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- Incompressible fluid
Given, D = 0.018 m
V = 3.54 x 10-4 m3
a.
Minimum time occur when Reynolds number
is maximum allowed for laminar flow (maximum
velocity)
= Re ()/D
= 2100 (1.12 x 10-3)/[1000(0.018)]
= 0.131 m/s
=
=
=
=
=
=
vA
0.131[(0.018)2/4]
3.33 x 10-5 m3/s
V/Q
3.54 x 10-4/3.33 x 10-5
10.63 s
= Re ()/D
= 4000 (1.12 x 10-3)/[1000(0.018)]
= 0.249 m/s
= vA
= 0.249 [(0.018)2/4]
= 6.33 x 10-5 m3/s
= V/Q
= 3.54 x 10-4/6.33 x 10-5
= 5.59 s
Given, L = 15m
D = 1.3 cm = 0.013 m
Q = 20 l/min = 20/(1000 x 60)m3/s = 3.33 x
10-4 m3/s
v
=
=
=
=
Q/A
3.33 x 10-4/[(0.013)2/4]
3.33 x 10-4/1.33 x 10-4
2.50 m/s
Re = vD/
= 1000(2.5)(0.013)/1 x 10-3
= 32500 (> 4000, turbulent flow)
therefore
le/D = 4.4 (Re)1/6
le
= 4.4 (Re)1/6D
le
= 4.4(32500)1/6(0.013)
= 0.32 m
Pressure and Shear Stress
Pressure different between 2 section/point forces the
fluid through the horizontal pipe and viscous effects
provide the restraining force that exactly balances
the pressure force.
Apply F = ma
(p1)r2 (p1 - p)r2 ()2rl = 0
p/l = 2/r
(1.3)
= Cr
where C is a constant
at r = 0, there is no shear stress ( = 0)
at r = D/2, the shear stress is maximum ( = w)
C = 2w/D
therefore
= 2wr/D
(1.4)
and
p = 4lw/D
(1.5)
These equation (1.3, 1.4, 1.5) valid for both laminar
and turbulent flow.
u/r = - (p/2l)r
velocity profile
u = - (p/2l)r r
u = - (p/4l)r
+ C1
ur = (pD2/16l)1 (2r/D) 2
at r = 0, centerline velocity, Vc
Vc = (pD2/16l)
therefore
ur = Vc 1 (2r/D) 2
(1.6)
combine equation 1.5 and 1.6, and D/2 = R
ur = w D/4 1 (r/R) 2
Flowrate
Q = u dA
Q = u 2r dr
Q = 2 Vc 1 (r/R) 2r dr
Q = R2 Vc/2
knowing that average velocity, V = Q/A = Q/R2
V = ( R2 Vc/2)/ R2 = Vc/2 = pD2/32l
(1.7)
and
Q = D4p/128l
(1.8)
Summary Flow
Properties
Entrance
Length, le/D
Pressure
drop per unit
length
Shear stress
le/D = 0.06 Re
le/D = 4.4 (Re)1/6
p/l = 2/r
= 2wr/D
Pressure
drop
p = 4lw/D
Velocity
profile
Average
velocity
ur = Vc 1 (2r/D) 2
Flowrate
V = ( R2 Vc/2)/ R2
V= Vc/2
V = pD2/32l
Q = D4p/128l
Apply F = ma
(p + p)r2 (p)r2 mgsin ()2rl = 0
(p + p)r2 (p)r2 (r2)lgsin ()2rl = 0
(p lsin )/l = 2/r
(1.9)
effects of non horizontal pipe
(p lsin )
therefore
V = (p lsin )D2/32l
(1.10)
and
(1.11)
Summary pipe
Flow
Properties
Entrance
Length, le/D
Pressure
drop per unit
length
Shear stress
Pressure
drop
= 2wr/D
p lsin = 4lw/D
Remarks
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
Valid for both
laminar
and
turbulent flow
Valid for both
laminar
and
turbulent flow
Valid for both
laminar
and
ur = Vc 1 (2r/D) 2
Velocity
profile
Average
velocity
V = ( R2 Vc/2)/ R2
V= Vc/2
V
=
(plsin
)D2/32l
Q = D4(p lsin
)/128l
Flowrate
turbulent flow
p = Q(128l)/D4
= [128(2.0 x 10-5)(0.40)10]/[3.14(0.02)4]
= 20400 N/m2
b. Given, = 0.40 N.s/m2
= 900 kg/m3
D = 0.020 m
Q = 2.0 x 10-5 m3/s
x1 = 0 m
x2 = 10 m
p= 0
from equation Q = D4(p lsin )/128l
p lsin
sin
= Q(128l)/D4
= - 128Q/D4
= - 128(2.0 x 10-5)(0.40)/[3.14(0.02)4(900)
(9.81)]
=
sin-1[[128(2.0
4
[3.14(0.02) (900)(9.81)]]
= -13.340
10-5)(0.40)]/
Power, W = gQhL
hL = p/g
hL = f(l/D)(v2/2g)
p/g = (64/Re)(l/D)(v2/2g)
(1.14)
p = 32lv/D2
(1.15)
a. head loss?
