Casp Report

M.V.
JPolytechnic 201
3
CHANNASANDRA, NEAR WHITEFIELD,BANGALORE-67

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & DTE, Government of Karnataka)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING2014-2015
A REPORT ON
COMMUNICATION AND ANALYSIS SKILL

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CASP)
SUBMITTED BY
V.SANJAY
Roll no (366CE12044)
GUIDED BY
Mrs.SwastiSamantaray
BTECH
LECTURER (Civil Engineering)
M.V.JPolytechnic 201
4
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING2014-2015
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the report work on COMMUNICATION AND ANALYSIS
SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CASP) which being submitted
by V.SANJAY, Reg no. 366CE12044, of 5thsem, a bonafide student of MVJ
POLYTECHNIC, BANGALORE-67, in partial fulfillment award of Diploma
in CIVIL ENGINEERING of the Board of Technical Education, Bangalore,
Karnataka during the year 2014-2015.
Signature of Headof the Dept.
Signature of the Guide
Signature of External
1.
2.
4
COMMUNICATION AND ANALYSIS SKILL

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Task 1
Communication Skills
Task 2
Communication Exercise
Task 3
Listening Skills
Task 4
Reading Skills
Task 5
Writing Skills
Task 6
Knowledge of using Internet
Task 7
Oral Communication
Task 8
Data Analysis
Task 9
Presentation Skills
Task 10 :
Pick and Speak
4
Sl.N
o
Date
Task
Progress of Task
Communicatio
n
Skill
Telephonic
conversatio
n of
supplier &
customer
Communicatio
n
Exercise
Listening Skills
Initials
of staff
in
charge
and the
student
Evaluatio
n
Page
No.
Short talk
highlighting
civil
engineering
A creative
advertiseme
nt sequence
about ecofriendly
product.
A debate on
solid waste
managemen
t in
construction
industry.
Listen to the
audio in a
promotional
CD for
about 15
minutes of
any chosen
product or
service.
Note down
points and
4
discuss
among
friends.
View a CD
of an
innovative
practice in
construction
of a
HIGHWAY
for 15
minutes and
write down
the
summary in
a paragraph
of 20 lines.
Listen to a
lecture on
environmen
tal effects of
chemical
effluents
from Ready
Mix
Concrete
(RMC)
industry and
write a
summary in
200 words.
4
Reading Skills
Writing Skills
Read an
article on
designing
using CAD
from the
internet and
discuss the
merits.
Read a note
on usage of
hydraulic
jacks in
construction
industry
from any
technical
journal and
narrate in
the class.
Write a
resume and
a covering
letter for 3
different
jobs.
Write an
essay on
green
agriculture
in 150
words.
Write
synopsis for
given topics
related to
composites
4
used in civil
construction
in 100
words.
Knowledge of
using Internet
Oral
Communicatio
n
Forwarding
resumes to
different
jobs
highlighting
different
strengths of
an
individual
depending
on expected
job
requirement
.
Collecting
data from
internet.
Debate on
current
topics like
Grey Water
Technology.
Debate on
role of latest
developmen
t in pre
fabricated
structure.
4
10
Data Analysis
Presentation
Skills
Pick & Speak
Analyse the
data with a
view to
compare
two
products.
Collect data
for any two
machines of
two
different
producers
used in
construction
industry
which
includes
technical
details,
specificatio
ns, cost and
customer
satisfaction.
Presentation
on bridge.
Speak on
GIS
applications
in civil.
Speak on
Watershed
Managemen
t.
4
Task 1
Communication skills
4
(a)Telephonic conversation between customer and a contractor.
A contractor of SVEnclave gets a call to his office from a random customer and
the conversation goes on as follows.
Customer : CALLING
Contractor : Good morning Sir, this is SVE office how can I assist you?
Customer : Good morning sir, Im Sanjay and I would like query about your
apartment under construction near by DPS School
Contractor : Im very glad to assist you sir. Could you please specify your
requirement sir.
Customer : Yeah of course, I would like to go for a 3BHK spacious and with
bigwindows.
Contractor : Sir according to your views we have such flats available.
Customer : Fine thank you sir. Could you tell me the facilities provided?
Contractor : It provides you the facilities that is truly international, the
facilities are Apartments, Galaxy club, Orion Mall, World Trade
Centre Bengaluru, The Brigade School, Lakeview and many more.
Customer : Could you please elaborate the security and privacy provided.
Contractor : Your safety, comfort and interest is intelligently protected through
modernbuilding monitory fire and security systems, It gives access
only through electronic access cards.
10
4
Customer
: Thank you for the details and specifications. It is really

magnificent area. And it would be really helpful if you could tell
me theonward price of your flat &the payment process and means.
Contractor : Sure sir, it will cost you around 1crore and change and you need
to pay20 lakhs for the registration purpose and remaining 75 lakhs
whilereceiving your registered documents.
Customer : Cheque or cash?
Contractor : Cheque, and thank you for choosing SV Enclave,
We will provide you the best service you have ever received,
Have a good day Sir.
Task 2
Communication Exercise
11
4
(a)A brief talk highlighting featured amenities of an apartment complex.

Cool Apartment Complex Amenities
Its a good idea to know what youre looking for and what you can live without
(check out our Making the Right Moving Decision article). Complexes often
come with a variety of special features, or amenities that can often sell someone
to it. I took a look around the net and visited a few complexes myself to find
the coolest, most unique offerings that apartment complexes can offer. Heres a
pretty good list I found.
MOST UNIQUE AMENITIES
Billiards or game room Great fun for the whole family! A kids birthday party
at or a night out playing pool right in your own backyard doesnt sound half
bad.
Fully equipped exercise room Exercise rooms are pretty standard in apartment
complexes nowadays. This is awesome because it can save you money that you
would spend on a gym membership and is more convenient. *Bonus* Some
complexes offer spa or personal trainer services!
12
4
Cinema rooms This is one of the coolest amenities I read about. An actual
mini movie theatre in your complex! Some even have private screenings
available, which makes a great Friday date night.
Fully-furnished club roomsAnother pretty standard feature in complexes
nowadays, club rooms are wonderful for holiday get-togethers and parties.
Many club rooms have full kitchens, TVs, couches, and other fun things.
Pools:Fun in the sun is just my style. Many complexes have on-site pools.
Extra cool perks could include an indoor pool, pool side food and beverage
services, private cabanas, or a waterslide! Great for relaxation.
Washer/dryer unit: How convenient it is to have your own washer and dryer:
no waiting for an open unit, no wasting coin, and you dont have to walk around
the block lugging your dirty laundry. Apartments with in-unit washer and dryer
are typically a little pricier to rent, but I think its well worth the extra buck.
Gated access:Extra security is always a good thing, so its pretty awesome that
some complexes keep track of who comes in and out of the complex.
In-unit security:Instead of having to purchase your own security systems,
some complexes have them built standard into the apartment. However, if you
dont live in an apartment that offers this, dont fret. Read our article Staying
Safe: Securing Your Apartment for some preventative measures.
Tennis or basketball courts:Collect your friends and play an afternoon b-ball
game to stay active and have fun! Instead of working out inside, take advantage
of the amenities offered and play some tennis outside when its nice.
13
4
Juice/coffee/cyber cafes:I love smoothies. I love them even more when I dont
have to clean up the mess. This is where a juice bar would come in perfectly.
Or, if youre running late for work, make a quick stop at your complexes coffee
place instead of paying $5 for a black coffee at Starbucks.
Business centers: My sister recently moved into a complex that is built
specifically for people who run their own businesses from home. They have an
awesome business area with private conference rooms and video conferencing.
Its perfect for her and all of you entrepreneurs out there!
After-school programs/kids playground:A complex offering after-school
programs is a great perk for you parents out there who work out of the home
and struggle to find a trustworthy babysitter or after-school care. At an afterschool program or out on the playground, kids have a chance to meet new
friends nearby and you have the convenience of not having to drive far to pick
them up after work!
On-site ATMs:I havent personally seen this, but an on-site ATM would be
awesome for those times when you need money to pay the pizza delivery man
and forgot you spent your last dollar getting gas.
Available housekeeping services:I have always wanted a personal maid, so I
would adore living in an apartment complex that offered housekeeping services
just like hotels. What a great idea!
Spa tubs or double-headed showers:Great for relaxing after a long week or
enjoying some bubbly with a loved one on your anniversary.
Meditation garden/nature trails:Enjoy the great outdoors and reflect on life in
a beautiful meditation garden or while taking a stroll. Some complexes offer
such outdoor canters for you nature lovers out there!
Pet playground:For those who have pets, a complex that offers a doggie or pet
playground is jackpot. After being cooped up in the apartment all day, Fido can
go run around with his friends and you can enjoy conversation with neighbors.
SOME THINGS WE MAY TAKE FOR GRANTED (that arent always
included)
14
4
Covered parking
Dishwashers
Laundry mat on site
Pet-friendly community
Granite countertops
Walk-in closets
Private patios and balconies
Fireplaces
Better Apartment Searching: Five Amenities That Really Count
When your search for an apartment, its easy to be swayed by the obvious things
we all look for during an apartment huntcheap rent, big bedrooms, a great view
and, if you live in a real concrete jungle, a roof deck. Finding an apartment with
any one of these great features might tempt you to sign the lease as quickly as
you can, before it gets snapped up by someone else. But before you sign
anything, there are some things you should think about first. Here are five
important apartment hunting tips that can help you make sure some trivial issues
dont turn into big problems.
1. Electrical Outlets:
15
4
Former tenement buildings and single-family houses converted into apartments
often share the same exasperating problema lack of electrical outlets. In some
places, there may only be one outlet in the living room, and none in the smaller
bedrooms! Problems are also common in apartments where one large bedroom
has been converted into two rooms. If you live a Spartan lifestyle, you may be
fine with one outlet in your bedroom. But be realisticmost of us use a lot of
electrical appliances. Sarah, a 26-year-old medical resident, remembers her first
college apartment, a rickety, Victorian house in Providence, Rhode Island that
had been converted into four separate apartments. I had one outlet in my room.
I had to use my computers surge protector to plug in my lamp, stereo, alarm
clock, laptop battery, television and cell phone charger. It wasnt long before I
blew a fuse. Avoid this by keeping an eye out for the number of outlets in each
room. A real shortage may indicate that other things are lacking too. How did
Sarah resolve her outlet shortage? My appliances had to take turns. When I had
the TV on, I couldnt dry my hair. And I moved all my chargers to the kitchen.
2. The Size and Shape of the Doorways and Hallways:
If youre moving to your first apartment from a college dorm room, you may
not have to worry about whether your furniture will actually fit into the
apartment. But for those of us who have accumulated a lot of stuff over the
years, this is a real concern. Your first set of real furniture may never make it
into the apartment. Molly, a 24 year- old grad student, was excited to move her
first queen-sized bed into her new apartment- a quaint, three-story walkup in
Boston. The problem The box spring just didnt fit up the stairs, she says. I
considered taking a hammer to the wood frame, but that just seemed to defeat
the whole purpose. With the help of two strong friends and some industrial
strength rope, the box spring finally made it into the apartmentthrough the
16
4
window. To avoid problems like this in your next place, take the dimensions of
your largest pieces of furniture and a tape measure to apartment visits. Ten
minutes of measuring can save you a lot of strife on move-in day.
3. The Condition of the Lobby and Public Stairways: Dont just pay attention
to the condition of the apartment. The appearance of public areas is one of the
best predictors of how responsible your landlord or management company is
with repairs.
If the apartment you are viewing has recently been converted from a rentcontrolled unit to a market value unit, the landlord probably made repairs and
painted. But how responsive will he be when you need repairs for a leaky
ceiling four months from now? The lobby and stairwellthe apartment
buildings no mans landshould give you a good idea. Your best bet is to speak
with other tenants in the building about their experiences. Of course, you may
not be able to take their comments to heart if the landlord is showing you
around.
4. Windows: Theres more to notice about the windows than whether they look
out on a nice view. Look for whether the window actually seals out the outside
air when the windows are shut. In newer apartments, this wont be a problem. In
older apartments the windows should have been replaced or repaired in recent
years. Its not just about staying warm in the winter. If you are responsible for
utilities, a leaky window will make a big difference in your heating bill. John, a
45-year-old web designer, ran into another window-related problem when he
moved into a converted loft in Brooklyn. It wasnt until I moved in that I
realized all the windows had been painted shut. Even now, I cant open most of
them.
5. The Neighbours: The people above, below and to the sides of your
apartment will really make or break your experience there. If the man above you
is a foot stamper, if an argumentative couple lives next door, or the kids
downstairs throw loud parties, it wont matter how great the place is. The rest of
the building counts too. Annie, 32, lived in an apartment in Rochester, NY
where a group of recent college grads hosted regular parties. The problem
wasnt the noise, she remembers. The problem was that they propped the
17
4
front door open so their friends could just walk in. Id go to close it, but 20
minutes later it would be open again. Anyone could have walked in off the
street. The best way to avoid these situations is to speak to residents who live
in the building easier said than donewhen the landlord is with you. If you
really love the place, come back later in the week or get the number of a current
tenant. Theyll be more than willing to be honest with you in a private
conversation. Of course, on sites like ApartmentRatings.com, all sorts of
information can turn up. Do your research now to save yourself from stress
later.
18
4
(b)A creative advertisement sequence for a product being green and

