Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 57 (2014) 2534 2543

,6(66RODU:RUOG&RQJUHVV

&RPSDULVRQRIWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIVLQJOHHIIHFWKDOIHIIHFW
GRXEOHHIIHFWLQVHULHVDQGLQYHUVHDEVRUSWLRQFRROLQJV\VWHPV
RSHUDWLQJZLWKWKHPL[WXUH+2/L%U


/$'RPtQJXH],Q]XQ]D 06DQGRYDO5H\HVD-$+HUQiQGH]0DJDOODQHVDDQG
:5LYHUDD 
D
,QVWLWXWRGH(QHUJtDV5HQRYDEOHV
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR
7HPL[FR0RUHORV0p[LFR

$EVWUDFW
7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDSHUIRUPDQFHFRPSDULVRQRIIRXUGLIIHUHQWFRQILJXUDWLRQVIRUDEVRUSWLRQFRROLQJV\VWHPVRSHUDWLQJ
ZLWKZDWHUOLWKLXPEURPLGHPL[WXUH7KHFRQILJXUDWLRQVDUHLVLQJOHHIIHFWLLKDOIHIIHFWLLLGRXEOHHIIHFWLQVHULHVDQG
LYGRXEOHHIIHFWLQYHUVH(YHU\V\VWHPLVGHVFULEHGLQGHWDLODQGDPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOZDVGHYHORSHGIRUHDFKRQHRI
WKHP &RHIILFLHQWV RI SHUIRUPDQFH DQG IORZ UDWLRV DUH UHSRUWHG IRU WKH V\VWHPV DV IXQFWLRQ RI WKHLU PDLQ RSHUDWLQJ
WHPSHUDWXUHV VXFK DV JHQHUDWLRQ DEVRUSWLRQ FRQGHQVDWLRQ DQG HYDSRUDWLRQ )URP WKH UHVXOWV DQDO\VLV UHJDUGLQJ WR
HYDSRUDWLRQ WHPSHUDWXUHV WKLV PL[WXUH LV HDVLO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV ,W LV VHHQ WKDW WKH VLQJOH
HIIHFWREWDLQVWKHRUHWLFDOFRHIILFLHQWVRISHUIRUPDQFHXSWRDWJHQHUDWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHVEHWZHHQ&DQG&
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDWKDOIHIIHFWV\VWHPVPD\ RSHUDWHZLWKJHQHUDWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHVIURP&EXW
REWDLQLQJFRHIILFLHQWVRISHUIRUPDQFHDOPRVWKDOIRIWKRVHREWDLQHGZLWKVLQJOHHIIHFWV\VWHPV)LQDOO\LWZDVIRXQGWKDW
GRXEOH HIIHFW V\VWHPV DUH WKH PRVW HIILFLHQW UHDFKLQJ FRHIILFLHQWV RI SHUIRUPDQFH XS WR  KRZHYHU WKH\ DUH PRUH
FRPSOH[DQGUHTXLUHJHQHUDWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHVDVKLJKDV&,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRPHQWLRQWKDWKDOIHIIHFWV\VWHPVZRUN
EHWWHUWKDQDQ\RWKHUZKHQFRQGHQVDWLRQDQGDEVRUSWLRQVWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHDVKLJKDV&

2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
6HOHFWLRQDQGRUSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI,6(6
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of ISES.


.H\ZRUGVVRODUHQHUJ\VRODUFRROLQJDEVRUSWLRQV\VWHPVZDWHUOLWKLXPEURPLGH



,QWURGXFWLRQ
,QWRGD\VZRUOGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVKDYHH[SHULHQFHGDFRQVWDQWFRPPHUFLDOH[SDQVLRQDVDUHVXOW
RI LQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ DQG JOREDOL]DWLRQ $SSOLFDWLRQV JR IURP LQGXVWU\ WR KRPH DOZD\V ZLWK WKH JRDO RI
SURYLGLQJFRPIRUWWRWKHXVHU




&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
(PDLODGGUHVVZUJI#LHUXQDPP[

1876-6102 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of ISES.
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.264

L.A. Domnguez-Inzunza et al. / Energy Procedia 57 (2014) 2534 2543


1RPHQFODWXUH

$ $EVRUEHU
& &RQGHQVHU
&* &RQGHQVHU*HQHUDWRU
&23 &RHIILFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHGLPHQVLRQOHVV
( (YDSRUDWRU
* *HQHUDWRU
K (QWKDOS\N-NJ
+( 6ROXWLRQKHDWH[FKDQJHU
P 0DVVIORZUDWHNJV
3 3UHVVXUHN3D
4 +HDWORDGN:
5) )ORZUDWLRGLPHQVLRQOHVV
7 7HPSHUDWXUH&
:S 3XPSZRUNN:
; 6ROXWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ



