solid terrain models
as soon as they had discovered them, even if interesting maps were around.
1 November 2011
32

(10/12)
Spatial Perception (1)

Natural stereoscopic viewing:
b: eye base (= 6,5 cm)
, : convergence angle
= = angular parallax
max = 1
Artificial stereoscopic viewing:

(stereomates):
):
Single images (stereomates
Discrete perception of the left and the

right stereomate
Different perspective
Nearly same content
1 November 2011
stereomates
33

(101/12)

max = 1

(stereomates):
):

right stereomate
Nearly same content
1 November 2011
stereomates
34

(102/12)

max = 1

(stereomates):
):

right stereomate
Nearly same content
1 November 2011
stereomates
35

(103/12)

max = 1

(stereomates):
):

right stereomate
Nearly same content
1 November 2011
stereomates
36

(104/12)

max = 1

(stereomates):
):

right stereomate
Nearly same content
1 November 2011
stereomates
37

(11/12)
Human beings can only see images intuitively and directly but not perceive
the geometry as such.
Spatial impression dependent on the observation of differences in intensity,

intensity
hue, saturation and illumination effects (e.g. shadow)
Terms for aesthetic visual perception:

no stress and strain to the eyes,
no unpleasant or tiring illumination conditions,
conditions
not any other significant impediment and objection,
i.e. no glasses or other viewing aids,
aesthetic radiation or vibrancy of the scene per se.
Lenticular foil displays seem to be the means of choice.

1 November 2011
38

(12/12)
Stereoscopy vs. object reconstruction:

Stereomates provided to the humans eyes
vs.
Viewing of a three-dimensional model (e.g. STM, stereo lithography,

holography)
Autostereoscopy:
Spontaneously spatial perception without additional viewing means
1 November 2011
39
4. Creation
C
i
off Three-dimensional
h
di
i
lG
Geometry Data
Relief Data
Digital terrain model (DTM)
Usually: flat grid of height values
F each
For
h xy-coordinate
di t pair
i only
l one height
h i ht
As an attribut
Thus: only 2.5D
Grid of height values

-
Xyz-coordinate
y
triplet
p
1 November 2011
40
4. Creation of Three-dimensional Geometry Data

(2/8)
Relief Data
1 November 2011
41

(3/8)
Examples for the Generation of Relief Data

a)) Shuttle Radar Topography
p g p y Mission SRTM
Dornier Satellitensysteme / EADS 01/00

1 November 2011
42
Technische Daten
HRSC
Brennweite
175 mm
IFOV
2.0 mrad
Anzahl der CCD-Zeilen
Aktive Pixel pro CCD-Zeile 5184

Pixelgre
7 m
Stereowinkel
12,8, 18,9
Radiometrische Auflsung
f
8 bit
Auslesefrequenz
450 lines/sec
Masse des Systems
24 kg
1 November 2011
CCDZeile
Band
Filter
5F (SF)
Stereo
Panchromatisch
67590
180
18,9
4F (Rd)
R t
Rot
F
Fernes
Rot
R t
75020
40
15 9
15,9
3F (PF)
Photometrie
Panchromatisch
67590
180
12,8
2F (Bl)
Blau
Blau
44045
90
3,3
1N (ND)
Nadir
Panchromatisch
67590
180
2A (Gr)
Grn
Grn
53045
90
3,3
3A (PA)
Photometrie
Panchromatisch
67590
180
12,8
4A (IR)
Nahes Infrarot
Infrarot
97045
90
15,9
5A (SA)
Stereo
Panchromatisch
67590
180
18 9
18,9
Wellenlnge Bandbreite Stereo(nm)

(nm)
winkel()
DLR/FU B
Berlin
b) High
h Resolution
Stereo Camerra

(4/8)
43

(5/8)
c) Laser Scanner
Dachstein Southface Cave

Riegl LMS Z420i
laser-scanner
1 November 2011
Ramsau Dome
44

(6/8)
Data Requirements for Stereo Visualisation

Human spatial perception is image detection, -processing, -interpretation:
The q
quality
y of visual detection determines the spatial
p
perception.
p
p
Geometry is only indirectly captured by image differences (pattern, color,
brightness). Thus, "simple" topographic map is not suitable as a texture!
The fitting accuracy of texture and geometry is inversely proportional to the
potential fatigue respectively to the effort of the viewer.
( i
(Virtual
l Reality:
li
iimmersion
i
d
degree))
Perception is influenced by areas of bad conditions between fall of ground and

illumination conditions.
conditions
1 November 2011
45

(7/8)
1 November 2011
46

(71/8)
1 November 2011
47

(72/8)
1 November 2011
48

(8/8)

Quality assurance
is required, if the
geometry and
texture data is not
captured
synchronously!
Example:
Mt. Everest,
IKONOS data on
conventionally
observed terrain
model
1 November 2011
49

(81/8)