Eco-friendly.
ECO-FRIENDLY HYBRID COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR CIVIL
CONSTRUCTION
The sustainable world s economic growth and people s life improvement

greatlydepend on the use of alternative products in the architecture and
construction, such as industrial wastes conventionally called green materials .
The granulated cork, a by-product of cork industry, the cellulose pulp, obtained
from paper residues recycling and the hemp fibres are obvious materials to be
used for this purpose. These materials are able to be used as composite boards
and mortars for non structuralelements of construction, such as dry walls and
ceiling or floor levelling and filling.Cork, which is a substance largely produced
in Portugal, combines a reduced densityand high elastic, compressive,
impermeable and thermal properties with excellentacoustic insulation and
dumping absorption characteristics [1, 2]. Natural hemp fibres, cannabis sativa
L, being devoid of any psychotropic substances, can be used asreinforcement
with mechanical proprieties similar to jute staple, sisal, flax and coconutfibres.
These fibres may compete with synthetic ones in respect to chemical,
physicaland mechanical properties, especially in tensile strength, thermal and
acoustic insulationand bactericidal characteristics [3, 4].Cellulose pulp or limepozzolan mixtures were used as binders of the new hybridcomposite materials
19
4
developed in this research work. An optimal metakaolin and limecontent was
achieved to produce the binder for the developed composites. The finalmixture
was used to produce hemp fibres reinforced lightweight composite block
andplates that were tested revealing to have promising properties.Composites
made from paper pulp and granulated cork, incorporating small amounts
ofpolymeric binders and mineral additives, were also submitted to tests to
determine theirphysical and mechanical properties. Sandwich panels made by
combining thesecomposites with light structural honeycombs were also
studied.The obtained results show that these promising eco-friendly composites
can be easilyManufactured with excellent thermal and acoustic properties.
The developed lightweight hempcretes blocks showed a ductile behaviour
which maybe considered compatible to the majority of the non-structural
possible applications.The granulated cork/paper pulp composites have also
proven to have adequateproperties for several non-structural applications, such
as, coverings walls, dry wallsand ceiling. Furthermore, the sandwich panels
made from the combination of thecork/paper pulp composites with
polypropylene honeycombs have shown to improvesignificantly the flexural
behaviour of the developed eco-friendly materials.Furthermore, the developed
composites have good thermal insulation characteristics andcan be produced to
have low water absorption.
20
4
(c)A debate on solid waste management in construction industry.

Solid Waste Management in Construction Industry
Solid Waste Management Consulting

As solid waste consultants for over 20 years, we've built up a vast network of
resources designed to ensure the completion and success of your solid waste
facility's engineering project. Our track record in landfill, MRF, and transfer
station design and permitting speaks to our core knowledge of best practices and
the importance we place on keeping abreast of new environmental trends and
legislation.
Relationships are Everything
Understanding the key issues facing landfills, recycling facilities and transfer
stations is only one part of the equation. Over the years, we've cultivated
relationships with local regulators, politicians, community leaders and civic
21
4
organizations integral to moving a solid waste project forward. Our ability to
negotiate satisfactory permit conditions, remedial actions, and site monitoring
plans directly with regulatory personnel allows our clients to make responsible
decisions about their projects technical direction, expenditures and compliance
status.
Benefit From a Small Team with a Large Reach
Bigger is not always better. With a smaller environmental consulting firm such
as ours, you will always deal directly with one of our expert principals. Your
questions and concerns can always be immediately answered and handled by an
environmental engineer who has direct knowledge and field experience.
Additionally you can expect to see one of the partners on your job site. We are a
hands-on firm, committed to guiding your organization through every step of
the project we have been hired to do.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
A proposal that would allow the Kent County Board of Public Works more
control over where solid waste ends up after leaving your curb is generating
quite a bit of trash talk from interested parties. Private waste haulers in the
region are worried that language used in a set ofproposed amendments to Kent
Countys Solid Waste Management Plan will give the Public Works Department
a monopoly over the waste and recycling industry, while County officials argue
that the amendments are necessary to comply with pre-existing policy directives
set forth by the Kent County Solid Waste Plan and to ensure a steady source of
funding for the department.
22
4
The proposed amendments were submitted to the BPW in December and must
be approved before being sent to the County Commission for a final vote.
The section of the amendment sparking debate allows the county the right to
flow control, that is, the authority to require waste disposal companies to
transport their trash and recyclables to county owned facilities like the
Material Recovery Facility, which processes recyclables; or the Waste to Energy
Facility that produced around 105,000 megawatts of electricity last year
before directing that waste to private facilities. The proposal highlights flow
control as an effective legal approach to implement an integrated solid waste
management program.
At the hearing two weeks ago, Scott Duncan, owner of Duncan Disposal
Service, said that if the amendment were implemented it would result in a
detriment to the citizens of Grand Rapids, noting that if the county required
private waste haulers to bring trash and recyclables to county facilities it would
increase the cost that companies charge for waste removal services.
Landfills, both public and private, charge waste haulers a tipping fee in order
to use their facilities. A study conducted by Lansing-based lobbyist group,
Michigan Waste Industries Association, found that the tipping fee at the Kent
County incinerator was around $47 per ton last year, compared with an average
of $30 per ton at nearby private landfills. So dumping more trash at county
facilities would increase the cost of doing business for private haulers, and this
price increase would be passed on to the customer.
Its always scary when government takes action against the private sector. Im
not just trying to protect my company. This amendment will hurt customers as
well, said Duncan.
But Doug Wood, Director of the Kent County Department of Public Works, isnt
fazed by the controversy. He sees all the strong rhetoric against the amendment
as a reflexive reaction by the business community to perceived government
interference. And he is quick to point out that there are pre-existing goals and
requirements set forth by the original solid waste plan that the county will not
be able to meet unless the proposed amendments are approved. These include
utilizing 50% of the solid waste generated in Kent County for recycling and
23
4
alternative energy projects, rather than just depositing it into a landfill, and
providing more opportunities to remove hazardous waste from the waste stream.
There are other issues he has to consider as well.
Currently, Kent County maintains three closed landfills, Sparta Landfill,
Kentwood Landfill, and the North Kent Landfill. The EPA has designated these
landfills as contaminated sites and requires the county to spend approximately
$800,000 per year to monitor and maintain the sites. According to Wood, flow
control is not about taking business away from private haulers, but it is about
protecting citizens of Kent County from the harmful effects of previously
mismanaged landfills.
Back in the 70s we made the decision to take over [the three landfills] instead
of suing the local companies that operated the landfills and created the
problems, he said. We made the decision thinking that we wouldnt always
have to pay to maintain the sites. It turns out, we will, said Wood.
There are other ideas that we can consider, but if we dont have a plan, the only
option I can see for raising money for these programs is raising property taxes.
Local environmentalists applaud the revised plan. We are not against private
industry, but frankly there is no indication that private industry can deliver the
same results as the county can when it comes to creating a long-term plan for
minimizing the amount of trash going into the waste stream and protecting our
water supply and environment, said Nick Occhipinti, West Michigan
Environmental Action Council Policy DirectorPublic comment on the proposed
amendment has been extended until June 15. All comments must be submitted
in writing to the Kent County Department of Public Works at 1500 Scribner
NW in order to be added to the official record.
24
4
25
4
Task 3
Listening Skills
(a)Listen to the audio in a promotional CD for about 15 minutes of any