Re = vD/
= 998(0.9)(0.003)/ 1.545 x 10-3
= 1744 ( 2100, laminar flow)
for laminar flow
f
= 64/Re
= 64/1744
= 0.0367
and
hL
= f(l/D)(v2/2g)
= (0.0367)(9/0.003)[0.92/2(9.81)]
= 4.545 m
b. pressure drop?
for laminar flow
p/g
p
= (64/Re)(l/D)(v2/2g)
= (64/Re)(l/D)( v2/2)
= 0.0367(9/0.003)[998(0.92)/2]
= 44.5 kPa
c.
power required?
P = gQhL
and
p/g = hL
therefore
P
= Q p
= 0.9(0.0032/4)(44500)
= 0.283 W
(1.16)
For the outer layer, the Power Law is used from the
following expression.
/Vc = [1 (r/R)]1/n
(1.18)
The value of n which indicates the power of the
equation is a function of Re and determined
experimentally.
Q = A
Q = Vc [1 (r/R)]1/n A
Q = Vc [1 (r/R)]1/n 2r r
(1.19)
since Q = R2V
R2V/ R2 Vc = 2n2/[(n + 1)(2n + 1)]
V/Vc = 2n2/[(n + 1)(2n + 1)]
V = 2n2Vc /[(n + 1)(2n + 1)]
(1.20)
Head Loss
Head loss
- major loss
- minor loss
Major Losses
=
friction factor
= length
= velocity
= gravity acceleration
Surface Roughness
Pipe
Riveted Steel
Concrete
Wood Stave
Cast Iron
Galvanized Iron
Commercial
Steel
Drawn Tubing
Plastic, glass
Equivalent Roughness,
(ft)
(mm)
0.003 0.03
0.9 9.0
0.001 0.01
0.3 3.0
0.0006 0.003
0.19 0.9
0.00085
0.26
0.0005
0.15
0.00015
0.045
0.000005
0.0 (smooth)
0.0015
0.0 (smooth)
Hydraulic Radius
RH = Area/ Circumference
Area/ Circumference
[D2/4]/D
D/4
4 RH
therefore
hf
= flv2/2gD
= flv2/8gRH
fully
/D = /4 RH
vD/ =4v RH/
Minor Losses
In equation form
hL = KLv2/2g
where KL is loss coefficient
KL = hL2g/v2 = 2p/v2
Entrance loss
Exit Loss
KL = 1.0
Vena Contracta
Pump
20
mm
Solution
60
mm
energy equation
p1/g + v12/2g + z1 = p2/g + v22/2g + z2 + hL
p1 = p2 = 0, v1 = v2 = 0
hL
= z 1 - z2
=3m
major loss
hf
hf
= f1lv2/2gD
= 0.005(2) [Q2/2(0.022/4)2]/[2(9.81)(0.02)]
= 258471Q2
= f2lv2/2gD
= 0.005(2) [Q2/2(0.062/4)2]/[2(9.81)(0.06)]
= 1064Q2
minor losses
for entrance
hL1 = KL1v2/2g
= 0.3[Q2/2(0.022/4)2]/[2(9.81)]
= 155083Q2
for sudden enlargement
KL2 = [1 (D1/D2)2]2
= [1 (0.02/0.06)2]2
= 0.79
therefore
hL2 = KL2v2/2g
= 0.79[Q2/2(0.022/4)2]/[2(9.81)]
= 408384Q2
for exit
hL3 = KL3v2/2g
= 1[Q2/2(0.062/4)2]/[2(9.81)]
= 6382Q2
total head loss
hL
Q2
Q
= 3/596754
= 2.242 x 10-3 m3/s