Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
[This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to ] IP:
140.160.71.80 On: Fri, 21 Nov 2014 18:38:06
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
27708-0300, USA
2
Universit
e de Toulouse, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
(Received 5 August 2014; accepted 25 August 2014; published online 15 September 2014)
This is a treatment of the phenomenon of energy storage by melting in an enclosure where the
heating is provided by an invading line of higher temperature. We show that the melting process
consists of two phases: invasion thermal diffusion along the invading line, which is followed by
consolidation as heat diffuses perpendicularly to the invading line. We report the duration of
both phases and the evolution of the melt layer around the invading line during the twodimensional and three-dimensional invasion. The amount of melted material increases in time
according to a curve shaped as an S. Diffusion sweeps the territory faster as the complexity of the
C 2014
tree design increases meaning the S-curve of the history of the process becomes steeper. V
AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4894869]
q00 dt qhsf dd;
I. INTRODUCTION
(1)
(2)
2kDT
:
qhsf
(3)
where
a
1=2
ax
:
V
(4)
FIG. 1. Square shaped construct containing the line-shaped invasion advancing with a constant speed V and the excess temperature of DT.
116, 114902-1
[This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to ] IP:
140.160.71.80 On: Fri, 21 Nov 2014 18:38:06
114902-2
(5)
3=2
4
1=2 L
Va
:
3
V
(6)
(6
DT
dt qhsf dy:
y
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
tc
:
4a 9V
(12)
where a k=qcP is the thermal diffusivity of the melt substance. Equation (12) shows that in the melt region the thermal penetration distance y scales with ax=V1=2 . This
recommends the similarity variables
g
y
ax=V
1=2
T Tm
:
DT
(13)
@T
@2T
a 2;
@x
@y
(14)
from
dh
2
h0 g0 eg =4 ;
dg
g0
where
(15)
1 h g0
(11)
d~
eg =4 dg:
(16)
Here, d~ d=ax=V
is the dimensionless value of the
layer thickness, where T Tm.
Equation (16) establishes a relation between two
~ and the heat flux at y 0,
unknowns, the layer thickness d,
0
which is h g0 . A second relation between the two emerges
if we account for the melting process on the front. The heat
FIG. 2. The S-shaped history of the dimensionless melt area of the square
domain: invasion followed by consolidation.
FIG. 3. The evolution of the diffused area around the invading line during
invasion period.
1=2
[This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to ] IP:
140.160.71.80 On: Fri, 21 Nov 2014 18:38:06
114902-3
q00 dx qVdh0 sf ;
(17)
Ai
1=2
2
4
a
2dx d~
x3=2 ;
3
3
V
(23)
qh0 sf a ~
d:
2kDT
(18)
Ai Eq: (23) ~
1=2
d 2Ste
:
Ai Eq: (6)
(24)
(25)
Combining Eqs. (16) and (18), and using Eq. (3) we obtain
a
1 d~
a
d~
eg
2 =4
dg:
(19)
a 2cP DT
4
(20)
(21)
(22)
FIG. 5. Two dimensional model of a tree-shaped line invasion of a conducting domain for one and two levels of bifurcation.
[This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to ] IP:
140.160.71.80 On: Fri, 21 Nov 2014 18:38:06
114902-4
tin0
L
;
V
n0
Ai;end
tcn0
L2
: (27)
4a
L
n1
n0
; Ai;end
Ai;end
1 23=2 ; tcn1 tcn0 :
V
(28)
The two terms inside (1 23/2) come from the fact that the
T-shaped tree is a construct of two plates: one of length L,
which starts at t 0 along the stem (L/2) and continues as
one branch (L/2), and the other of length L/2, which is the
n1
is 35% greater than An0
other branch. Note that Ai;end
i;end ; as
shown in Fig. 6. Also note that tcn1 tcn0 comes from the
observation that during the consolidation period the melting
front advances to a distance of approximately L/2, but less
than L/2 over quadrants (a) and (b), from which the inequality sign in tcn1 tcn0 . Equation (28) account for the position
of the n 1 curve relative to the n 0 curve in Fig. 6.
When the invading plate undergoes two levels of bifurcation (n 2, Fig. 5), the melting history is described by
1 L L L
5
n2
tin0 ;
(29)
ti
2 2 4 2
4
"
3=2
3=2 #
3=2
5
3
1
n2
n0
;
(30)
Ai;end
2
Ai;end
4
4
2
1
tcn2 tcn0 :
4
(31)
The three terms on the right side of Eqs. (29) and (30) represent three generations of invading planes: the oldest (length:
L/2 L/4 L/2), the second oldest, from the first bifurcation
(length: L/4 L/2), and the two youngest, from the second
bifurcation level (length: L/2). Equations (29)(31) indicate
V. THREE-DIMENSIONAL INVASION
AND CONSOLIDATION
ln r=d
:
ln r0 =d
(33)
FIG. 6. The effect of the number of the bifurcation levels on the shape of the
S-curve.
FIG. 7. Cylindrical enclosure filled with the phase change material invaded
by the hot line of temperature T DT advancing along the centerline.
[This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to ] IP:
140.160.71.80 On: Fri, 21 Nov 2014 18:38:06
114902-5
kDT
1
t ln r0 d2 r20
qhsf
2
ln dd dd;
(34)
r0
(35)
where
d
d~ ;
r0
~t t
kDT
:
qhsf r20
(36)
k D TL
:
qhsf r20 V
(42)
where d~ ~
x is given by Eq. (37). Because ln d~ is a slowly
increasing function of d~ (and of x~), the following quantitative
conclusion is worth noting: d~ is approximately proportional to
x~1=2 , and this means that the volume B is approximately proportional to x~2 and t2. This behavior of accelerated (increasing
rate of growth) characterizes the invasion phase, and is qualitatively the same as in the two-dimensional scenario, Eq. (5).
This is confirmed by Fig. 9, where we plotted the dimensionless volume of melt material, BC3 =pr20 L versus ~t . This curve
was obtained by eliminating d~ between Eqs. (35) and (42).
The log-log presentation of Fig. 9 shows that in the range 1 <
~t < 100 the slope of the curve increases monotonically, from
approximately 1.54 to 1.7. In other words, BC3 =pr20 L
10 tn
where the n exponent is comparable with the 3/2 exponent in
the Ai(t) relation, Eq. (5).
The volume of melt at the end of invasion (Bi) is
Bi
1 4
C3 d~i ln d~i ;
2
4
pr0 L
(38)
C3 x~
d~ ln d;
C3 d ln d
2
4
4
16 4
pr0 L
(43)
1 ~2 ~
d lnd i :
2 i
(44)
Eliminating d~i between Eqs. (43) and (44), and noting the
slow variation of ln d~i with d~i , we conclude that
2
Bi p d~ r2 L, which in view of Eq. (44) indicates the approx2
i 0
imate scaling
(40)
Bi
p k D TL2
:
ln d~i qhsf V
(45)
(41)
FIG. 8. The advance of the melt layer along the centerline of the threedimensional configuration.
FIG. 9. The evolution of the dimensionless melt volume during the threedimensional invasion phase in the logarithmic scale.
x
B pd2 dx;
0
[This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to ] IP:
140.160.71.80 On: Fri, 21 Nov 2014 18:38:06
114902-6
FIG. 10. The cylinder approximation of the volume of melt at the end of
invasion in the system of Fig. 7.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
[This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to ] IP:
140.160.71.80 On: Fri, 21 Nov 2014 18:38:06
114902-7
30
[This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to ] IP:
140.160.71.80 On: Fri, 21 Nov 2014 18:38:06