6XEVFULSWV

$ $EVRUEHU
& &RQGHQVHU
&* &RQGHQVHU*HQHUDWRU
( (YDSRUDWRU
* *HQHUDWRU
K +LJK
+( 6ROXWLRQKHDWH[FKDQJHU
O /RZ
P 0HGLXP

*UHHN

 (IILFLHQF\GLPHQVLRQOHVV
 6SHFLILFYROXPHRIVROXWLRQPNJ


&RQYHQWLRQDO FRROLQJ V\VWHPV ZKLFK RSHUDWH ZLWK YDSRU FRPSUHVVLRQ KDYH D QHJDWLYH LPSDFW LQ
VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWEHFDXVHVXEVWDQFHVXVHGDVUHIULJHUDQWVJHQHUDWHHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHV2QWKHRWKHU
KDQGFRQYHQWLRQDOFRROLQJV\VWHPVGHPDQGKXJHDPRXQWVRIHOHFWULFHQHUJ\WRRSHUDWHLWKDVEHHQHVWLPDWHG
WKDWDURXQGRIWKHHOHFWULFLW\SURGXFHGZRUOGZLGHLVXVHGIRUDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJDQGFRROLQJ>@
,QUHFHQW\HDUVDQGDVDQHIIRUWWRUHDFKDVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWWHFKQRORJ\UHVHDUFKKDVEHHQPDGHWR
UHGXFHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQDQGLQFUHDVHLWVJHQHUDWLRQIURPUHQHZDEOHVRXUFHVDWFRPSHWLWLYHFRVWVDOOWKLV
ZLWKRXWUHGXFLQJRXUOLIHVWDQGDUGVDQGFRPIRUW>@$VDUHVXOWDEVRUSWLRQFRROLQJV\VWHPVKDYHJDLQHGDORW
RI UHVHDUFK LQWHUHVW QRZDGD\V LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LV IRFXVHG RQ WKH VHDUFK RI QHZ PL[WXUHV WR XVH DQG DOVR RQ
PRGLILFDWLRQVWRWKHUPRG\QDPLFF\FOHVLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHSHUIRUPDQFHRIDOOWKHV\VWHP
6HYHUDO PL[WXUHV XVLQJ ZDWHU DV UHIULJHUDQW LQ WKH DEVRUSWLRQ FRROLQJ V\VWHPV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG
KRZHYHU WKH PRVW IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG LV ZDWHUOLWKLXP EURPLGH >@ ,Q  +RUX] DQDO\]HG WKH PL[WXUHV
DPPRQLDZDWHU DQG ZDWHUOLWKLXP EURPLGH FRPSDULQJ &23 FRROLQJ FDSDFLW\ DQGPD[LPXP DQGPLQLPXP
V\VWHPSUHVVXUHKHFRQFOXGHGWKDWZDWHUOLWKLXPEURPLGHPL[WXUHSURYLGHVDEHWWHUSHUIRUPDQFH>@.DLWDLQ
DQDO\]HGWKUHHW\SHVRIWULSOHHIIHFWDEVRUSWLRQV\VWHPVXVLQJDQHZVLPXODWLRQSURJUDPWULSOHHIIHFWLQ
SDUDOOHO LQ VHULHV DQG LQYHUVHUHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW WULSOH HIIHFW LQ SDUDOOHO V\VWHP SURGXFHV EHWWHU &23 DQG
WULSOH HIIHFW LQYHUVH V\VWHP KDV WKH ORZHVW PD[LPXP SUHVVXUH DQG WHPSHUDWXUHV >@ ,Q  :DQ HW DO
SURSRVHGDQHZWZRVWDJHUHIULJHUDWLRQF\FOHE\XVLQJVRODUOLWKLXPEURPLGHZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQWKH\SURSRVHG
WRPL[OLWKLXPEURPLGHVROXWLRQIURPDKLJKSUHVVXUHJHQHUDWRUZLWKVROXWLRQIURPDORZSUHVVXUHDEVRUEHULQ
RUGHU WR LQFUHDVH OLWKLXP EURPLGH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DW WKHKLJK SUHVVXUH JHQHUDWRU DQG GHFUHDVH SUHVVXUH DW WKH
KLJKSUHVVXUHDEVRUEHU7KHWKHRUHWLFDODQDO\VLVUHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWWKHKLJKHVW&23LVDQGWKHKLJKHVW
DYDLODEOHWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHJRHVXSWR&DWWHPSHUDWXUHVUDQJHIURP&WR&>@.LOLFHWDO
LQ  FRQGXFWHG D SHUIRUPDQFH DQDO\VLV WKURXJK D PDWKHPDWLFDO PRGHO XVLQJ WKHUPRG\QDPLFV ILUVW DQG
VHFRQG ODZ IRU D RQHVWDJH UHIULJHUDWLRQ F\FOH XVLQJ ZDWHUOLWKLXP EURPLGH UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW &23
LQFUHDVHG DV JHQHUDWLRQ DQG HYDSRUDWLRQ WHPSHUDWXUHV JRW KLJKHU RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG &23 GHFUHDVHG DV
FRQGHQVDWLRQDQGDEVRUSWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHVJRWKLJKHU>@,Q*HEUHVODVVLHHWDOPDGHDQH[HUJ\DQDO\VLV
IRU DOO DEVRUSWLRQ V\VWHPV ZRUNLQJ ZLWK ZDWHUOLWKLXP EURPLGH DQG FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH ODUJHVW H[HUJ\
GHVWUXFWLRQ RFFXUV DW WKH DEVRUEHUV DQG JHQHUDWRUV HVSHFLDOO\ DW KLJKHU KHDW VRXUFH WHPSHUDWXUHV >@
5HJDUGLQJ WR VLPXODWLRQ LQ  .DXVKLN HW DO GHYHORSHG D FRPSXWDWLRQDO PRGHO ZKLFK FRPSDUHV VLQJOH
HIIHFWV\VWHPDJDLQVWGRXEOHHIIHFWLQVHULHV>@
$V QRWLFHG WKHUH LV VWLOO QR SUHFHGHQW LQ D FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI VLQJOH HIIHFW KDOI HIIHFW
GRXEOHHIIHFWLQVHULHVDQGLQYHUVHDEVRUSWLRQFRROLQJV\VWHPVRSHUDWLQJZLWKWKHPL[WXUH+2/L%UIRUDLU