chosen product or service. Note down points and discuss among friends.
Cement
26
4
In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance that sets
and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word
"cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to
describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock
with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that
were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to
as cementum, cimentum, cment, and cement.
Cement used in construction is characterized as hydraulic or non-hydraulic.
Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) harden because of hydration,
chemical reactions that occur independently of the mixture's water content; they
can harden even underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather.
The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed
with water produces hydrates that are not water-soluble. Non-hydraulic cements
(e.g. gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order to retain their strength.
27
4
The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concretethe
bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material that
is durable in the face of normal environmental effects.
Concrete should not be confused with cement, because the term cement refers to
the material used to bind the aggregate materials of concrete. Concrete is a
combination of a cement and aggregate.
Modern cements
Modern hydraulic cements began to be developed from the start of the Industrial
Revolution (around 1800), driven by three main needs:
Hydraulic cement render (stucco) for finishing brick buildings in wet climates.
Hydraulic mortars for masonry construction of harbor works, etc., in contact
with sea water.
Types of modern cement
Portland cement
Portland cement blends
Non-Portland hydraulic cements
Curing (Setting)
Cement sets or cures when mixed with water which causes a series of hydration
chemical reactions. The constituents slowly hydrate and crystallize; the
interlocking of the crystals gives cement its strength. Maintaining a high
moisture content in cement during curing increases both the speed of curing,
and its final strength. Gypsum is often added to Portland cement to prevent
early hardening or "flash setting", allowing a longer working time. The time it
takes for cement to cure varies depending on the mixture and environmental
conditions; initial hardening can occur in as little as twenty minutes, while full
cure can take over a month. Cement typically cures to the extent that it can be
put into service within 24 hours to a week.
Safety issues
28
4
Bags of cement routinely have health and safety warnings printed on them
because not only is cement highly alkaline, but the setting process
is exothermic. As a result, wet cement is strongly caustic and can easily cause
severe skin burns if not promptly washed off with water. Similarly, dry cement
powder in contact with mucous membranes can cause severe eye or respiratory
irritation. Cement users should wear protective clothing.
Environmental impacts
Cement manufacture causes environmental impacts at all stages of the process.
These include emissions of airborne pollution in the form of dust, gases, noise
and vibration when operating machinery and during blasting in quarries, and
damage to countryside from quarrying. Equipment to reduce dust emissions
during quarrying and manufacture of cement is widely used, and equipment to
trap and separate exhaust gases are coming into increased use. Environmental
protection also includes the re-integration of quarries into the countryside after
they have been closed down by returning them to nature or re-cultivating them.
CO2 emissions
Heavy metal emissions in the air
Heavy metals present in the clinker
Use of alternative fuels and by-products materials
A cement plant consumes 3 to 6 GJ of fuel per tonne of clinker produced,
depending on the raw materials and the process used. Most cement kilns today
use coal and petroleum coke as primary fuels, and to a lesser extent natural gas
and fuel oil. Selected waste and by-products with recoverable calorific value
can be used as fuels in a cement kiln, replacing a portion of conventional fossil
fuels, like coal, if they meet strict specifications. Selected waste and byproducts containing useful minerals such as calcium, silica, alumina, and iron
can be used as raw materials in the kiln, replacing raw materials such as
clay, shale, and limestone. Because some materials have both useful mineral
content and recoverable calorific value, the distinction between alternative fuels
and raw materials is not always clear. For example, sewage sludge has a low but
significant calorific value, and burns to give ash containing minerals useful in
the clinker matrix.
29
4
Green cement
Green cement is a cementitious material that meets or exceeds the functional
performance capabilities of ordinary Portland cement by incorporating and
optimizing recycled materials, thereby reducing consumption of natural raw
materials, water, and energy, resulting in a more sustainable construction
material.
The manufacturing process for green cement succeeds in reducing, and even
eliminating, the production and release of damaging pollutants and greenhouse
gasses, particularly CO2.
30
4
(b)View a CD of an innovative practice in construction of a HIGHWAY for
15 minutes and write down the summary in a paragraph of 20 lines.
TATA STEEL
Managing a global workforce and setting global benchmarks is primarily about

managing diversity. In a process of inclusive growth, every person contributes
to the blueprint of the future and is truly committed to the stated objectives. And
one of the key requisites for successful diversity management is a shared vision
The Tata Steel Group has always believed that mutual benefit of countries,
corporations and communities is the most effective route to growth. Tata Steel
has not limited its operations and businesses within India but has built an
imposing presence around the globe as well. Tata Steel's overseas ventures and
investments in global companies have helped the Company create a
manufacturing and marketing network in Europe, South East Asia and the
Pacific-rim countries. The Group's South East Asian operations comprise Tata
Steel Thailand, in which it has 67.1% equity and Nat Steel Holdings, which is
one of the largest steel producers in the Asia Pacific with presence across seven
countries.
Even today, it continues the tradition by constantly reinventing itself with world
class product offerings such as grade D steel (First ever in retail rebar market in
31
4
India), first ever branded stirrups etc. as well as consumer focused market
practices such as stable, transparent pricing & free home delivery.
QUALITY
TATA TISCON 500D is superior to traditional rebars in the market owing to low
levels of Sulphur & Phosphorus (S&P) which are harmful impurities in steel.
High levels of Phosphorus can lead to cold shortness in steel where the steel
tends to become very brittle under extreme cold conditions and thus vulnerable
to cracking. High level of Sulphur can lead to hot shortness in steel, a
condition in which the melting point of steel gets lowered thereby reducing its
strength dramatically under high temperature conditions. However, lower levels
of S&P can be achieved only through advanced steel making technology. Such
low S&P levels, as specified in the 500D specifications of BIS, are almost
impossible to be achieved through normal scrap & induction furnace route. At
Tata Steel, due to state-of-the-art steel making facilities as well as the stringent
quality controls at every step, from mines to the mill 100% of the rebars are
now produced in compliance to the 500D grade specifications.
TATA TISCON is produced through a combination of superior processes. The
steel for TATA TISCON 500D is produced through primary steel making route,
using iron ore from captive mines. It is subsequently processed through the blast
furnace, LD & LF (ladle refining) to refine the steel to the fullest extent and
continuously cast into billets. The resultant steel is of superior quality,
containing noharmful ingredients (like Sulphur and Phosphorus) and ensures the
desired and consistent properties in the rebar.
Cast billets are hot rolled in fully automated rolling mills equipped with
computer controlled process monitoring devices to ensure uniform properties in
each rebar. All our rolling mills are fully modernized with the latest rolling
technologies employing state-of-the-art tungsten carbide rolls in place of
conventional steel rolls which ensure excellent dimensional tolerance and
surface finish. The superiority of TATA TISCON 500D is further detailed in the
subsequent sections.
TMT TECHNOLOGY
Tata Steel, the sixth largest steel producer in the world, is the first company in
India to introduce Thermo Mechanically Treated reinforcement bars, using the
latest technology available world-wide. TATA TISCON 500D rebars are
32
4
produced in state-of-the-art plants under close supervision of our frontline
metallurgists and engineers. The basic steel is made from virgin iron ore
through Blast Furnace-Basic Steel Making-Secondary Refining-Billet Casting
route with lowest amount of undesirable impurities and rolled in fully
automated rolling mills from world renowned suppliers.
Tata Steel has set up a new bar mill with the latest technology supplied by
Morgan, USA. This mill has both horizontal and vertical stands, a series of
zero-tension loopers and a fully automated bar bundling and master bundling
system. Spacious billet yard for cast-wise stacking of billets, reheating furnace,
pre-finishing and finishing mill, cold shear to cut bars, roughing mill,
intermediate mill and the latest TMT facilities are the other features of the bar
mill. TATA TISCON 500D rebars are hot rolled from steel billets and
subjected to PLC controlled on-line thermo-mechanical treatment in three
successive stages:
(a)Quenching - The hot rolled bar leaving the final mill stand is rapidly
quenched by a special water spray system. This hardens the surface of the bar to
a depth optimised for each section through formation of martensitic rim while
the core remains hot and austenitic.
(b) Self Tempering - When the bar leaves the quenching box, the core remains
hot compared to the surface, allowing heat to flow from the core to the surface,
causing tempering of the outer martensitic layer into a structure called
'Tempered Martensite.' The core still remains austenitic at this stage.
(c) Atmospheric Cooling - This takes place on the cooling bed where the
austenitic core is transformed into a ductile ferrite-pearlite structure. Thus the
final structure consists of an optimum combination of a strong outer layer
(tempered martensite) with a ductile core (ferrite-pearlite). This gives TATA
TISCON 500D its unique combination of higher strength and ductility.
33
4
Task 4
Reading Skills
34
4
(a) Read an article on designing using CAD from the internet and discuss
the merits.
Computer-aided design
Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided drafting (CAD)
or computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is the use of computer systems
to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.
Computer-aided drafting describes the process of creating a technical drawing
with the use of computer software. CAD software is used to increase the
productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve
communications through documentation, and to create a database for
manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or
machining operations. CAD software uses either vector based graphics to depict
the objects of traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing
the overall appearance of designed objects.
CAD often involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of
technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey
information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according
to application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space;
or curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space.
CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications,
including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and
architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to
produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and
technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that
even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques
unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic
importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational
geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete
differential geometry.
The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally
called computer-aided geometric design (CAGD).
35
4
While the goal of automated CAD systems is to increase efficiency, they are not
necessarily the best way to allow newcomers to understand the geometrical
principles of Solid Modeling. For this, scripting languages such as PLASM
(Programming Language of Solid Modeling) are more suitable.
Uses
Computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and
designers and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user and
the type of software in question.
CAD is one part of the whole Digital Product Development (DPD) activity
within the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) processes, and as such is used
together with other tools, which are either integrated modules or stand-alone
products, such as:
Computer-aided engineering (CAE) and Finite element analysis (FEA)
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) including instructions to Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) machines
Photo realistic rendering
Document management and revision control using Product Data Management
(PDM).
CAD is also used for the accurate creation of photo simulations that are often
required in the preparation of Environmental Impact Reports, in which
computer-aided designs of intended buildings are superimposed into
photographs of existing environments to represent what that locale will be like
were the proposed facilities allowed to be built. Potential blockage of view
corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed through the use of
CAD.
CAD has been proven to be useful to engineers as well. Using four properties
which are history,features, parameterization, and high level constraints. The
construction history can be used to look back into the model's personal features
and work on the single area rather than the whole model. Parameters and
constraints can be used to determine the size, shape, and the different modeling
elements. The features in the CAD system can be used for the variety of tools
36
4
for measurement such as tensile strength,yield strength, also its stress and strain
and how the element gets affected in certain temperatures.
Types
There are several different types of CAD,[9] each requiring the operator to think
differently about how to use them and design their virtual components in a
different manner for each.
There are many producers of the lower-end 2D systems, including a number of
free and open source programs. These provide an approach to the drawing
process without all the fuss over scale and placement on the drawing sheet that
accompanied hand drafting, since these can be adjusted as required during the
creation of the final draft.
3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting (not often used today).
Each line has to be manually inserted into the drawing. The final product has no
mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly added to it,
such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D
systems, although many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make
the final engineering drawing views.
3D "dumb" solids are created in a way analogous to manipulations of real world
objects (not often used today). Basic three-dimensional geometric forms
(prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes added or subtracted
from them, as if assembling or cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional
projected views can easily be generated from the models. Basic 3D solids don't
usually include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits to their
motion, or identify interference between components.
3D parametric solid modeling requires the operator to use what is referred to as
"design intent". The objects and features created are adjustable. Any future
modifications will be simple, difficult, or nearly impossible, depending on how
the original part was created. One must think of this as being a "perfect world"
representation of the component. If a feature was intended to be located from
the center of the part, the operator needs to locate it from the center of the
model, not, perhaps, from a more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he
37
4
could when using "dumb" solids. Parametric solids require the operator to
consider the consequences of his actions carefully.
(b)Read a note on usage of hydraulic jacks in construction industry from any

