MICROWAVE ANTENNA

DESIGN
A Case Study Presented to the Faculty of
College of Engineering and Technology
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
Intramuros, Manila

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

Proponents:
Anunciacion, Sheena Franzes R.
Bautista, Carlo Noriel B.
Biblaas, Ronnel G.
Chavez, Guia R.
Mendoza, Renz O.
Saturnino, Maaron John I.

Engr. Charles G. Juarizo

Adviser
December 2013

Brief Description of Baggao Municipality

A third class municipality with an area of 92,060 hectares. It was once a
barangay of Amulung but due to a Royal Degree on November 27, 1896, it was
separated from Amulung. Don Rafael Catolico became its head in 1899 making
Baggao automatically a pueblo.
Bounded by the Sierra Madre Mountain and the Pacific Ocean, Baggao also
boasts of several scenic spots like the seven Steps at Gimuno, Duba Summer
Resort and the hot spring at Intal, to name a few.
The inhabitants were from the early Indonesian immigrant to the present-day
Ybanag, Kalingas and the migrant Ilocanos who introduced the tobacco crop.
As more settlers poured in, a Spanish Missionary was assigned in the person
of Fray Pedro Vicandi, O.P. He directed the construction of a chapel atop the hill
overlooking the village.
The most important products are rice, corn, tobacco, mongo and lumber. The
chief occupation of the people is farming.
Baggao is the birthplace of Msgr. Teodolfo S. Domingo, D.D. He is the first
native bishop of the Tuguegarao Diocese, and was consecrated on July 2, 1957 by
Msgr. Egidio Vaquozzi, Papal Nuncio.

Components of a Microwave System

Transmitters and Receivers. The basic building blocks of a microwave system
are the ratio of frequency (RF) transmitters and receivers. These units make it
possible to send and receive information at microwave frequencies. Most
microwave transmitters are capable of an output power of 1W or more. A
transmitter used in a terminal location has provisions for modulating the RF carrier
with baseband signals from the varrier multiplex equipment. Receivers are capable
of providing a usable baseband output with received microwave signal levels as
low as -80dBm. A terminal receiver includes a demodulator to provide the
baseband output to the carrier multiplex.
Carrier Multiplex. The microwave RF equipment has a wide bandwidth which is
capable of carrying many channels of information. These channels are derived

using multiplex equipment which can combine several hundred channels for
transmission over one RF channel in a single bit stream.

City Government of Baggao

Attachments

Land Area: 920.6 sq. km.

Barangays:

Adaoag

Catugay

San Isidro

Agaman (Proper)

Poblacion (Centro)

San Jose

Alba

Dabbac Grande

San Miguel

Annayatan

Dalin

San Vicente

Asassi

Dalla

Santa Margarita

Asinga-Via

Hacienda Intal

Santor

Awallan

Ibulo

Taguing

Bacagan

Immurung

Taguntungan

Bagunot

J. Pallagao

Tallang

Barsat East

Lasilat

Temblique

Barsat West

Masical

Taytay

Bitag Grande

Mocag

Tungel

Bitag Pequeo

Nangalinan

Mabini

Bunugan

Remus

Agaman Norte

Canagatan

San Antonio

Agaman Sur

Carupian

San Francisco

C. Verzosa (Valley
Cove)

Topography:

A vast expanse of plains and valleys, bordered by mountains,

running north to south both on its east and west ramparts. There are several
prospective ports on the Pacific Coast, most notable of which is Valley Cove
in Baggao. The land consists of alluvial plains, river deltas, low wetlands,
mangroves, and beaches.

Because of its topography, Cagayan has three types of climate. Type I

climate prevails in Sta. Praxedes and in western Claveria, which have two
pronounced seasons: wet, May to October and dry, the rest of the year. Type
III climate is experienced in the eastern part of the Sierra Madre Mountains
and in the Babuyan group of islands, where rainfall is evenly distributed
throughout the year mainly because of the northeast trade winds. This
further enhances the economic potential of the level land along the Pacific
coast of the province.

The greater portion of eastern Cagayan and the foothills of the

Cordilleras in the west are undifferentiated mountain soils. These areas total
393,740 hectares or 43.74% of the total area of the province.