2535

2536

L.A. Domnguez-Inzunza et al. / Energy Procedia 57 (2014) 2534 2543

FRQGLWLRQLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV7KLVDUWLFOHVKRZVWKHPRGHODQGFRPSDULVRQRIWKHRUHWLFDOSHUIRUPDQFHIRUHDFK
V\VWHP
6\VWHPVGHVFULSWLRQ
6LQJOHHIIHFW
$VLQJOHHIIHFWDEVRUSWLRQFRROLQJV\VWHPFRQVLVWVRIDJHQHUDWRU*DQDEVRUEHU$DFRQGHQVHU&DQ
HYDSRUDWRU(DKHDWH[FKDQJHU+(WZRYDOYHVDQGDSXPSWKLVFRQILJXUDWLRQFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ,QWKH
IROORZLQJ SDUDJUDSK DQG EDVHG LQ WKH ILJXUH LW ZLOO EH H[SODLQHG KRZ WKH VLQJOH HIIHFW V\VWHP ZRUNV 7KH
F\FOHKDVWZRFLUFXLWVWKHUHIULJHUDQWFLUFXLWDQG+2/L%UVROXWLRQFLUFXLW$KHDWVRXUFH4*
VXSSOLHVWKHJHQHUDWRUZKHUH+2/L%UVROXWLRQLVORFDWHGDQGWKHKHDWVXSSOLHGHYDSRUDWHVUHIULJHUDQW+2DW
KLJKSUHVVXUH3&RQFH+2LVHYDSRUDWHGLWVFRQGXFWHGWRWKHFRQGHQVHU7KHFRQGHQVHUGLVVLSDWHVKHDW
4&WRWKHDWPRVSKHUHDQGWKHQWKH+2FKDQJHVSKDVHIURPYDSRUWROLTXLG