technical journal and narrate in the class.
Hydraulic jacksA jack is a mechanical device used as a lifting device to lift

heavy loads or apply great forces. Jacks employ a screw thread or hydraulic
cylinder to apply very high linear forces.
A mechanical jack is a device which lifts heavy equipment. The most common
form is a car jack, floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that
maintenance can be performed.
More powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide more lift over greater
distances. Mechanical jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity
(for example, 1.5 tons or 3 tons).
We are a leading Manufacturers & Suppliers of Hydraulic Jacks. Our Hydraulic
jacks are manufactured from high quality alloy steel. Strict quality control is
maintained from sourcing of raw material to commissioning of the Jack.
Hydraulic Jack that are designed with precision by the team of the experts. Our
offered jacks are widely used over a wide range of high to low pressure testing
for other oilfield applications. Able to prevent any kind of overloading, these
jacks have extensive applications in heavy machinery, oil rigging and
transformers. Our light weight jacks are designed to have heavy chassis that
assures on providing longer service life. We are engaged in offering a product
range that renders optimum performance, diverse capacities and reliable
services matching to the standards of international market. In order to offer a
strength oriented range that is safe to handle, we make use of quality tested
alloy steel and electric welding in the manufacturing process.
38
4
Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather than as an emergency
jack to be carried with the vehicle. Use of jacks not designed for a specific
vehicle requires more than the usual care in selecting ground conditions, the
jacking point on the vehicle, and to ensure stability when the jack is extended.
Hydraulic jacks are often used to lift elevators in low and medium rise
buildings.
A hydraulic jack uses a fluid, which is incompressible, that is forced into a
cylinder by a pump plunger. Oil is used since it is self lubricating and stable.
When the plunger pulls back, it draws oil out of the reservoir through a suction
check valve into the pump chamber. When the plunger moves forward, it pushes
the oil through a discharge check valve into the cylinder. The suction valve ball
is within the chamber and opens with each draw of the plunger. The discharge
valve ball is outside the chamber and opens when the oil is pushed into the
cylinder. At this point the suction ball within the chamber is forced shut and oil
pressure builds in the cylinder.
In a bottle jack the piston is vertical and directly supports a bearing pad that
contacts the object being lifted. With a single action piston the lift is somewhat
less than twice the collapsed height of the jack, making it suitable only for
vehicles with a relatively high clearance. For lifting structures such as houses
the hydraulic interconnection of multiple vertical jacks through valves enables
the even distribution of forces while enabling close control of the lift.
In a floor jack (aka 'trolley jack') a horizontal piston pushes on the short end of
a bellcrank, with the long arm providing the vertical motion to a lifting pad,
kept horizontal with a horizontal linkage. Floor jacks usually include castors
and wheels, allowing compensation for the arc taken by the lifting pad.
This mechanism provide a low profile when collapsed, for easy maneuvering
underneath the vehicle, while allowing considerable extension.
39
4
Features:
Resistance to abrasion
Rust resistance
Sturdy construction
Easy to operate
Hydraulic as well as mechanical locking
Dimension/capacity as per site conditions
Low maintenance
Compatible with all hydraulic pumps
Task 5
40
4
Writing Skills
(a)Write a resume and a covering letter for 3 different jobs.

(a)1. Wanted technician for an apartment builder.
Covering Letter
V.SANJAY
#596 52NDCROSS 4RD BLOCK
RAJAJI NAGAR
BANGALORE:-560010
The Director
M/s MAHAGUN Construction Group
Sector-3, Airoli,
Navi Mumbai-400708
Subject: Application for the post of CADD TECHNICIAN
41
4
Respected Sir/Madam,
In response to your advertisement in the Times of India on 28/09/2014,
offer myself as a candidate for the captioned post of CADD TECHNICIAN
officer for your kind perusal and consideration. I have here with enclosed my
Curriculum Vitae (CV), which gives the details of my qualification; I look
forward to hear from you.
Thanking You.
Yours faithfully,
SANJAY
Curriculum Vitae
V.SANJAY
RAJAJI NAGAR
BANGALORE:-560010
Sanjuhhh3@gmail.com
Objective:
To achieve professional and personal development in an ambience encouraging
greater responsibilities, learning and growth while being resourceful,
innovative, flexible and continuing my career with a special interest in an
engineering field.
42
4
Educational Qualification:
SI
Qualification
University/Institute
Year of Passing
% Obtained
No.
1.
2.
3.
SSLC
PUC
Diploma
SVVP
SJRC
M.V.J.Polytechnic
2010
2012
2015
60%
55%
Pursuing
Bangalore
Technical Qualification:
Diploma in Computer Application

Diploma in Cement & concrete Application
Diploma in Hydraulic Application
Basic Knowledge of internet & answering mails.
Personnel Memoranda :
Name
: V.SANJAY
Fathers name
:K.VIJAYA KUMAR
Mothers name
: K.INDRANI
Date of birth
: 15/05/1994
Nationality
: Indian
Religion
: HINDU
Gender
: Male
Marital Status
: Unmarried
Permanent Address
: #596,52ND CROSS
3RD BLOCK
RAJAJINAGAR
BANGALORE
Contact No.
: 9741227156
Languages Known
: English,kannada, tamil,telugu,hindi
Hobbies
: Interacting with people,Reading books,

playingcricket.
43
4
Declaration:
I hereby declare that the above said informations are true and
correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.
Place: Bangalore
Date:
(SANJAY)
(a)Write a resume and a covering letter for 3 different jobs.

1. Wanted technician for an apartment builder.
Covering Letter
V.SANJAY
RAJAJI NAGAR
BANGALORE:-560010
Sanjuhhh3@gmail.com
The Director
M/s DJ Construction Group
Mahadevapura
Bangalore-48
Subject: Application for the post of material testing officer.
44
4
offer myself as a candidate for the captioned post of material testing officer for
your kind perusal and consideration. I have here with enclosed my Curriculum
Vitae (CV), which gives the details of my qualification; I look forward to hear
from you.
Thanking You.
Yours faithfully,
SANJAY
Curriculum Vitae
V.SANJAY
RAJAJI NAGAR
BANGALORE:-560010
Sanjuhhh3@gmail.com
Mob:
Objective:
engineering field.
45
4
SI
Qualification
Year of Passing
No.
1.
SSLC
SVVP
2.
PUC
SJRC
2012
3.
Diploma
M.V.J.Polytechnic
2015
2010
% Obtained
60%
55%
Pursuing
Bangalore

Auto-CAD
ETABS
STAAD PRO
Experience:
Worked as supervisor at Shobha Developers for 2 Years.
Name
: V.SANJAY
Fathers name
:K.VIJAYA KUMAR
Mothers name
: K.INDRANI
Date of birth
: 15/05/1994
Nationality
: Indian
Religion
:HINDU
Gender
: Male
Marital Status
: Unmarried
Permanent Address
:#596,52ND CROSS 3RD BLOCK
RAJAJINAGAR
BANGALORE-10
Contact No.
: 9741227156
Languages Known
: English,kannada, tamil,telugu,hindi
46
4
Hobbies
: Interacting with people,

Reading books, playing cricket.
Declaration:
Place: Bangalore
Date:
(SANJAY)
3. Wanted Supervisor for a road construction company.