Location:

Transmitter:

Address:

Receiver:

Address:

Images:

Coordinates:

Transmitter:

Longitude:

1214630

Latitude: 174630

Longitude:

1215915
174915

Longitude: 12150

Latitude: 1752

Receiver:

Latitude:

Billboard 1:

Billboard 2:

Longitude: 12158

Latitude: 174950

PATH PROFILE (k = 4/3; f = 6 Ghz)


Dista
nce,
Tx
(km)

Transmitter to Billboard 1

Eleva
tion
(m)

138

d1
(km)

d2
(km)

12

h (m)

0.000
0
0.647
1
1.176
5
1.588
2
1.882
4
2.058
8
2.117
6
2.058
8
1.882
4
1.588
2
1.176
5
0.647
1
0.000
0

11

120

10

120

200

200

140

200

160

10

200

10

11

240

11

12

300

12

Corre
cted
Eleva
tion
(m)
138.0
000
0.647
1
121.1
765
121.5
882
1.882
4
202.0
588
202.1
176
142.0
588
201.8
824
161.5
882
201.1
765
240.6
471
300.0
000

Tx to B1
300
250
200
150 Elevation (m)
100

Corrected Elevation (m)

50
0
1

Distance

10

11

12

13

Billboard 1 to Billboard 2

Dista
nce,
Tx
(km)

Eleva
tion
(m)

d1
(km)

d2
(km)

300

15

50

14

13

12

11

50

10

50

50

10

10

11

90

11

12

220

12

13

180

13

14

340

14

15

531

15

h
(m)
0.00
00
0.82
35
1.52
94
2.11
76
2.58
82
2.94
12
3.17
65
3.29
41
3.29
41
3.17
65
2.94
12
2.58
82
2.11
76
1.52
94
0.82
35
0.00
00

Corre
cted
Eleva
tion
(m)
300.
0000
50.8
235
1.52
94
2.11
76
2.58
82
52.9
412
3.17
65
53.2
941
3.29
41
53.1
765
2.94
12
92.5
882
222.
1176
181.
5294
340.
8235
531.
0000

B1 to B2

Elevation (m)

Corrected Elevation (m)

10 11 12
13 14 15
16

Distance

Dista
nce,
Tx
(km)

Billboard 2 to Receiver

Eleva
tion
(m)

d1
(km)

531

360

180

120

190

210

120

70

d2
(km)
18.2
500
17.2
500
16.2
500
15.2
500
14.2
500
13.2
500
12.2
500
11.2
500

h
(m)
0.00
00
1.01
47
1.91
18
2.69
12
3.35
29
3.89
71
4.32
35
4.63
24

Corre
cted
Eleva
tion
(m)
531.
0000
361.
0147
181.
9118
122.
6912
193.
3529
213.
8971
124.
3235
74.6
324

180

360

10

340

10

11

280

11

12

220

12

13

360

13

14

280

14

15

220

15

16

170

16

17

370

17

18
18.2
5

480

18
18.2
5

535

10.2
500
9.25
00
8.25
00
7.25
00
6.25
00
5.25
00
4.25
00
3.25
00
2.25
00
1.25
00
0.25
00
0.00
00

4.82
35
4.89
71
4.85
29
4.69
12
4.41
18
4.01
47
3.50
00
2.86
76
2.11
76
1.25
00
0.26
47
0.00
00

B2 to Receiver

Elevation (m)

Corrected Elevation (m)

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
13 14 15
16 17 18
19 20
Distance

Transmitter to Receiver

184.
8235
364.
8971
344.
8529
284.
6912
224.
4118
364.
0147
283.
5000
222.
8676
172.
1176
371.
2500
480.
2647
535.
0000

Dista
nce,
Tx
(km)

Eleva
tion
(m)

d1
(km)

138

120

80

120

200

160

240

200

220

100

10

304

10

11

120

11

12

13

14

140

12

50

13

50

14

15

15

16

17

18

16

30

17

45

18

19

50

19

20

80

20

21

50

21

d2
(km)
33.2
5
32.2
5
31.2
5
30.2
5
29.2
5
28.2
5
27.2
5
26.2
5
25.2
5
24.2
5
23.2
5
22.2
5
21.2
5
20.2
5
19.2
5
18.2
5
17.2
5
16.2
5
15.2
5
14.2
5
13.2
5
12.2
5

h (m)

0.00
00
1.89
71
3.67
65
5.33
82
6.88
24
8.30
88
9.61
76
10.8
088
11.8
824
12.8
382
13.6
765
14.3
971
15.0
000
15.4
853
15.8
529
16.1
029
16.2
353
16.2
500
16.1
471
15.9
265
15.5
882
15.1
324

Corrected
Elevation
(m)