)LJ37GLDJUDPIRUDVLQJOHHIIHFWDEVRUSWLRQFRROLQJV\VWHP

7KHQWKHUHIULJHUDQW+2LVFRQGXFWHGWRDQH[SDQVLRQYDOYHLQRUGHUWRUHDFKHYDSRUDWLRQSUHVVXUH3(
VXEVHTXHQWO\ LWV OHG WR WKH HYDSRUDWRU  7KH FRROLQJ SURFHVV WDNH SODFH LQ WKH HYDSRUDWRU RQFH WKH
UHIULJHUDQWDEVRUEVKHDW4(IURPHQYLURQPHQWWKLVFDXVHVWKDWUHIULJHUDQWHYDSRUDWHVRQFHDJDLQDQGWKHQ
LVFRQGXFWHGWRWKHDEVRUEHU$ZKHUHLWPL[HVZLWK+2/L%UVROXWLRQFRPLQJIURPJHQHUDWRURQFHWKH\
PL[XSD+2/L%UVROXWLRQZLWKORZFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ/L%ULVIRUPHGDQGLWUHOHDVHVKHDW4$$IWHUWKDWWKH
VROXWLRQ LV SXPSHG WR WKH JHQHUDWRU  XQWLO LWUHDFKHV FRQGHQVDWLRQ SUHVVXUH 3& EXW DVDPLGGOH VWHSLW
SDVVHVWKURXJKWKHKHDWH[FKDQJHUZKLFKLQFUHDVHVVROXWLRQWHPSHUDWXUH7KHF\FOHVWDUWVRQFHDJDLQLQWKH
JHQHUDWRUDQGZKLOHSDUWRIWKHUHIULJHUDQWHYDSRUDWHVDQGJRHVWRWKHFRQGHQVHUWKHUHVWRIWKHVROXWLRQ
QRZZLWKKLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ/L%ULVOHGWRWKHKHDWH[FKDQJHULQRUGHUWRGHFUHDVHLWVWHPSHUDWXUHWKHQ
WRDQWKURWWOHYDOYHZKHUHSUHVVXUHLVUHGXFHGXQWLOWKHHYDSRUDWLRQSUHVVXUH3(DQGILQDOO\LWFRPHVWRWKH
DEVRUEHUDQGWKHF\FOHFRQWLQXHV
+DOIHIIHFW
7KHKDOIHIIHFWF\FOHFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHVLQJOHHIIHFWKDVWZR+2/L%UVROXWLRQFLUFXLWVRQHRIWKHPDW
KLJK SUHVVXUH DQG WKH RWKHU RQH DW ORZ SUHVVXUH 7KHUHIRUH KDOI HIIHFW F\FOH KDV WZR JHQHUDWRUV * WZR
DEVRUEHUV$DQGWZRKHDWH[FKDQJHV+(DVFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ7KHKHDWVXSSOLHGWRERWKJHQHUDWRUV*K
DQG*OFDQEHDWWKHVDPHWHPSHUDWXUH
7KH+2UHIULJHUDQWYDSRXULVSURGXFHGDWWKHKLJKJHQHUDWRU*KE\PHDQVRIKHDWVXSSOLHGWRWKLV
FRPSRQHQW7KHQ+2LVFRQGHQVHGH[SDQGHGDQGHYDSRUDWHGLQWKHVDPHZD\WKDWLWGRHVDW
WKHVLQJOHHIIHFWV\VWHPSUHYLRXVO\GHVFULEHG7KH+2UHIULJHUDQWYDSRXUFRPHVIURPWKHHYDSRUDWRUWR
WKHORZSUHVVXUHDEVRUEHU$ODQGLWLVPL[HGZLWKD+2/L%UVROXWLRQZLWKKLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ/L%U$IWHU
WKDWWKH+2/L%UVROXWLRQZLWKORZFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ/L%ULVSXPSHGIURPWKHORZSUHVVXUHDEVRUEHU

L.A. Domnguez-Inzunza et al. / Energy Procedia 57 (2014) 2534 2543

WRWKHORZSUHVVXUHJHQHUDWRU*OSDVVLQJWKURXJKDKHDWH[FKDQJHU+(O$WWKHORZSUHVVXUHJHQHUDWRUSDUW

RIWKH+2 HYDSRUDWHVDQGJRHVGLUHFWO\WRWKHKLJKSUHVVXUHDEVRUEHU$KZKLOHD+2/L%UVROXWLRQ
ZLWK KLJK FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ /L%U UHPDLQV DQG JRHV EDFN WR WKH ORZ SUHVVXUH DEVRUEHU  $W WKH KLJK
SUHVVXUHDEVRUEHU$KD+2/L%UVROXWLRQZLWKORZFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ/L%ULVIRUPHGDQGSXPSHGWRWKHKLJK
SUHVVXUHJHQHUDWRU*KSDVVLQJWKURXJKDKHDWH[FKDQJHU1RZDWWKHKLJKSUHVVXUHJHQHUDWRUSDUWRI
WKH +2 HYDSRUDWHV RQFH DJDLQ DQG JRHV WR WKH FRQGHQVHU  ZKLOH D +2/L%U VROXWLRQ ZLWK KLJK
FRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ/L%UJRHVEDFNWRWKHKLJKSUHVVXUHDEVRUEHU,QERWKKHDWH[FKDQJHUVWKHVROXWLRQ
ZLWKORZFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ/L%UFRPLQJIURPDEVRUEHUVLVKHDWHGE\WKHVROXWLRQZLWKKLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ
/L%UFRPLQJIURPJHQHUDWRUV






