Covering Letter
V.SANJAY
RAJAJI NAGAR
BANGALORE:-560010
Sanjuhhh3@gmail.com
Mob:
The Director
M/s M.A.Construction Co.
BB road, Rajajinagar
Devanahalli-560201
Subject: Application for the post of Supervisor.
47
4
offer myself as a candidate for the captioned post of Supervisor for your kind
perusal and consideration. I have here with enclosed my Curriculum Vitae (CV),
which gives the details of my qualification; I look forward to hear from you.
Thanking You.
Yours faithfully,
SANJAY
Curriculum Vitae
V.SANJAY
RAJAJI NAGAR
BANGALORE:-560010
Sanjuhhh3@gmail.com
Mob:
Objective:
engineering field.
SI
Qualification
No.
1.
SSLC
2010
Year of Passing
2010
% Obtained
60%
48
4
2.
3.
SJRC
Diploma
2012
M.V.J.Polytechnic
2012
2015
55%
Pursuing
Bangalore
Auto-CAD
ETABS
STAD PRO
Experience:
Worked as supervisor at Shobha Developers for 5 years.
Worked as store supervisor at JMC constructions for 3 years.
Worked as material supervisor at DSR construction for 2 years.
Name
: V.SANJAY
Fathers name
:K.VIJAYA KUMAR
Mothers name
: K.INDRANI
Date of birth
: 15/05/1994
Nationality
: Indian
Religion
: HINDU
Gender
: Male
Marital Status
: Unmarried
Permanent Address
:#596,52ND CROSS 3RD BLOCK
RAJAJINAGAR
BANGALORE-10
Contact No.
: 9741227156
Languages Known
:English,kannada, tamil,telugu,hindi
Hobbies
: Interacting with people, reading novels, Listening to

music
49
4
Declaration:
Place: Bangalore
Date:
(SANJAY)
(b)Write an essay on green agriculture in 150 words.
Green Architecture
Green architecture, or green design, is an approach to building that minimizes
harmful effects on human health and the environment. The "green" architect or
designer attempts to safeguard air, water, and earth by choosing eco-friendly
building materials and construction practices.
Green architecture may have many of these characteristics:
Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling
Energy-efficient lighting and appliances
Water-saving plumbing fixtures
Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy
Minimal harm to the natural habitat
Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power
Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials
50
4
Locally-obtained woods and stone
Responsibly-harvested wood
Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials
used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's
waste comes from commercial buildings. During the construction phase, one
goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Welldesigned buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the
occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce
matter going to landfills.
To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, the CO2 Neutral Alliance (a
coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the website
dontwastewood.com. The site includes a variety of resources for regulators,
municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and
individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling. Many
architects view nature as inspiration. Green architecture is beneficial towards
the environment, and of course, it is beautiful.
(c) Write synopsis for given topics related to composites used in civil
construction in 100 words.
COMPOSITES MATERIALS IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
The construction sector is one of the worlds largest consumers of polymer
composites.Unreinforced polymer composite materials have been used by the
construction industryfor many years in non-load bearing applications such as
trimmings, kitchenware, vanitiesand cladding. In the last decade there has been
a concerted effort to migrate reinforcedpolymer composites (RPCs) into the
construction industry for use in primary load bearingapplications. Potential
advantages commonly expounded by proponents of RPC materialsinclude high
specific strength, high specific stiffness, tailorable durability, good fatigue
performance, versatile fabrication and lower maintenance costs. As a result
reinforcedpolymer composites are being investigated in applications such as
51
4
rehabilitation andretrofit, alternative reinforcement for concrete and, in rare
cases, entire fibre compositestructures. However, to date the number of primary
structural applications of RPCs inconstruction remains relatively low and there
appears to be a number of issuescontributing to their slow uptake by the
construction industry. Issues such as cost, absenceof design codes, lack of
industry standardisation, poor understanding of constructionissues by
composites industry, lack of designers experienced with polymer composite
materials and civil/building construction are commonly claimed to place these
materials ata disadvantage when considered against traditional construction
materials. However, thispaper proposes that as issues of sustainability become
increasingly important to materialchoice, some fibre composite materials could
be at an advantage over traditional materials.
Keywords: polymer composites, fibre composites, natural fibre composites, bio
composites,construction materials, advanced materials, reinforced plastics,
civilstructures.
Composite materials combine and maintain two or more distinct phases
to produce amaterial that has properties far superior than either of the base
materials. Compositematerials have been used in construction for thousands of
years. Straw has been used toreinforce bricks for over 2000 years and this
method is still used today. There is alsoevidence of the use of metal to reinforce
the tension face of concrete beams in Greecenearly 1000 years ago.
Polymer composites are multi-phase materials produced by combining polymer
resinssuch as polyester, vinylester and epoxy, with fillers and reinforcing fibres
to produce abulk material with properties better than those of the individual
base materials. Fillers areoften used to provide bulk to the material, reduce cost,
lower bulk density or to produceaesthetic features. Fibres are used to reinforce
the polymer and improve mechanicalproperties such as stiffness and strength.
High strength fibres of glass, aramid and carbonare used as the primary means
of carrying load, while the polymer resin protects the fibresand binds them into
a cohesive structural unit. These are commonly called fibrecomposite materials.
Polymer composites have enjoyed widespread use in the construction industry
for manyyears in non-critical applications such as baths and vanities, cladding,
decoration andfinishing. In 1999, the construction sector was the worlds second
largest consumer ofpolymer composites representing 35% of the global market .
52
4
In recent times fibre composite materials have been increasingly

considered for structural load bearing applications by the construction industry
and have established themselves as a viable andcompetitive option for
rehabilitation and retrofit of existing civil structures, as a replacement for steel
in reinforced concrete and to a lesser extent new civil structures.
53
4
Task 6
Knowledge of using Internet
(a)Forwarding resumes to different jobs highlighting different strengths of

an individual depending on expected job requirement.
Forwarding Resumes
54
4
Click New in the upper left corner to write an email.

On the new page, click in the blank box beside To: and type the email address of
the person you're writing to. Add addresses in the Cc: field if you want to send a
copy of your email to anyone else. Others receiving this email will be able to
see anyone listed in the Cc: line.
Inside Subject: give your email a titlethen write whatever you want to in the
message window. That's the big box below.
Sending is the easy part. Once you're done writing (and attaching photos or files
if you want... see below), just click Send.
Here are some tips that can help you in the future:
Open your Address Book in a sub-window
Clicking To:Cc: or Bcc: (see below) opens your Address Book in a subwindow, from which you can select recipients. Click Insert Checked
Contacts when you're done.
55
4
Multiple Recipients:
Send your email to more than one person. Add additional email addresses after
To: and separate them with commas (e.g, parveez.mohammed632@gmail.com,
etc.). If you will be emailing this group again, you might want to create a
category for them. That way, in the future you can send to the group in one
click!
Bcc:
If you want to send a copy of your email to someone, and not let anyone else
see that they're getting a copy, click Show Bcc above the To: line. Bcc is blind
carbon copy. Bcc: recipients are invisible to the To: and Cc: recipients of the
email, as well as to each other. For example, if you send an email to
parveez.mohammed632@gmail.com
with
a
Bcc:
to
parveez.mohammed632@gmail.com, parveez.mohammed632 will see himself
as the message's only recipient. parveez.mohammed632 will also get the email,
and she will see that you addressed and sent the email To:
parveez.mohammed632 as well.
Check Spelling:
While composing and email, you can check the spelling in your email. Just click
the Spelling button at the top of the page. If you want to localize your spell
check to specific language, click the arrow next to the spelling button and select
the appropriate language from the drop down menu.
Misspelled words are underlined in red. To view a list of suggested corrections
for any misspelled words just click it!
Attach Photo and Files:
Click Attach at the top of the page. In the window that opens, click Browse to
find and select the file you want. When youve got it, click Open. Repeat these
steps to attach more files, and when youre finished, click Attach Files.
56
4
(b)Discussion on qualities required for good entrepreneur.

