Sophomore D 0910 SS Reviewer

➢ Vocabulary
 Blitzkrieg: lighting warfare
 Sitzkrieg: Sitting War
➢ World War I
 A war of massive scales
 Originally called “The Great War”
 it was the first major war that changed the course of world history
 the first use of chemical warfare (chlorine bombs) and aerial combat)
 may have more than 1 cause
 Germany and Austria-Hungary are at fault due to Germany's aggression to
surrounding nations
• Germany replies saying that its aggression was a reaction to the
mobilization of surrounding forces
 Woodrow Wilson, former president of the United States, blames...
• the secretive nature of the European diplomacy
• the greed of western countries
 Lenin
• imperialistic conflict between capitalist forces in their attempt to allocate
the world market
 Social Darwinism: Western countries believed that they were destined to
compete with one another for wealth and power
 Nationalism
 The Development of Capitalism
• this pushed England to embark on imperialistic ideas
 the Arms race
 3 Crisis
• Bosnia Crisis
• 1908-1909
• result of the invasion of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary
in October 1908
• Serbia protected the invaded lands
• Serbia expected that after it's independence (1878) it would
occupy Bosnia-Herzegovina due to their high Serb population
• Russia offered Serbia support but was unable to due to its losses
after the Russia-Japan War
• the effect of the war was to strengthen Russia for invading purposes.
Their target was the Balkan Peninsula
• sparked serbia resentment agaisnt Austria – Hungary
• Agadir crisis
• 1911
• caused by France's deployment of troops to Fez, Morocco's capital
• Germany was against it, and sent warships in defense
• a compromise was developed after, where Germany took 2 of
France's territories in Africa as a peace offering
• The First Balkan War
• 1912-1913
• attack of the Balkan League: Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Bulgaria.
 Their target was the Ottoman Empire
• after the initial war, the Balkan League broke up in dispute over the
newly acquired territories
•
 Other
• caused by a crisis where the involved nations were overwhelmed
 Ultimately due to the tension between powerful nations
 The Alliance System
 powerful nations joined together based on the nature of their interests
 when one country in an alliance was caught in war, the other members are
considered involved in the conflict
 2 Alliances existed in the First World War
• Triple Alliance:
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• a.k.a. Central Powers
• founded in 1882
• initial objective of the alliance was to secure the territories it gained
after defeating France in a previous war
• Triple Entente
• France, Great Britain, Russia
• a.k.a. Allies
• founded in 1907
• used nationalism as a tool for progress
• Britain claimed that it was still independent
 Outbreak of the First World War
 The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
• the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary
• assassinated by a Serb allegedly trained by the Black Hand, a terrorist
group in Serbia
• Austria issued a final warning to Serbia.
• Serbia ignored due to its confidence in the assistance Russia
promised her
• Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia on July 28 1914
• Russia came to Serbia's assistance, so Germany, Austria's ally,
declared war on Russia
• Germany invaded France by crossing Belgium, and Great Britain
declared war against Germany on August 4 due to Germany's
violation of Belgium's neutrality
• Schlieffen Plan
• Germany would cross Belgium and conquer France to the
west, and hold of Russia to the East. Once France was
defeated, Germany would launch an all-out attack against
Russia.
• Collapsed due to France being able to hold out and Russia
moving faster against German
• Russia broke into Germany, but was defeated in the Battle of
Tannenberg (August 30) and the Battle of Masurian Lakes
(Sept 15).
• Trench Warfare
• World War I was primarily fought this way
 • Both forces would dig trenches parallel to each other.
• No Man's Land: an area between the trenches where charges were
made
• 1.5 million died in the first 4 months of trench warfare
 The United States
 initially declared neutrality
 a german submarine sunk the Lusitania, a British ship (May 1915)
• 1200 people died, including 100 Americans
• American resentment to Germany increased, but no action was made
 America loaned 1.5 billion dollars to the Allies
• the US feared that the money would not be recovered if the Allies lost
• America joined the war in 1917, on the side of the Allies, after a secret
letter sent by Germany to Mexico was discovered
• It stated that if Mexico joined the Alliance, it would give it Texas and
the other U.S. States
• Germany and the Central Powers were eventually defeated.
 Treaties in WWI
 Paris Peace Conference
• held in Paris, January 18, 1919.
• The conference aimed to foster an agreement with Germany and to
establish the borders of Middle Eastern Europe
• 32 countries attended: three major countries being the U.S., France, and
Great Britain.
• Pres. Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
• stated that his goal was ensuring peace and making the world safe
for democracy
• Georges Clemenceau (France)
• had a strong desire to eliminate Germany's threat to France
• David Lloyd George (Great Britain)
• expressed his desire to exact punishment on Germany
 Treaty of Versailles
• six months after the Paris Peace Conference (June 19, 1919)
• officially ended the First World War
• Central Powers shouldered all responsibilities
• signed by German representatives in the Hall of Mirrors, in the Palace of
Versailles
• Many Controversies
• Germany's government changed after the war
• Difficult for Germany to keep the provisions of the treaty
 Effects of the First World War
 Bad
• 10 million soldiers were killed, 21 million wounded
• shortage of supplies in Europe
• famine occurred
• shortage of clothing, medicine, gasoline, and other basic needs
• many died due to the influenza epidemic that affected nations who
joined the war
• European infrastructure decreased
• PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
  Good
• while the men were at war, the women worked in farms and factories.