)LJ37GLDJUDPIRUDKDOIHIIHFWDEVRUSWLRQFRROLQJV\VWHP

'RXEOHHIIHFWLQVHULHV
$GRXEOH HIIHFWLQVHULHVV\VWHPFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHVLQJOHHIIHFWKDVWKHIROORZLQJH[WUDFRPSRQHQWVDW
KLJKSUHVVXUHDJHQHUDWRUDFRQGHQVHUDQGDKHDWH[FKDQJHU6HH)LJ
7KH REMHFWLYH RI DGGLQJ WKH FRPSRQHQWV PHQWLRQHG DERYH LV WR LPSURYH WKH V\VWHP &23 7KH V\VWHP LV
QDPHGGRXEOHHIIHFWLQVHULHVEHFDXVHVROXWLRQZKLFKFRPHVIURPWKHDEVRUEHUJRHVWRWKHKLJKWHPSHUDWXUH
JHQHUDWRUDQGWKHQWRDORZWHPSHUDWXUHJHQHUDWRU
)LJVKRZVDFRPSRQHQWZLWKGRXEOHEHKDYLRU&*LWLVDKHDWH[FKDQJHUZKLFKRSHUDWHVDVFRQGHQVHU
DQGJHQHUDWRUDWWKHVDPHWLPHMXVWDVVKRZHGLQ)LJ7ZRIORZVJHWLQWRWKH&*RQHRIWKHPLVUHIULJHUDQW
DQGWKHRWKHURQHLVVROXWLRQ7KHUHIULJHUDQWZKLFKFRPHVIURPWKHJHQHUDWRUJHWVLQWRWKH&*DVYDSRUDW
KLJKSUHVVXUHLWJLYHVLWVHQHUJ\ZKLOHFRQGHQVLQJDQGWKHQOHDYHV&*2QWKHRWKHUKDQGVROXWLRQ
FRPLQJIURPWKHVDPHJHQHUDWRUJHWVLQWRWKH&*DWPLGGOHSUHVVXUHDQGPLGGOHFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ/L%U
UHFHLYHV KHDW IURP HQHUJ\ JDYH XS E\ WKH UHIULJHUDQW  DQG WKHQ LW JHQHUDWHV PRUH UHIULJHUDQW 
DIWHUZDUGVWKHUHVWRIWKHVROXWLRQQRZ ZLWKKLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ/L%UJRHVIURPWKH&*WRWKHDEVRUEHU
7KHPDLQGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQGRXEOH HIIHFWLQVHULHVDQGVLQJOHHIIHFWOLHVLQWKHILUVWKDYLQJWZRUHIULJHUDQW
JHQHUDWRUVDQGFRQGHQVHUVEHVLGHVWKHUHDUHWKUHHGLIIHUHQWSUHVVXUHOHYHOVDQGFRQFHQWUDWLRQV


2537

2538

L.A. Domnguez-Inzunza et al. / Energy Procedia 57 (2014) 2534 2543

&


)LJ37GLDJUDPIRUGRXEOHHIIHFWLQVHULHVDEVRUSWLRQV\VWHP 

)LJ&RQGHQVHUJHQHUDWRU&*GLDJUDP

'RXEOHHIIHFWLQYHUVH
'RXEOH HIIHFW LQYHUVH F\FOH FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH GRXEOH HIIHFW LQ VHULHV F\FOH KDV DQ H[WUD SXPS DQG D
WKURWWOHYDOYHOHVV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZKLOHWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWLQVHULHVFRQGXFWVWKHVROXWLRQGLUHFWO\IURPWKH
JHQHUDWRU WR WKH &*  LQ WKH GRXEOH HIIHFW LQYHUVH VHH )LJ  WKH VROXWLRQ JRHV IURP WKH JHQHUDWRU
WKURXJK ERWK KHDW H[FKDQJHV +(K DQG +(O  WKURXJK D WKURWWOH YDOYH  DQG WKHQ UHDFKHV WKH
DEVRUEHUZKHUHVROXWLRQLVSXPSHGLQRUGHUWRFRPH EDFNWRWKH+(ODQGILQDOO\JHWVLQWRWKH&*
7KHVROXWLRQZKLFKGRHVQRWHYDSRUDWHLQWKH&*LVSXPSHGWRWKHJHQHUDWRU


















)LJ37GLDJUDPIRUDGRXEOHHIIHFWLQYHUVHDEVRUSWLRQV\VWHP

0DWKHPDWLFDOPRGHO
,Q RUGHU WR DQDO\VH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH GLIIHUHQW DEVRUSWLRQ FRROLQJ V\VWHPV WKH IROORZLQJ
DVVXPSWLRQVKDYHEHHQPDGHLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHLUPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOVZLWKUHIHUHQFHWR)LJV
L 7KHUHLVWKHUPRG\QDPLFHTXLOLEULXPWKURXJKRXWWKHHQWLUHV\VWHP
LL 7KHDQDO\VLVLVPDGHXQGHUVWHDG\VWDWHFRQGLWLRQV

L.A. Domnguez-Inzunza et al. / Energy Procedia 57 (2014) 2534 2543

LLL
LY
Y
YL
YLL

$ UHFWLILHU LV XQQHFHVVDU\ VLQFH WKH DEVRUEHQW GRHV QRW HYDSRUDWH LQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJH XQGHU
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ
6ROXWLRQLVDWVDWXUDWHGVWDWHZKHQOHDYLQJJHQHUDWRUDQGDEVRUEHUDQGUHIULJHUDQWLVDWVDWXUDWHGVWDWH
ZKHQOHDYLQJFRQGHQVHUDQGHYDSRUDWRU
+HDWORVVHVDQGSUHVVXUHGURSVLQWKHWXELQJDQGWKHFRPSRQHQWVDUHFRQVLGHUHGQHJOLJLEOH
)ORZWKURXJKWKHYDOYHVLVLVHQWKDOSLF
7HPSHUDWXUHVDWWKHH[LWRIWKHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVWKHKHDWORDGLQWKHHYDSRUDWRU4( N:DQG
WKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHKHDWH[FKDQJHUV+( DUHDOONQRZQ


6LQJOH(IIHFW
''









Y'

Y
,
,
&
Z&


+DOI(IIHFW
>W''
 



 

Y'
,W''
 



yyy 
Y' 