Quality assurance
is required, if the
geometry and
texture data is not
captured
synchronously!
Example:
Mt. Everest,
IKONOS data on
conventionally
observed terrain
model
1 November 2011
50

(82/8)

Quality assurance
is required, if the
geometry and
texture data is not
captured
synchronously!
Example:
Mt. Everest,
IKONOS data on
conventionally
observed terrain
model
1 November 2011
51
5. Possibilities
ibili i off 3
3D-Visualisation:
i
li
i
Pseudo-3D
d 3
T e colour
True
colo imagery
image and terrain
te ain model from
f om one camera
came a
1 November 2011
52
5. Possibilities of 3D Visualisation: Pseudo-3D

(2/5)
Hillshading Illumination Simulation
1 November 2011
53
5. Possibilities of 3D-Visualisation: Pseudo-3D

(21/5)
1 November 2011
54

(22/5)
1 November 2011
55

(23/5)
1 November 2011
56

(3/5)
High-End
h
d Illumination
ll
Simulation:
l
Colour
l
Hillshade
ll h d
In general:
monochrome shading (not
necessarily greyscale)
only one direction of
illumination
local light rotations
necessary
New: combination of two

or three illumination
directions with different
primary colours.
DTM
Image
+
= Colour Shading
MOLA
MOC
1 November 2011
57

(31/5)
High-End
h
d Illumination
ll
Simulation:
l
Colour
l
Hillshade
ll h d
In general:
illumination
necessary

primary colours.
DTM
MOLA
1 November 2011
58

(32/5)
High-End
h
d Illumination
ll
Simulation:
l
Colour
l
Hillshade
ll h d
In general:
illumination
necessary

primary colours.
DTM
Image
+
MOLA
MOC
1 November 2011
59

(33/5)
High-End
h
d Illumination
ll
Simulation:
l
Colour
l
Hillshade
ll h d
In general:
illumination
necessary

primary colours.
DTM
Image
+
= Colour Shading
MOLA
MOC
1 November 2011
60

(4/5)
Map Production
OeAV
HRSC DTM visualised by SCOP++

HRSC-DTM,
1 November 2011
61

(5/5)
Example: Granatspitzgruppe, Austria
1 November 2011
62
6 Possibilities
6.
ibili i off 3
3D-Visualisation:
i
li
i
True-3D
3
Classification:
Regarding the 3D effect:

(parallax in the direction of the eye
y axis))
Parallax-3D (p
Full-3D (parallax in all directions of the image plane)
Haptic (relief models)
Regarding the perception:

Non-autostereoscopic
Autostereoscopic
Regarding the number of stereomates:

1 stereomates
2 stereomates
At least 2 or more stereomates
More information about the true-3D-visualisation: See the following

g sections!
1 November 2011
63

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Faculty of Forest, Geo and Hydro Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Institute for Cartography

Prof. Dr. Manfred F. Buchroithner

The Third Dimension

The Third Dimension in our Environment

The Third Dimension in a Map Current State

Perception of the Third Dimension

Creation of Three-Dimensional Geometry Data

Possibilities of 3D-Visualisation: Pseudo-3D

Possibilities of 3D-Visualisation: True-3D

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

Rocky Mountain National Park;

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

Landscape Aesthetics and Relief

They attempt to quantify the aesthetic value of the relief of a landscape.

Close connexion with relief intensity (German: Reliefenergie)

To what degree determines the relief intensity of a landscape the possible

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

Landscape Aesthetics and Relief (2)

Roger Crofts (1975): The Landscape Component Approach to Landscape

Steven Bourassa (1991): The

Allen Carlson (2007): Teaching environmental aesthetics

An optimum visualisation of the relief certainly helps to generate a

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

Landscape Aesthetics and Relief (3)

Systematic study of landscape art, design and education

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

Ludwig Richters paintings of Saxon Switzerland, Bohemian Low Mountain

Landscape Aesthetics and Relief (3)

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

Landscape Aesthetics and Relief (3)

Systematic study of landscape art, design and education

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

Ludwig Richters paintings of Saxon Switzerland, Bohemian Low Mountain

Landscape Aesthetics and Relief (4)

Is an aesthetic landscape also considered attractive?

Human aesthetic perception is a result of evolutionary adaptation:

Totally flat landscapes are mostly not so attractive.

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

Landscape Aesthetics and Relief (5)

Desirable is the development of methods which enable the map reader to

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

1. The Third Dimension in our Environment

Terrain opposes resistance to human actions

Barrier effects can not be justified only by height,

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

1. The Third Dimension in our Environment

Relief and Terrain

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

1. The Third Dimension in our Environment

Interpretation of Relief Data

Flow gradient Uimon

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

1. The Third Dimension in our Environment

Interpretation of Relief Data

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

1. The Third Dimension in our Environment

Interpretation of Relief Data

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos

1. The Third Dimension in our Environment

Interpretation of Relief Data

Flow gradient Uimon

Visualizacin tridimensional de Geodatos