• Worked as drivers, clerks, laboratory technicians
• contributions of women to society increased
• Women's rights were improved
• European women above 30 were allowed to vote, and eventually
lowered to 21. American women eventually followed suit
• Germany's defeat and the failure to settle the issues between Western
forces served as the basis of Nazism and the start of the Second World
War
 Gad
• Downfall of the 4 major dynasties in Europe
• Habsburg, Romanov, Ottoman, Hohenzollern
• signaled the end of monarchy in Europ
• Paved way for the Bolshiek Revolution in Russia
 League Of Nations
 proof that the perseverance of several nations to attain world peace
 42 participants, founded in Jan 10, 1920
 aimed to...
• reduce the weapon arsenal of several countries to prevent war
• settle conflicts by means of negotiation and diplomacy
• implement projects that would benefit society and humanity
 the US was not a participant
• pursued isolation after WWI
 Bolshevik Revolution
 a result of WWI, but was ongoing as WWI raged on
 held in Russia, where poverty and death were now rampant
 comprised of two revolutions which both happened in 1917
• Liberal Revolution
• March 11, 1917
• workers marched into the streets of Petrograd
• military troops were sent to prevent the rebels, but ended up joining
the revolution
• establishment of a socialist state in Russia
• Czar Nicholas II vacated his throne on March 14
• his throne was offered to Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, his
brother. He declined
• a provisional government was put into power, but was no very
popular and received minimal support
• The True Bolshevik Revolution
• caused by Russia's reluctance in joining WWI
• the Bolshevik (meaning majority) was on of two parts of the Marxist
movement
• the other part was the Menshevik
• the split was due to a misunderstanding on the direction that the
Marxists would take
• the Bolshevik believed in democratic centralism
• the Bolshevik gained power on November 7, 1917, after defeating the
provisional government in a coup d' etat
 • This revolution put Vladimir Ilycih Ulyanov (a.k.a. Lenin) in power,
as he initiated the revolution
 The Lenin Regime
• the initial action of the new regime was to pull out of WWI by signing the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918
• Russia gave Germany the following: Ukraine, Poland, Finland, Latvia,
Lithuania, and Estonia.
• Lenin made this move due to the fact that Russia's army was weak,
and that his revolution might serve as an inspiration for a similar
revolution in Germany.
• He also believed that by doing so, he would have the necessary
opportunity to consolidate his authority in Russia.
• The Cheka
• a police force whose duty was to persecute enemies of the state
• also known as “The Red Terror”
• eventually led to civil war in March, 1918
• Lenin declared a policy of command economy, where all
economic activity was placed under the government's control
• eventually, he then implemented the New Economic Policy
(NEP) in 1921, which had an element of capitalism
• the Constitution for the new Union of Soviet Socialists Republic
(USSR) was written
• recognized the Bolshevik as the only legal party
• the Bolshevik was later renamed as the Communist Party
• Lenin died in 1922, leaving the foundations for his successor, Joseph
Stalin
➢ World War II
 1939 – 1945
 Things you should know
 Domino Theory – a communist takeover would lead to another
 Satellite – a supporting country
 Iron Curtain – restricted the actions of it's citizens within it's territorial
bounderies
 Paranoia – a suspicion on another nation and its activities

 Causes f the war
 Disintegration of Europe
 Rise of Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin
 The Existence of different ideologies
 Several arguments regarding the causes of WWII:
• Hitler's fault for being an idiot
• failure of diplomacy
• shortcoming's of European politicians
• the penalties of Germany weren't harsh enough, leading to another attack
• on the other hand; Germany suffered too much, and was out for revenge
 The Treaty of Versailles was also blamed
• United State's refusal to sign the treaty of Versailles
• some historians say that no one was pleased with the treaty
• the US suffered in the Great Depression
 Popularly viewed as the continuation of World War I
 due to unresolved issues among European countries
 grudges between America and Germany
 Three Terrors of the War
 Adolph Hitler (GERMANY)
• Born on April 20, 1889
• Interested in arts as a teenager; lived in Vienna and Linz before the first
world war
• Rejected into the Army, but was accepted as a volunteer in the Sixteenth
Bavarian Infantry Regiment; awarded for bravery twice (Iron Cross)
during the war
• Became the Fuhrer (leader) of the National Socialist German Worker's
Party (Nazi) during the 1920s, and eventually ruled Germany in 1933
• Ordered the slaughtering of 6 million Jews out of racism. This became
known as the Holocaust
• committed suicide in Berlin, April 30, 1945
 Benito Musollini (ITALY)
• A politician and newspaper editor by profession, he formed the Fascist
Party in Italy on 1919.