Y
,
,  
Wt
t
&
Z& 

'RXEOH(IIHFWLQ6HULHV
''
 




yyy
Y' 
''
 







 



 
Y


Y
Wt
t

KWYY't

>W
 







Y
,W
 



yyy 

Y

Y
,
,

Wt
t

KWYY'tY't


 



yyy 

Y
''





yy

2539

2540

L.A. Domnguez-Inzunza et al. / Energy Procedia 57 (2014) 2534 2543

Y'


 



Y
,
, 
Wt
t

KWYY't

'RXEOH(IIHFW,QYHUVH
''
 



 

Y'
''
 


  
Y' 

 



Y
,
,
Wt
t
&
Z&



Y'


Y
,
,

&
Z& 




 



 

Y
''




 
Y'

Y
,
,

Wt
t

KWYY'tt

5HVXOWV
)LJ  FRPSDUHV WKH FRHIILFLHQW RI SHUIRUPDQFH DJDLQVW JHQHUDWRU WHPSHUDWXUH IRU WKH GLIIHUHQW
FRQILJXUDWLRQVRIWKHFRROLQJV\VWHPV,QWKHILJXUHLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWIRUWKHIRXUF\FOHVWKHFRHIILFLHQWRI
SHUIRUPDQFH LQFUHDVHV ZKLOH JHQHUDWRU WHPSHUDWXUH LQFUHDVHV 7KH KLJKHVW FRHIILFLHQWV RI SHUIRUPDQFH DUH
REWDLQHGZLWKWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWF\FOHVUHDFKLQJWKHRUHWLFDOYDOXHVXSWRKRZHYHUIRUWKHVHV\VWHPVWKH
UHTXLUHGJHQHUDWRUWHPSHUDWXUHLVKLJKHUWKDQ&ZKLFKPD\EHDQLQFRQYHQLHQFH2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLW
FDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWWKHORZHVWFRHIILFLHQWVRISHUIRUPDQFHDUHREWDLQHGZLWKWKHKDOIHIIHFWV\VWHPUHDFKLQJ
&23YDOXHVQRWKLJKHUWKDQKRZHYHUWKHUHTXLUHGJHQHUDWRUWHPSHUDWXUHLVEHWZHHQDQG&ZKLFK
LVFRQVLGHUDEO\ORZHUWKDQWKRVHWHPSHUDWXUHVUHTXLUHGIRUWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWV\VWHPVDQGFRXOGEHREWDLQHGIRU
H[DPSOHZLWKIODWSODWHVRODUFROOHFWRUVZKLOHWHPSHUDWXUHVQHHGHGDWGRXEOHHIIHFWV\VWHPVZLOOQHHGPRUH
H[SHQVLYHVRODUWHFKQRORJLHV)LQDOO\LWFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHLQWHUPHGLDWH&23DUHREWDLQHGZLWKWKHVLQJOH
HIIHFWV\VWHPVEHWZHHQDQGDWPRGHUDWHGJHQHUDWRUWHPSHUDWXUHV


L.A. Domnguez-Inzunza et al. / Energy Procedia 57 (2014) 2534 2543


)LJ&RPSDULVRQRI&23DJDLQVW7*IRUWKHGLIIHUHQWFRQILJXUDWLRQVRIWKHFRROLQJV\VWHPV

)LJ  VKRZV WKH FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH IORZ UDWLR DJDLQVW JHQHUDWRU WHPSHUDWXUH IRU WKH IRXU V\VWHPV )URP
HTXDWLRQVDQGLWLVFOHDUWKDWWKHIORZUDWLRUHSUHVHQWVWKHIUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHPDVVIORZUDWH
SXPSHG IURP WKH DEVRUEHU WR WKH JHQHUDWRU DQG WKH PDVV IORZ UDWH RI UHIULJHUDQW SURGXFHG LW LV JRRG WR
PHQWLRQWKDWWKHDPRXQWRIUHIULJHUDQWSURGXFHGLVUHODWHGZLWKWKHVL]HRIWKHVHODVWFRPSRQHQWV,Q)LJLW
FDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHIORZUDWLRGHFUHDVHVZLWKDQLQFUHPHQWRIWKHJHQHUDWRUWHPSHUDWXUHIRUWKHIRXUV\VWHPV
7KLV KDSSHQV EHFDXVH DQ LQFUHPHQW RI JHQHUDWRU WHPSHUDWXUH LQFUHDVHV DOVR WKH DPRXQW RI WKH UHIULJHUDQW
SURGXFHGDQGWKHQWKHFRHIILFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHJHWVKLJKHU
)LJDDQG)LJEVKRZWKHFRPSDULVRQRIFRHIILFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHDJDLQVWHYDSRUDWRUWHPSHUDWXUH
IRUWKHVLQJOHDQGKDOIHIIHFWF\FOHVDQGWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWF\FOHVUHVSHFWLYHO\,WFDQEHVHHQLQERWKILJXUHV
WKDWWKHFRHIILFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHLQFUHDVHVZLWKDQLQFUHPHQWRIHYDSRUDWRUWHPSHUDWXUH,Q)LJDLWFDQ
EHREVHUYHGWKDWIRUWKHVHVSHFLILFFRQGLWLRQV7* &DQG7$ 7& &WKHRSHUDWLQJUDQJHRIKDOI
HIIHFWV\VWHPLVYHU\OLPLWHGEHFDXVHLWVHYDSRUDWRUWHPSHUDWXUHJRHVIURP&WR&PHDQZKLOHWKHVLQJOH
HIIHFW V\VWHP FDQ RSHUDWH EHWZHHQ  & DQG  & $OVR LW FDQ EH REVHUYHG WKDW WKH FRHIILFLHQWV RI
SHUIRUPDQFH YDOXHV IRU WKH VLQJOH HIIHFW V\VWHP DUH FRQVLGHUDEOH KLJKHU WKDQ WKRVH REWDLQHG ZLWK WKH KDOI
HIIHFW,QWKH)LJELWFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWLQVHULHVV\VWHPFDQUHDFKKLJKHUFRHIILFLHQWVRI
SHUIRUPDQFHWKDQWKRVHREWDLQHGZLWKWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWLQYHUVHV\VWHPEXWDWDVPDOOHURSHUDWLQJUDQJH