Qualities required for good entrepreneur
Personally I think it is both. There are many people nowadays that like to call
themselves entrepreneurs today but are they really one. Indeed there are various
characteristics that define an entrepreneur and in this article we will have a look
at 5 qualities of a good entrepreneur. Note that this is not given into any
particular order.
Perseverance
Whatever business you might be setting up, there are times where you will
face problems. It is moment like this that you will need to hold on and
persevere. You will have to believe in yourself and your products and
services in order to succeed.
Interpersonal Skills
Business is all about dealing with people and you will need to be good at
communicating if you want to succeed. Whether it is with your customers,
suppliers or employees it is important that you learn how to communicate in an
effective way to make sure that your business is run as smoothly as possible.
Willingness to Take Calculated Risks
A good entrepreneur should be ready to take calculated risk if he or she wants to
succeed. Sometimes in business you will need to trust your gut feelings and
walk on water. However you will need to distinguish between foolishness and
calculated risk. Make sure that you do your homework and ensure that your
business plan is feasible before getting started. This may prevent you from
having some unpleasant surprise in the future.
Time Management
This is another important quality that you will need to have as a good
entrepreneur. Time management will allow you to organize yourself and make
sure that you get all your work done effectively. It is very easy to give in to
57
4
procrastination when working alone and you will have to find ways to deal with
this. May be you can create a to-do list to help you manage your workload.
Task 7
Oral Communication
58
4
(a)Debate on current topics like water conservation in apartments Water

Conservation in Apartment Complex
The need and importance of conservation of water, energy and natural resource
are known to people all over the world. Apartment complex residents can play
vital role in saving water not only for their society but also for the city as a
whole. Water conservation helps in bringing down the water bill saving money
and environment. If we take out more water than the natural system will allow
then this leads to a lowering of the water table and possible dramatic effects
upon water quality, future water supplies and agriculture.
Adopting Green Lifestyle for Water Conservation in Apartment
Green lifestyle brings down the carbon footprints and save earth. Today Green
is a buzz word associated with environment or earth. In an apartment complex
demand for water is high and it increases during the summer. Water
conservation is important and vital for better future. Water consumption in
apartment complex can be reduced by using following steps or methods.
Rainwater harvesting: Rooftop rainwater harvesting is quite popular
since it is quite easy to collect rainwater falling on rooftops and
terrace. Apartment owners can form an association or group for
implementing rainwater harvesting system in the apartment.
Group of water-conscious people: Encourage your family to keep
looking for new ways to conserve water in and around your home.
Form a group of water-conscious people and encourage your friends
59
4
and neighbors to be part of this group. Promote water conservation
need and methods in community newsletters and on bulletin boards.
Repair or replace leaky faucets: Leaky faucets in your apartment are
one of main contributor to the wastage of water. A faucet that drips
once every second could be wasting over 2,500 gallons of water a
year. Replace or repair leaky faucets as early as possible. Encourage
your neighbors also for the same.
Close taps when shaving or brushing: Do not leave the tap running
while you are brushing your teeth or soaping your face. Turning the
water off while you lather the soap can save as many as 5 gallons of
water each time you wash. Use one glass of water for brushing teeth
instead of running the faucet.
Check your toilets for leaks: Put a little food coloring in your toilet
tank. If, without flushing, the color begins to appear in the bowl within
30 minutes, you have a leak that should be repaired immediately.
Dont use the toilet to flush a cigarette butt, facial tissue or other small
bit of trash. Every time you flush a cigarette butt or wastebasket, five
to seven gallons of water is wasted.
Dishwasher to conserve water: If you have a dishwasher, then stop
washing your dishes by hand. If you have to wash your dishes by
hand, fill one side of the sink with hot soapy water and fill the other
side with rinse water. Dont leave the faucet running.
Use bottle inside flush tank: In order to reduce the usage of water
during toilet flushes, put a 1-liter bottle filled with water inside each of
the flush tanks. This displaces 1-litre volume of water in the tank and
thus, saves 1 litre with every full flush.
Dual piping: Residents can use one pipe for drinking, bathing and
utensil cleaning where other pipe will bring in rain water and treated
water for toilet, lawns, washing cars, floors etc. This will enable to
save up to 40% of potable water.
Stop dispose of food and Polluting water: Do not dispose food
waste in kitchen sink as it requires lots of water for disposal and also
increases unnecessary load on septic tank. Throwing chemicals in the
trash or down the drain means they might end up coming back in your
60
4
water supply and come back to haunt you. Daily ensure that you or
your family consumes less water comparing to previous days.
Washing dishes by hand: If you have a double-basin, fill one with
soapy water and one with rinse water. If you have a single-basin sink,
gather washed dishes in a dish rack and rinse them with a spray device
or a pan full of hot water.
For cleaning toilet and flushing, use recycled water. It is unwise to use drinking
water or potable water for flushing down water in toilet, washing cars, floors
etc. Each day ensure that water used to comparatively lower than previous day.
This helps to save water and your money. All the water used in the home, apart
from flush water, can be re-used to some degree. Upgrade your toilet with new
water efficient models.
(b)Debate on role of latest development in pre fabricated structures.

Prefabrication
61
4
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a
factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or
sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The
term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction
practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all
assembly is carried out.
The term prefabrication also applies to the manufacturing of things other than
structures at a fixed site. It is frequently used when fabrication of a section of a
machine or any movable structure is shifted from the main manufacturing site to
another location, and the section is supplied assembled and ready to fit. It is not
generally used to refer to electrical or electronic components of a machine, or
mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually
supplied as separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in
the past were fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body
of the machine may be called 'sub-assemblies' to distinguish them from the
other components.
The process and theory of prefabrication

An example from house-building illustrates the process of prefabrication. The
conventional method of building a house is to transport bricks, timber, cement,
sand, steel and construction aggregate, etc. to the site, and to construct the house
on site from these materials.
In prefabricated construction, only the foundations are constructed in this way,
while sections of walls, floors and roof are prefabricated (assembled) in a
factory (possibly with window and door frames included), transported to the
site, lifted into place by a crane and bolted together.
Prefabrication is used in the manufacture of ships, aircraft and all kinds of
vehicles and machines where sections previously assembled at the final point of
manufacture are assembled elsewhere instead, before being delivered for final
assembly.
62
4
The theory behind the method is that time and cost is saved if similar
construction tasks can be grouped, and assembly line techniques can be
employed in prefabrication at a location where skilled labour is available, while
congestion at the assembly site, which wastes time, can be reduced. The method
finds application particularly where the structure is composed of repeating units
or forms, or where multiple copies of the same basic structure are being
constructed. Prefabrication avoids the need to transport so many skilled workers
to the construction site, and other restricting conditions such as a lack of power,
lack of water, exposure to harsh weather or a hazardous environment are
avoided. Against these advantages must be weighed the cost of transporting
prefabricated sections and lifting them into position as they will usually be
larger, more fragile and more difficult to handle than the materials and
components of which they are made.
Advantages of prefabrication
1. Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so the need for
formwork, shuttering and scaffolding is greatly reduced.
2. Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner,
allowing an earlier return of the capital invested.
3. On-site construction and congestion is minimized.
4. Quality control can be easier in a factory assembly line setting than a
construction site setting.
5. Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour is more readily
available and costs of labour, power, materials, space and overheads are
lower.
6. Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environments at the construction
site is minimized.
7. Less waste may occur
8. Advanced materials such as sandwich-structured composite can be easily
used, improving thermal and sound insulation and airtightness
Disadvantages
63
4
1. Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or
steel and glass panels is required.
2. Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the
joining of prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint.
3. Similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
4. Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections
than for the materials of which they are made, which can often be packed
more efficiently.
5. Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and precision
measurement and handling to place in position.
6. Larger groups of buildings from the same type of prefabricated elements
tend to look drab and monotonous.
7. Local jobs may be lost, if the work done to fabricate the components
being located in a place far away from the place of construction. This
means that there are less locals working on any construction project at
any time, because fabrication is outsourced.
64
4
Task 8
Data Analysis
65
4
(a)Analyse the data with a view to compare these two
products/chemicals/machines.
TMT STEEL
JSPL is proud to announce commencement of production of TMT Rebars from

its 1 MTPA re-bar mill at PATRATU, JHARKHAND.
JSPL has commenced its 2nd unit at Patratu; state-of-the-art Morgan Rebar Mill
of 1.0 million tons per annum capacity, which produces TMT rebars with latest
on-line HYQST (High Yield Quenching & Self Tempering technology. The
modern mill equipped with METS (Morgan Enhanced Temperature Control
System) produces TMT rebars in 8 mm to 40 mm diameter (45mm, 50mm
rebars can be supplied subject prior agreement) suitable for high strength
applications.
Thermomechanically treated rebars (TMT) involved a combination of plastic
deformation of steel in austenitic stage followed by quenching and further
tempering. The process controls at each critical operation ensure uniform
properties in each rebar and provides the TMT rebar with a soft ferrite &
66
4
pearlite fine garined core and a strong and tough tempered martensite layer
imparting it with high ductility as well as strength thus making it ideal for high
rises, dams, bridges, individual houses and any critical structures where high
yield strength is required without compromising on the elongation properties.
JSPL rebars are made to the latest BIS-1786: 2008 specifications are available
in FE Fe 500 / Fe 500D/ Fe 550/ Fe 550 D grades, with Fe 500D grade being
highly suitable for seismic prone areas.
JSPL ensures quality in its TMT Rebars at every step, from the input of raw
material to the final product delivered on site. With a high automated plant and
continuous checks at every level, JSPL is able to produce the best quality rebars
in the country. The quality team is equipped with modern testing facilities which
ensure that the products meet stringent norms and quality standards.
JSPL is committed to providing complete customer satisfaction with respect to
quality, delivery and services. Feedback from the customers acts as inputs for
continuous improvement on products and services.
Quality Assurance
JSPL ensures quality at every step, from the input of raw material to the final
product delivered on site. With a high automated plant and continuous checks at
every level, JSPL is able to produce the best quality re-bars in the country. The
quality team is equipped with modern testing facilities which ensure that the
products meet stringent norms and quality standards.
TMT Rebar in Sizes (in mm) : 6,8,10,12,16,20,25,28, 32,36,40 (45 & 50 mm
rebars can be supplied, subject prior approval)
Chemical Properties
IS 1786 Fe 500D
JSPL
500D
Values)*%
Carbon (max.)
0.25
0.25%
Sulphur (max.)
0.04
0.035%
Phosphorous (max.)
0.04
0.035%
S+P (max.)
0.075
0.07%
Carbon Equivalent (max.)
0.42
0.40
(Typical
67
4
Mechanical Properties
IS 1786 Fe 500D JSPL 500D (Typical Values)
Yield Stress-YS (N/MM2)