• Failed to gain widespread support but as economic conditions worsened,
his popularity increased
• Opposed to the Socialist and Communist ideologies.
• King Victor Immanuel III gave power to Mussolini as the growing unrest of
the people wanted action and change.
• Wanted an overseas empire in Africa against the British and the French.
• Captured by Italian resistance fighters during a German retreat and was
shot on April 29, 1945.
 Joseph Stalin (RUSSIA)
• Born in the southern region of Russia, Georgia.
• Had his name changed: Dzhugashivili to Stalin during the Bolshevik
Revolution
• Succeeded Lenin as the sole leader of the Communist Party of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)
• Controlled the economy through his industrial and agricultural revolutions.
• Enforced police terror, propaganda, censorship and religious persecution
in the Soviet society.
• Responsible for killing 8-13 million people during his tenure as a ruler.
• Died in his sleep on March 5, 1953.
 Japan
 militarism intensified in the 1930s
• due to overpopulation
• Great Depression
• lacking natural resources
 main objective was to acquire new territories to accommodate it's growing
country
 called it's ideal society “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
 Started with the attack of Manchuria, Nanking
• the situation was so bad in Nanking, that it was comparable to Hitler's
Holocaust, earning itself the name “The Rape of Nanking”
  2 Alliances were involved in this war
 Allies
• U.S, France, Great Britain, and Russia
• Great Britain was under the leadership of the great, Winston Churchill
 Axis
• Japan, Germany, Italy
• mitiaristic goals,
• all wanted “lebensraum”, or living space
 Events During The War
 refer to your book, “World Civilization – History and Culture”, page 306
 Treaties
 Yalta Conference
• the Allied convention in Yalta
• the three leaders of the Allied forces gathered to decide the fate of
Germany after the war.
• Disarmament: confiscation of arms
• Demilitarization: prohibition of military operations
• Dismemberment: partitioning of Germany
• 20 billion dollar fee for reparations
• half would be given to Russia
• Japan was also affected
• territories it acquired in the Russia-Japan war were given back to
Russia.
 United Nations
• planned in the Yalta conference, established on October 24, 1945
• 50 countries, 5 head countries (who had the veto power, or the power to
object to the implementations of policies)
• US
• USSR (replaced by Russia in 1991)
• Great Britain
• France
• China
• promoted democracy, and overall peace
• successful in preventing another world war
➢ Ideologies
 the doctrine, belief, or principles that an individual, class, society, or country has
embraced
 7 Ideologies
 Conservatism
• a political philosophy based on tradition
• preservation of the status quo
• examples: Rome, England, France, anything else with a king
 Liberalism
• belief in progress, the essential goodness of the human race, the
autonomy of the individual and standing for the protection of civil rights
• Utilitarianism: greatest good for the greatest number
• Laissez Faire: free from any control
 Capitalism
• An economic system based on private ownership of the means of
 production, distribution and the exchange (capital), in which the owners of
the capital manage their property for profit
• Designs and formulates new and better products and services for the
consumers
• Private ownership
 Socialism
• An economic and political theory proposing state control over the means
of production, distribution and exchange.
• Equality of wealth and absence of competitive economic activity
• Abolition of private property and transfer of control to the working class
 Communism
• The advocacy of classless society in which private ownership has been
abolished and the means of production and distribution belong to the sate
• The means of production are collectively owned and operated by the
workers
• Advocates armed struggles in order to dismantle the existing capitalist
system
 Fascism
• a political thought based on the belief that the interest of the state comes
first before the welfare of its citizens
• Authoritarian in nature, it encourages militarism and extreme nationalism
• Racist ideas are commonly connected with this ideology
➢ The Cold War
 the Soviet union takes East Germany after WWII, adopting communism in its
political economic system
 The Allies supported democracy in West Germany
 The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961to divide Germany
 the state of military tension, diplomatic and political hostility between two
countries/power blocs, especially that between the U.S. And the U.S.S.R. And
their allies after WWII
 the clash between two contending ideologies headed by the U.S. And the
U.S.S.R.
 Terms
 Domino Theory: a communist takeover will lead to another
 Satellite: a supporting country
 Iron Country: restricted the actions of the citizens within it's territorial
boundaries
 Paranoia: unreasonable fear of another nation and its actions
 Glastnost: Soviet policy allowing more freedom of press and speech
(transparency) and concern for the individual (openness)
 Perestroika: the Soviet plicy of economic reform
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949
• created by the U.S., Canada, and several Western European nations to
provide collective security against the Soviet Uniion
• the first peacetime military alliance the U.S. Joined outside the Western
Hemisphere
 Warsaw Treaty Organization 1955
• a political and military alliance established on May 14, 1955 between the
Soviet Union and several Eastern European nations.
• Countered NATO
 Forms of Cold War
 Proxy Wars
• Arms
• Finances
• Support
 Space Exploration
• Space Research
• Exploration
 Arms Race
• Production
• Proliferation
• Stockpiling
 Propaganda Warfare
• Media
• Promotion of Ideaology
 Espionage