)LJ&RPSDULVRQRIWKH)5DJDLQVW7*IRUWKHGLIIHUHQWFRQILJXUDWLRQVRIWKHFRROLQJV\VWHPV

&RPSDULQJWKHFRHIILFLHQWVRISHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHIRXUF\FOHVLWFDQEHVHHQDJDLQWKDWWKHKLJKHVWYDOXHV
DUHREWDLQHGZLWKWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWV\VWHPVIROORZHGE\WKHVLQJOHHIIHFWDQGWKHORZHVWDUHREWDLQHGZLWKWKH
KDOIHIIHFW


2541

2542

L.A. Domnguez-Inzunza et al. / Energy Procedia 57 (2014) 2534 2543





)LJD&23DJDLQVW7(IRUWKHVLQJOHHIIHFWDQGKDOIHIIHFWF\FOHVE&23DJDLQVW7(IRUWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWF\FOHV

)LJ DDQG )LJE VKRZ D FRPSDULVRQ RI FRHIILFLHQWV RI SHUIRUPDQFH DJDLQVW FRQGHQVHUDQG DEVRUEHU
WHPSHUDWXUHV,WFDQEHVHHQLQERWKILJXUHVWKDWFRHIILFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHGHFUHDVHVZLWKDQLQFUHPHQWRIWKH
FRQGHQVHUDQGDEVRUEHUWHPSHUDWXUHV,Q)LJDLWFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWIRUVSHFLILFFRQGLWLRQVVKRZQKDOI
HIIHFW V\VWHP FDQ RSHUDWH DW KLJK FRQGHQVHU DQG DEVRUEHU WHPSHUDWXUHV XS WR  & ZKLFK OHDGV WR DQ
DGYDQWDJH IRU WKHVH V\VWHPV EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH VXLWDEOH IRU KRW SODFHV VLQFH 7& DQG 7$ DUH UHODWHG ZLWK WKH
DPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHGHVSLWHRIWKHLUGLVDGYDQWDJHRIORZFRHIILFLHQWVRISHUIRUPDQFH
,QWKH )LJ E LW FDQ EH VHHQ WKDWWKH KLJKHVW FRHIILFLHQWVRI SHUIRUPDQFH DUH REWDLQHG ZLWKWKH GRXEOH
HIIHFW LQ VHULHV V\VWHPV ZKLFK DOVR FDQ RSHUDWH DW D KLJKHU UDQJH RI FRQGHQVHU DQG DEVRUEHU WHPSHUDWXUHV
EHWZHHQ&DQG&





)LJD&23DJDLQVW7& 7$IRUWKHVLQJOHHIIHFWDQGKDOIHIIHFWF\FOHVE&23DJDLQVW7& 7$IRUWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWF\FOHV

&RQFOXVLRQV
/DWHVWWUHQGVVKRZJUHDWLQWHUHVWLQDEVRUSWLRQFRROLQJF\FOHVPDLQO\GULYHQEHFDXVHWKLVWHFKQRORJ\FDQ
RSHUDWHZLWKVRODUHQHUJ\DQGZDVWHKHDWDVDSULPDU\HQHUJ\VRXUFHZKLFKUHVXOWVLQUHGXFWLRQRIJUHHQKRXVH
JDVHVDQGHQHUJ\VDYLQJV
5HVXOWV IURP WKLV ZRUN VKRZHG WKDW WKHKLJKHU FRHIILFLHQWV RI SHUIRUPDQFH DUH REWDLQHG ZLWKWKH GRXEOH
HIIHFWV\VWHPVEHWZHHQDQGIROORZHGE\VLQJOHHIIHFWV\VWHPVEHWZHHQDQG7KHORZHVW
FRHIILFLHQWVRISHUIRUPDQFHDUHUHDFKHGE\KDOIHIIHFWV\VWHPVEHWZHHQDQGKRZHYHUWKH\UHTXLUH
JHQHUDWRU WHPSHUDWXUHV EHWZHHQ  & DQG  & PHDQZKLOH GRXEOH HIIHFW V\VWHPV UHTXLUH WHPSHUDWXUHV
DERYH & LQ JHQHUDWRU 7KHQ LW FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW DQ DGYDQWDJH RI KDOI HIIHFW V\VWHP LV WKH ORZ
WHPSHUDWXUHVUHTXLUHGLQJHQHUDWRUQRWWRPHQWLRQWKDWWKH\FDQRSHUDWHLQKRWFOLPDWHV2QWKHRWKHUKDQG

