AICE Biology: Midterm Study Guide

Part 1: Vocabulary. Be able to recognize the following terms

Chapter 1
Cell theory

Partially
permeable

Freely
permeable

Light
microscope

Cytology

Cell surface
membrane

Nucleus

Chromatin

DNA
Golgi
apparatus
Tonoplast

Nucleolus
Centriole

Cytoplasm
Cell wall

Chloroplast

Magnification

Organelles
Plasmodesma
ta
Resolution

Electron
micrograph
Ribosome
Tissue
Xylem

Endoplasmic
reticulum
Lysosome
Organ
Phloem

Ultrastructur
e
Microvilli
System

Nuclear
envelope
Eukaryote
Mesophyll
Sieve tubules

Scanning
electron
microscope
Transmission
electron
microscope
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Photomicrogra
ph
Nuclear pores
Prokaryote
Stomata

Chapter 2
Metabolism
Monomers
Condensation

Macromolecules
Disaccharide
Hydrolysis

Polymers
-glucose
Glycosidic bond

Polysaccharide

Hydrogen bond

Microfibrils

Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Fibers

Phospholipid
Secondary
structure
Fibrous protein

Peptide bond

Polypeptide
Quaternary
structure
Fibrils

Tertiary structure
Prosthetic group

Monosaccharide
-glucose
Triglyceride
Unsaturated fatty
acid
Saturated fatty
acid
Primary structure
Globular protein
Hydrogen bond

Chapter 3
Enzyme
Activation energy

Catalyst
Product

Lock and key hypothesis

Substrate

Inhibitor

Competitive inhibition

End product inhibition

Allosteric inhibiton

Noncompetitive
inhibition
Induced fit hypothesis

Chapter 4
Phospholipid

Bilayer

Fluid mosaic
model

Diffusion

Intrinsic protein
Glycoprotein

Extrinsic protein
Glycolipid

Cholesterol

Facilitated
diffusion
Antigen
Part 2: Concepts
Chapter 1

Be able to describe and interpret drawings and photographs of typical

animal and plant cells as seen using the light microscope and make
microscopical measurements using an eyepiece graticule and stage
micrometer
Be familiar with the unit used in cell studies (for this test, exponents
will be provided for measurement units)
Be able to recognize organelles in drawing and photographs, and
identify their function
Compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells
Calculate the linear magnification of, and the actual sizes of,
specimens from drawings and photographs
Describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell and contrast the structure
of prokaryotic cells with that of eukaryotic cells.
Explain how eukaryotic cells may be organized into tissues and organ,
with reference to transverse sections of stems, roots, and leaves
Draw and label low power plan diagrams of tissues and organs.

Chapter 2

Recognize and understand the different tests for macromolecules

(including reagents used and analysis of results)
describe the ring forms of -glucose and -glucose

describe the formation and breakage of a glycosidic bond with

reference both to polysaccharides and to disaccharides including
sucrose
describe the molecular structure of polysaccharides including starch
(amylose and amylopectin), glycogen and cellulose and relate these
structures to their functions in living organisms
understand the importance in biology of carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins
describe the molecular structure of a triglyceride and a phospholipid
and relate these structures to their functions in living organisms
distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and lipids
describe the structure of an amino acid and the formation and
breakage of a peptide bond
explain the meaning of the terms primary structure, secondary
structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure of proteins and
describe the types of bonding (hydrogen, ionic, disulfide and
hydrophobic interactions) that hold the molecule in shape
describe the molecular structure of hemoglobin as an example of a
globular protein, and of collagen as an example of a fibrous protein and
relate these structures to their functions (the importance of iron in the
hemoglobin molecule should be emphasized. A hemoglobin molecule is
composed of 2 alpha ()chains and 2 beta () chains, although when
describing the chains the terms -globin and -globin may be used.
There should be a distinction between collagen molecules and collagen
fibers)
describe and explain the roles of water in living organisms and as an
environment for organisms
use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve
related problems

Chapter 3

explain the catalytic function of enzymes

explain the specificity of enzymes and structure of active
sites/substrates
explain the lock and key and induced fit hypotheses
explain the mode of action of enzymes involving the formation of
enzyme-substrate and enzyme-product complexes
explain the effect of enzymes on chemical reactions
be able to describe ways in which pH, temperature, enzyme
concentration, and substrate concentration affect enzyme-controlled
reactions

describe different types of enzyme inhibition

Chapter 4

describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure and explain

the underlying reasons for this structure
outline the roles of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins and
glycoproteins in membranes
outline the roles of the cell surface membrane
describe and explain how molecules can get in and out of cells (across
CSM) by the processes of diffusion, facilitated diffusion