500
(min.)
Elongation
Ultimate Tensile
(UTS)
(N/MM2) (min.)
(min.) 16
Stress
565
540
18
600
TMT Bar available in Fe500D, Fe 550D & CRS Grade

TMT bars in ready to use cut & Bent forms, welded wire mesh for
reinforcement
Round: 20 to 63mm - in various chemistries as per customers need 20, 20.64,
25, 26, 28, 30, 30.5, 32, 36, 40, 42, 45, 46.5, 48, 50, 53, 56, 58, 60, 63,
RCS: 40 to 63 mm- in various chemistries as per customers grade
Grades
Low
Carbon SAE 1006/1008/1010/1012/1015/1018/1020, CAQ
Grades :
Medium Carbon SAE1030/1035/1038/1040/1541/EN8D
Grades :
High Carbon :
HC36/40, HC41/45, HC51/55, HC56/60, HC61/65,

HC66/70, Tb68, HC71/75, HC76/80, HC81/85, PSC116,
SWR52A, SWR62A, SWR82A
Cold
Heading SAE1010/1015/1018/1020,
Quality :
SAE15B41, 19MnB4
SAE10B21,
SAE15B25,
Electrode Quality EQ(IS2879), JSPL Weld(MIG), EM12K

Grades :
Free
Cutting SAE 12L14,EN 1A,EN 8M,EN 15AM
68
4
Grades :
Ball
Bearing EN31, SAE52100
Grades :
Alloy Grades :
16MnCr5,20MnCr5,SCM
420H,SAE8620,SAE4135,SAE4140
415H,SCM
Essar steel
Construction of the steelworks started in February, 1901. On February 18, 1902

the first Bessemer converter was put in operation using pig iron made from the
Helen mine, owned by Algoma. The first rails were produced by the complex in
May 1902. However, blast furnaces for pig iron manufacture were not
completed at the site until 1904. Unlike most other steel producers, Algoma had
no access to local coal, forcing it to import coal and coke from the United
States. The Bessemer process was felt to produce steel that was well-suited to
manufacture of rails, which was the Algoma complex primary product for the
first two decades of its existence.
Shortly after founding Algoma, Clergue's various financial operations suffered
reverses and he lost control of the Sault Ste. Marie complex, being replaced as
general manager in 1903 and by 1908 was no longer on the company's board of
directors. Initially the company specialized in manufacture of rails for Canadian
railways, but this soon became a dead-end as railway construction passed its
peak.
During the First World War Algoma made steel for artillery shells but after the
war, continued to rely on rail production. Low quality of Canadian iron ore and
the necessity to import ore and coal from the United States, as well as absentee
owners more interested in annual dividends than building a viable industrial
69
4
complex, held back Algoma during the 1920s. At the height of the Great
Depression, the company was insolvent and in receivership until Sir James
Dunn gained control in 1935 and restored it to profitability. Dunn's policy of
never paying a dividend to stockholders, coupled with extensive modernization
and expansion during the Second World War, and an extended period of steel
demand up until the mid-1950s, allowed Algoma to expand and become a more
balanced steel producer.
From 1988 to 1991 Algoma was owned by Dofasco, making the combined
company the largest steel producer in Canada. However, a strike at Algoma and
other Dofasco subsidiaries in 1990 caused Dofasco to abandon ownership.
Artificially-inflated value of the Canadian dollar coupled with competition
from mini
mills,
lower-cost
and
currency-strong Asian countries
anddumping by Japanese companies has hurt Canadian primary steel producers.
In 2002, the company emerged from bankruptcy protection for the second time
in a decade, having previously gone into bankruptcy in 1990. Denis Turcotte,
the President and CEO, was largely credited with Algoma's resurgence, making
it one of the most efficient steelmakers in North America.[1]
Algoma Steel announced on August 3, 2005, that the company was no longer
for sale after a $64.7 million dollar second quarter profit. The company stated
that they are going to focus on value-enhancing, non-sale alternatives. Algoma
also announced a special dividend of $6.00 per share payable on August 31,
2005 to shareholders of record on August 17, 2005 and a normal course issuer
bid for up to 3.3 million shares.
On February 8, 2006, Algoma Steel announced a $55 million dollar profit for
their fourth quarter ending December 31, 2005. As a result of this and
redemption of their 11% notes on January 9, 2006 the company declared
themselves debt free and had an operating surplus of over $400 million dollars
in cash. This cash surplus attracted the attention of some shareholders who
wanted to see the cash distributed as dividends, echoing Algoma's historic
problems almost exactly a century earlier.
In October 2006, Algoma Steel was awarded a power purchase agreement by
the Ontario Power Authority to build, own and operate a co-generation power
plant utilizing by-product fuels such as BFG and COG; Algoma Steel has
founded a limited partnership company called Algoma Energy LP to own and
operate the co-generation facility. The facility's contract capacity was said to be
63MW.
On 15 April 2007, Essar Global made an offer to acquire Algoma Steel Inc. for
1.85 billion CAD in cash.[2] It was announced on 20 June that Essar had
completed its purchase of all outstanding shares.[3]
70
4
On June 23, 2008, following its purchase by Essar Group, Algoma Steel Inc.
announced that its name had been changed to Essar Steel Algoma Inc. This
came along with a logo change to the Essar Steel company logo.
Quality Assurance
Chemical Properties
IS 1786 Fe 500D
JSPL 500D (Typical

Values)*%
Carbon (max.)
0.25
0.25%
Sulphur (max.)
0.04
0.035%
Phosphorous (max.)
0.04
0.035%
S+P (max.)
0.075
0.07%
Carbon Equivalent (max.)
0.42
0.40
Mechanical Properties
IS 1786 Fe 500D JSPL 500D (Typical Values)
Yield Stress-YS (N/MM2)

(min.)
500
540
Elongation (min.)
Ultimate Tensile Stress
(UTS)
16
18
(N/MM2) (min.)
565
600
TMT Bar available in Fe500D, Fe 550D & CRS Grade

TMT bars in ready to use cut & Bent forms, welded wire mesh for
reinforcement
Round: 20 to 63mm - in various chemistries as per customers need 20, 20.64,
25, 26, 28, 30, 30.5, 32, 36, 40, 42, 45, 46.5, 48, 50, 53, 56, 58, 60, 63,
RCS: 40 to 63 mm- in various chemistries as per customers grade
Grades
Low Carbon
Grades :
SAE 1006/1008/1010/1012/1015/1018/1020, CAQ
71
4
Medium Carbon
Grades :
SAE1030/1035/1038/1040/1541/EN8D
High Carbon :
HC36/40, HC41/45, HC51/55, HC56/60, HC61/65,

HC66/70, Tb68, HC71/75, HC76/80, HC81/85, PSC116,
SWR52A, SWR62A, SWR82A
Cold Heading
Quality :
SAE1010/1015/1018/1020, SAE10B21, SAE15B25,

SAE15B41, 19MnB4
Electrode Quality EQ(IS2879), JSPL Weld(MIG), EM12K

Grades :
Free Cutting
Grades :
SAE 12L14,EN 1A,EN 8M,EN 15AM
Ball Bearing
Grades :
EN31, SAE52100
Alloy Grades :
16MnCr5,20MnCr5,SCM 415H,SCM
420H,SAE8620,SAE4135,SAE4140
72
4
Task 9
Presentation Skills
73
4
BRIDGES
What is a BRIDGE?
A structure that allows people or vehicles to cross an obstacle such as a river or
canal or railway.
What does a bridge need?

A good bridge must have a firm foundation.
A good bridge must be sturdy.
A good bridge must last a long time.
Earlier the bridges were like
74
4
Simple beam bridges.

Logs formed the beams.
Basic Concepts
Beam- A rigid, usually horizontal, structure element.

Pier- A vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar.
Load- Weight distribution throughout a structure.
Span- The distance between two bridge supports.
Compression- A force which acts to compress the thing it is acting on.
Tension- A force which acts to expand the thing it is acting on.
75
4
TYPES OF BRIDGES
There are four main types of BRIDGES
Beam bridge
Cantilever bridge
Arch bridge
Suspension bridge
76
4
BEAM BRIDGEIt is a rigid, horizontal structure that is resting on two piers,
one on each end.
Beam bridge: A horizontal structure resting on two piers.

The simplest and least expensive bridge.
Can span of up to 200 feet.
CANTILEVER BRIDGE
It is a bridge built using cantilevers: Structure that project horizontally into
spaces, supported on only one end.
77
4
A cantilever differs from the arch and the beam in that the attachment points are
not at opposite ends. The cantilever is rather like a bracket, projecting out into
space. The two forces almost always act in opposite directions.
ARCH BRIDGE
78
4
It is bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch.
ARCH BRIDGE-A semi circular structure with abutment on each end.

The weight is naturally carried outward along the
Curve of the arch to the abutment.
The entire bridge then is under COMPRESSION.
Arch bridge can SPAN up to 1000ft.
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
79
4
A bridge having the roadway suspended from cables that are anchored at end
and usually supported at intervals by towers are SUSPENSION BRIDGE.
The cables transfer the compression into the tower, which dissipates the
compression directly into the earth below the towers.
The cable transfers the tension to the anchorages, which dissipate the
tension into the earth.
What happens to the bridge when a load is put on the BRIDGE?