L.A. Domnguez-Inzunza et al. / Energy Procedia 57 (2014) 2534 2543

WKH VLQJOH HIIHFW V\VWHP FDQ RSHUDWH DW PRGHUDWHG JHQHUDWRU WHPSHUDWXUHV EHWZHHQ  & DQG  &
UHDFKLQJUHDVRQDEOHFRHIILFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHYDOXHV
&RPSDULQJ GRXEOH HIIHFW V\VWHPV EHWZHHQ WKHP LW ZDV REVHUYHG WKDW WKH KLJKHVW FRHIILFLHQW RI
SHUIRUPDQFHLVREWDLQHGZLWKWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWLQVHULHVV\VWHP$OVRWKLVFDQRSHUDWHZLWKDKLJKHUUDQJHRI
FRQGHQVHUDQGDEVRUEHUWHPSHUDWXUHVWKDQWKHGRXEOHHIIHFWV\VWHPLQYHUVH
$PRQJ DOO FRQILJXUDWLRQV WKH VLQJOH HIIHFW V\VWHP LV WKH RQH WKDW UHTXLUH WKH PLQLPXP QXPEHU RI
FRPSRQHQWVWRRSHUDWHDQGWKHUHIRUHLWLVWKHVLPSOHVWDQGOHVVH[SHQVLYH
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW
7KH DXWKRUV WKDQN WR WKH SURMHFWV 6(1(5&21$&\7  DQG &21$&\7  IRU WKH HFRQRPLFDO
VXSSRUWJLYHQIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKLVVWXG\
5HIHUHQFHV
>@:LPROVLUL36RODUFRROLQJDQGVXVWDLQDEOHUHIULJHUDWLRQ
KWWSZZZHJLNWKVHSURMFRXUVHV$OHV$5+376XVWDLQ5HIULJ:3SGI6
>@6DQWDPRXULV0$UJLULRX$5HQHZDEOHHQHUJLHVDQGHQHUJ\FRQVHUYDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVIRUEXLOGLQJVLQVRXWKHUQ(XURSH,QW-6RO
(QHUJ\
>@  )ORULGHV *$ 7DVVRX 6$ .DORJLURX 6$ :UREHO /& 5HYLHZ RI VRODU DQG ORZ HQHUJ\ FRROLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV IRU EXLOGLQJV
5HQHZDEOH6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\5HY
>@%HVW55LYHUD:2VNDP$+HDW5HFRYHU\6\VWHPV&+3
>@:DQ=6KX6DQG+X;1RYHOKLJKHIILFLHQWVRODUDEVRUSWLRQUHIULJHUDWLRQF\FOHV-RXUQDORI+XD]KRQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFH
DQG7HFKQRORJ\
>@,+RUX]&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQDPPRQLDZDWHUDQGZDWHUOLWKLXPEURPLGHVROXWLRQVLQYDSRUDEVRUSWLRQUHIULJHUDWLRQV\VWHPV,QW
&RPP+HDW0DVV7UDQVIHU
>@.DLWD<6LPXODWLRQUHVXOWVRIWULSOHHIIHFWDEVRUSWLRQF\FOHV,QW-RXUQDORI5HIULJHUDWLRQ
>@ 0XKVLQ .LOLF 2PHU .D\QDNOL 6HFRQG ODZEDVHG WKHUPRG\QDPLF DQDO\VLV RI ZDWHUOLWKLXP EURPLGH DEVRUSWLRQ UHIULJHUDWLRQ
V\VWHP(QHUJ\
>@ *HEUHVODVVLH %+ 0HGUDQR 0 %RHU ' ([HUJ\ DQDO\VLV RI PXOWLHIIHFW ZDWHU/L%U DEVRUSWLRQ V\VWHPV )URP KDOI WR WULSOH
HIIHFW5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\
>@ .DXVKLN 6& $URUD $ (QHUJ\ DQG H[HUJ\ DQDO\VLV RI VLQJOH HIIHFW DQG VHULHV IORZ GRXEOH HIIHFW ZDWHUOLWKLXP EURPLGH
DEVRUSWLRQUHIULJHUDWLRQV\VWHPV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI5HIULJHUDWLRQ

2543