138.0000

121.8971

83.6765

125.3382

206.8824

168.3088

249.6176

210.8088

231.8824

112.8382

317.6765

134.3971

155.0000

65.4853

65.8529

16.1029

16.2353

46.2500

61.1471

65.9265

95.5882

65.1324

11.2
5
10.2
5

22

23

24

120

22

23

24

9.25

25

25

8.25

26

27

28

26

7.25

160

27

6.25

160

28

5.25

29

180

29

4.25

30

280

30

3.25

31

340

31

2.25

32

400

32

1.25

33
33.2
5

520

535

33
33.2
5

0.25

14.5
588
13.8
676
13.0
588
12.1
324
11.0
882
9.92
65
8.64
71
7.25
00
5.73
53
4.10
29
2.35
29
0.48
53
0.00
00

134.5588

13.8676

13.0588

12.1324

11.0882

169.9265

168.6471

187.2500

285.7353

344.1029

402.3529

520.4853

535.0000

Tx to Rx

Elevation (m)

Corrected Elevation (m)

Distance

 MICROWAVE PATH COMPUTATIONS

MICROWAVE PATH:

1. Losses

Wave guide loss:

Component losses:

1.4 dB
100 ft .

Modulation Implementation Loss =18.25

1 dB km.

Connector Loss = 0.1 dB

Hybrid Loss = 0.5 dB

Radome Loss = 0.5 dB15 km.

30' x 40'

104

dB
(236.16 ft.)
+
(0.1
ft . ) (5 ft.) = 3.80624 dB
12'

Net Path Loss:

12 km.

Near Field or Far Field

12'

79
30' x 40'

d'=

2.5 ( 4 )( 30 x 40 ) cos ( 104/2 )

9.84 x 108
(
)
9
6 x 10

2.7158 miles x

1.609 km .
1 mile

= 4.37 km.

Far Field of both antennas

Far Coupled or Closed Coupled

(a +? b) >

2 d '

57.6102< 127.063

104
30 x 40 cos
2

30 x 40 cos

79
2

>

2(

9.84 x 108
)(15 km . x 1.609 ( 5280 ))
6 x 109

Far Coupled

Solving for NPL:

NPL = -G1 + FSL1 + AAL1 GB1 + FSL2 + AAL2 GB2 + FSL3 +AAL3 G2

G1 = G2 = 7.5 + 20 log (12) + 20

log (6)

= 44.65 dB
FSL1 = 92.4 + 20 log (12) + 20
log (6)
= 129.55 dB
FSL2 = 92.4 + 20 log (15) + 20
log (6)

= 133.19 dB

= 0.08424 dB
AAL2 = 0.00117 (15) (6)
= 0.1053 dB

= 131.48 dB
FSL3 = 92.4 + 20 log (18.25) +
20 log (6)

AAL1 = 0.00117 (12) (6)

AAL3 = 0.00117 (18.25) (6)

= 0.128116 dB
GB1 = 22.3 + 20 log (30 x 40) +
40 log (6) + 20 log cos (

= 110.80 dB

104


GB2 = 22.3 + 20 log (30 x 40) + 40

= 112. 76 dB

79

log (6) + 20 log cos (

NPL = -44.65 +129.55 +0.08424 112.76 + 131.48 + 0.1053 110.80 +

133.19 + 0.128116
44.65
= 81.68 dB

2. Antenna Tower Height Computation

F1 = 17.3

10(23.25)
=18.761 m
6( 33.25)

Minimum Clearance = 0.6 (18.6761) + 13.6765

= 24.8822 m

(tentative tower height):

= 304 + 24.8822 (119.3985 + 138)

72 m

= 71.4837

Checking: (If there is Fresnel zone interference)

=

24.8822
18.6761

= 1.78

Odd

With 72 m tower height, no Fresnel zone interference exists (recommended

height)

3. Azimuth Angle Computation

HOP 1

Trans
mitter
Billboa
rd 1

LATIT
UDE
1746'
30"

1752'

=
5'30"
second
s =
330"

LONGI
TUDE
1214
6'30"
1215
0'
=
3'30"
second
s =
210"

m = smaller +

( sec.)
2

= 174630 +

= 17.82

330 } over {2} right )

log Bm / Am = 0.002898
Add

log cos m
= -0.02135

= 58.6333

C=

sin m

3 30 } over {2} right )

= 0.5355

sin (17.82)

log sec. = 2.3222

log sec. = 2.5185
log cot() = 1.6404
Subtract

Azimuth of Tx = 90 58.6333 0.5355

= 30.8312

Azimuth of B1 = 270 58.6333 0.5355

= 210.8312

HOP 2

Billboa
rd 1
Billboa
rd 2

LATITUD
E

1752'

12150'

1749'50"

12158'

=
2'10"

= 8'