The cable carries the weight on a suspended bridge to the anchorages that
are imbedded in solid rock or massive concrete blocks. The cables are
spread over a large area in order to evenly distribute the load inside the
anchorages to prevent the cables from breaking free.
80
4
81
4
Task 10
Pick & Speak
Geosynthetic
Geosynthetics are the generally polymeric products used to solve civil
engineering problems. This includes eight main product categories:
geotextiles, geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners,
geofoam, geocells and geocomposites. The polymeric nature of the products
makes them suitable for use in the ground where high levels of durability are
required. Properly formulated, however, they can also be used in exposed
applications. Geosynthetics are available in a wide range of forms and
materials, each to suit a slightly different end use. These products have a wide
range of applications and are currently used in many civil, geotechnical,
transportation, geoenvironmental, hydraulic, and private development
applications including roads, airfields, railroads, embankments, retaining
82
4
structures, reservoirs, canals, dams, erosion control, sediment control, landfill
liners, landfill covers, mining, aquaculture and agriculture.
Categories
Geotextiles
Geonets
Geomembranes
Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Geofoam
Geocells
Geocomposites
Functions
The juxtaposition of the various types of geosynthetics just described with the
primary function that the material is called upon to serve allows for the
creation of an organizational matrix for geosynthetics; see Table 1. In essence,
this matrix is the scorecard for understanding the entire geosynthetic field
and its design related methodology. In Table 1, the primary function that each
geosynthetic can be called upon to serve is seen. Note that these are primary
functions and in many cases (if not most) cases there are secondary functions,
and perhaps tertiary ones as well. For example, a geotextile placed on soft soil
will usually be designed on the basis of its reinforcement capability, but
separation and filtration might certainly be secondary and tertiary
considerations. As another example, a geomembrane is obviously used for its
containment capability, but separation will always be a secondary function.
The greatest variability from a manufacturing and materials viewpoint is the
category of geocomposites. The primary function will depend entirely upon
what is actually created, manufactured, and installed.
Geosynthetics are generally designed for a particular application by
considering the primary function that can be provided.
There are five primary functions given, but some groups suggest even more.
Separation
Reinforcement
Filtration
Drainage
Containment
Advantages
The manufactured quality control of geosynthetics in a controlled factory

environment is a great advantage over outdoor soil and rock construction.
83
4
Most factories are ISO 9000 certified and have their own in-house quality
programs as well.
The thinness of geosynthetics versus their natural soil counterpart is an
advantage insofar as light weight on the subgrade, less airspace used, and
avoidance of quarried sand, gravel, and clay soil materials.
The ease of geosynthetic installation is significant in comparison to thick
soil layers (sands, gravels, or clays) requiring large earthmoving equipment.
Published standards (test methods, guides, and specifications) are well
advanced in standards-setting organizations like ISO, ASTM, and GSI.
Design methods are currently available in that many universities are
teaching stand-alone courses in geosynthetics or have integrated geosynthetics
in traditional geotechnical, geoenvironmental, and hydraulic engineering
courses.
Disadvantages
Long-term performance of the particular formulated resin being used to
make the geosynthetic must be assured by using proper additives including
antioxidants, ultraviolet screeners, and fillers.
Clogging of geotextiles, geonets, geopipe and/or geocomposites is a

challenging design for certain soil types or unusual situations. For example,
loess soils, fine cohesionless silts, highly turbid liquids, and microorganism
laden liquids (farm runoff) are troublesome and generally require specialized
testing evaluations.
Handling, storage, and installation must be assured by careful quality

control and quality assurance about which much has been written.
Waste management
84
4
.
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal,
managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to
materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken
to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste
management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on
delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. All wastes materials,
whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive fall within the remit of
waste management
Waste management practices can differ for developed and developing nations,
for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers.
Management for non-hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in
metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local governmentauthorities,
while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is
usually the responsibility of the generator subject to local, national or
international controls.
Sustainability
The management of waste is a key component in a business' ability to
maintaining ISO14001 accreditation. Companies are encouraged to improve
their environmental efficiencies each year by eliminating waste
through resource recovery practices, which are sustainability-related activities.
One way to do this is by shifting away from waste management to resource
recovery practices like recycling materials such as glass, food scraps, paper and
cardboard, plastic bottles and metal.
Landfill
85
4
A landfill compaction vehicle in action.

When all the trucks arrive to the landfills, they first get separated into their
proper place; disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and
this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often
established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A
properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively
inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly designed or
poorly managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts
such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of liquidleachate.
Another common product of landfills is gas (mostly composed
of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks
down anaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation,
and is a greenhouse gas.
Incineration
Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to
combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This
method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and
solid residue from waste water management.This process reduces the volumes
of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and other
high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal
treatment". Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash.
Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large
scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is
recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous
waste materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is a
controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of
gaseous pollutants.
86
4
Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more scarce, as
these facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste-toenergy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities that
burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam or electricity.
Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have been concerns
about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular
concern has focused on some very persistent organics such
as dioxins, furans, PAHs which may be created which may have serious
environmental consequences.
Recycling
Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse
of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from
which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for
recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins
and collection vehicles are sorted directly from mixed waste streams and are
known as kerb-side recycling, it requires the owner of the waste to separate it
into various different bins (typically wheelie bins) prior to its collection.
The most common consumer products recycled include aluminium such as
beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel food and aerosol cans, old steel
furnishings or equipment, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and
jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated
fibreboard boxes.
PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable.
These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them
relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products
(such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the
additional dismantling and separation required.
87
4
The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city
and country have different recycling programs in place that can handle the
various types of recyclable materials. However, variation in acceptance is
reflected in the resale value of the material once it is reprocessed.
Sustainability
The management of waste is a key component in a business' ability to
maintaining ISO14001 accreditation. Companies are encouraged to improve
their environmental efficiencies each year by eliminating waste
through resource recovery practices, which are sustainability-related activities.
One way to do this is by shifting away from waste management to resource
recovery practices like recycling materials such as glass, food scraps, paper and
cardboard, plastic bottles and metal.
Biological reprocessing
Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food
scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion
processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is
then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In
addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can be captured and
used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximising
efficiencies. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to
control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter.
(See resource recovery).
88
4
Energy recovery
The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them
as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type
of fuel. Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking
or heating and the use of the gas fuel (see above), to fuel for boilers to generate
steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are two related
forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high
temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process usually occurs in a
sealed vessel under highpressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material
into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce
energy or refined into other chemical products (chemical refinery). The solid
residue (char) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon.
Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic
materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon
monoxide andhydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam.
An alternative to pyrolisis is high temperature and pressure supercritical water
decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation).
Resource recovery
Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA (life cycle
analysis) attempts to offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed MSW
(Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad studies have indicated that
89
4
administration, source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling
of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the
organic material via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured path.
Waste management concepts
There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their
usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used
concepts include:
Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3

Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies
according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste
hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits
from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste see: resource
recovery.
Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where

the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With
respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a
waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable
material.
Scientific journals
Environmental and Resource Economics
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
90
4
Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
Bibliography
http://www.google.co.in/
http://ww.autodesk.com/
http://www.sooperarticles.com/
http://www.outreachindia.com/
http://carimg.sulekha.com/
http://www.gogreenbs.com/
http://www.ritchiespecs.com/
91

Casp Report

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Casp Report

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

M.V.

CHANNASANDRA, NEAR WHITEFIELD,BANGALORE-67

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING2014-2015

COMMUNICATION AND ANALYSIS SKILL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING2014-2015

Signature of Headof the Dept.

Signature of the Guide

COMMUNICATION AND ANALYSIS SKILL

Knowledge of using Internet

Pick and Speak

Pick & Speak

(a)Telephonic conversation between customer and a contractor.

: Thank you for the details and specifications. It is really

(a)A brief talk highlighting featured amenities of an apartment complex.

(b)A creative advertisement sequence for a product being green and

The sustainable world s economic growth and people s life improvement

(c)A debate on solid waste management in construction industry.

Solid Waste Management Consulting

(a)Listen to the audio in a promotional CD for about 15 minutes of any

Managing a global workforce and setting global benchmarks is primarily about

(b)Read a note on usage of hydraulic jacks in construction industry from any

Hydraulic jacksA jack is a mechanical device used as a lifting device to lift

(a)Write a resume and a covering letter for 3 different jobs.

Diploma in Computer Application

: Interacting with people,Reading books,

(a)Write a resume and a covering letter for 3 different jobs.

Diploma in Computer Application

:#596,52ND CROSS 3RD BLOCK

: Interacting with people,

3. Wanted Supervisor for a road construction company.

:#596,52ND CROSS 3RD BLOCK

: Interacting with people, reading novels, Listening to

(b)Write an essay on green agriculture in 150 words.

In recent times fibre composite materials have been increasingly

(a)Forwarding resumes to different jobs highlighting different strengths of

Click New in the upper left corner to write an email.

(b)Discussion on qualities required for good entrepreneur.

(a)Debate on current topics like water conservation in apartments Water

(b)Debate on role of latest development in pre fabricated structures.

The process and theory of prefabrication

JSPL is proud to announce commencement of production of TMT Rebars from

Carbon Equivalent (max.)

IS 1786 Fe 500D JSPL 500D (Typical Values)

Yield Stress-YS (N/MM2)

TMT Bar available in Fe500D, Fe 550D & CRS Grade

HC36/40, HC41/45, HC51/55, HC56/60, HC61/65,

Electrode Quality EQ(IS2879), JSPL Weld(MIG), EM12K

Cutting SAE 12L14,EN 1A,EN 8M,EN 15AM

Construction of the steelworks started in February, 1901. On February 18, 1902

JSPL 500D (Typical

Carbon Equivalent (max.)

IS 1786 Fe 500D JSPL 500D (Typical Values)

Yield Stress-YS (N/MM2)

TMT Bar available in Fe500D, Fe 550D & CRS Grade

SAE 1006/1008/1010/1012/1015/1018/1020, CAQ

HC36/40, HC41/45, HC51/55, HC56/60, HC61/65,

SAE1010/1015/1018/1020, SAE10B21, SAE15B25,

Electrode Quality EQ(IS2879), JSPL Weld(MIG), EM12K

SAE 12L14,EN 1A,EN 8M,EN 15AM

What does a bridge need?

A good bridge must be sturdy.

A good bridge must last a long time.

Earlier the bridges were like

Simple beam bridges.