LONGITU
DE

(second
s) = 130"

(secon
ds) =
480"

m = smaller +

( sec.)
2

= 174950 +

= 17.85

130 } over {2} right )

log Bm / Am = 0.002698

log
cos m
Subtract
= -0.02143

log sec. = 2.6812

log sec. = 2.1139Add
log cot() = 0.548568

= 15.7893

C=

( 82' )

sin m

sin (17.82)

= 1.2261

Azimuth of B1 = 90 15.7893 1.2261

= 72.9846

Azimuth of B2 = 270 15.7893 1.2261

= 252.9846

4. Solving for Minimum Required Received Signal Loss.

Utilizing the 64-QAM and 10-4 bit error rate, Eb/N0 = 16.8 dB

120

120

n = 6 (from 64-QAM);

Minimum RSL = -77 dBm (Practical Threshold) + 48 dB = -29 dBm

Required RSL = 30 dBm 69.8675dB (NPL w/ component losses)

= -39.8675 dBm

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS and EQUIPMENTS

1. Antenna Type

GUYED TOWER

120

328.2624

188.928

328.2624

Antenna Height = 236.16 feet

Area = 344 x 344

Approximate Acreage = 2.71

 2. Waveguide

WR159

Waveguide frequency bands and interior dimensions

Inside
Dimensions
(inches)

Inside Dimensions
(mm)

23.000 x
11.500

584.2 x 292.1

21.000 x
10.500

533.4 x 266.7

18.000 x
9.000

457.2 x 288.6

15.000 x
7.500

381.0 x 190.5

11.500 x
5.750

292.1 x 146.05

0.75 - 1.1

9.975 x 4.875

253.365 x 126.6825

0.96 - 1.5

7.700 x 3.385

195.58 x 97.79

WR-650

1.12 to 1.70

6.500 x 3.250

165.1 x 82.55

Waveguide
Standard

Frequency
Limits (GHz)

WR-2300

0.32 - 0.49

WR-2100

0.35 - 0.53

WR-1800

0.43 - 0.62

WR-1500

0.49 - 0.74

WR-1150

0.64 - 0.96

WR-1000

WR-770

Frequenc
y Band

R band

WR-430

1.70 to 2.60

4.300 x 2.150

109.22 x 54.61

D band

WR-340

2.20 to 3.30

3.400 x 1.700

86.36 x 43.18

S band

WR-284

2.60 to 3.95

2.840 x 1.340

72.136 x 34.036

E band

WR-229

3.30 to 4.90

2.290 x 1.150

58.166 x 29.21

G band

WR-187

3.95 to 5.85

1.872 x 0.872

47.5488 x 22.1488

F
band

WR159

4.90 to
7.05

1.590 x
0.795

40.386 x
20.193

C band

WR-137

5.85 to 8.20

1.372 x 0.622

34.8488 x 15.7988

H band

WR-112

7.05 to 10.00

1.122 x 0.497

28.4988 x 12.6238

X band

WR-90

8.2 to 12.4

0.900 x 0.400

22.86 x 10.16

X-Ku
band

WR-75

10.0 to 15.0

0.750 x 0.375

19.05 x 9.525

Ku band

WR-62

12.4 to 18.0

0.622 x 0.311

15.7988 x 7.8994

K band

WR-51

15.0 to 22.0

0.510 x 0.255

12.954 x 6.477

K band

WR-42

18.0 to 26.5

0.420 x 0.170

10.668 x 4.318

Ka band

WR-28

26.5 to 40.0

0.280 x 0.140

7.112 x 3.556

Q band

WR-22

33 to 50

0.224 x 0.112

5.6896 x 2.8448

U band

WR-19

40 to 60

0.188 x 0.094

4.7752 x 2.3876

V band

WR-15

50 to 75

0.148 x 0.074

3.7592 x 1.8796

E band

WR-12

60 to 90

0.122 x 0.061

3.0988 x 1.5494

W band

WR-10

75 to 110

0.100 x 0.050

2.54 x 1.27

F band

WR-8

90 to 140

0.080 x 0.040

2.032 x 1.016

D band

WR-6

110 to 170

0.0650 x
0.0325

1.651 x 0.8255

G band

WR-5

140 to 220

0.0510 x
0.0255

1.2954 x 0.6477

 3. Connector

APC-2.4 (2.4mm) - The 50 S APC-2.4 (Amphenol Precision Connector-2.4 mm) is also

known as an OS-50 connector. It was designed to operate at extremely high
microwave frequencies (up to 50 GHz).

Tx

POWER LEVEL DIAGRAM

B1

B2

Rx