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Polymers

Nomenclature

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Count the number of monomers and add the Greek Prefix

1 Meth
2 Eth
3 Prop
4 But
5 Pent
6 Hex
7 Hept
8 Oct
9 Non
10 Dec
11 Undec
more - poly

Lewis Structure

CH3

CH2CH3

CH3CHCHCH2CH3

CH3CH2CCH2CH2CH2CH3
I

CH3 CH3
CH3CH2C

CCH2CH3

Br Br

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Even More examples

Functional Group Subsets

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Examples of Monomer Molecules

H

C=C
H

F
C=C

Ethylene

Tetrafluoroethylene

Cl
C=C

Vinyl Chloride

CH3
C=C

H
Propylene

Carbon-Carbon double bonds, side groups give properties

Vinyl and Vinylidene Polymers

2 carbons so Eth,
double bond so ethylene

Figure 10.6+10.7

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Addition Polymerization - Steps

Addition Polymerization

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Condensation Polymerization

Requires 2 functional groups

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Examples of Monomer Molecules

O
R-C-OH
Carboxylic Acid group

Amine Group R-NH2

Alcohol Group R-OH

Notes about nomenclature

Glycol = molecule with more than one alcohol group (-OH)
Amine = molecule has an amino group (-NH2)
Diamine (or diamino) contains two amino groups
Acid means the molecule contains a carboxylic acid group (-COOH)

Adipic Acid
Ethylene Glycol
1,6-Diaminohexane
Terephthalic Acid

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Homopolymer and Copolymers

AAAAAAAAAAAAA

ABABABABABABABABABA
AAAABBBBAAAABBBBAAAABBBB
AAABBAABBBABBBBBBBBAABAABAAABBA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
B
B
B

Structure of Noncrystalline Linear Polymers

Figure 10.4

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Degree of Polymerization
Degree of Polymerization =

Molecular mass of polymer(g/mol)

Mass of a mer (g/mer)

Average Molecular Weight

Mm

fi M i
fi

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Ex. You are reverse engineering a competitors new high strength Ethylene-Acrylic
Ester copolymer sprocket for a performance gear shifter. Through experiments you
determine the molecular weight of the polymer to be 13,700 g/mol and the degree of
polymerization to be 243. What is the mol fraction of ethylene and acrylic ester?
R=C4H9

Network Polymerization

10

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Structure of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastics

Figure 10.17

Figure 10.16

Solidification of Thermoplastics.

Figure 10.14

11

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Stereoisomerism in Thermoplastics

Figure 10.19

Industrial Polymerization

Figure 10.12

12

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Injection Molding

Figure 10.21
After J. Brown, Injection Molding of Plastic Components, McGraw-Hill, 1979, p.28.

Cavity of a Hot-Runner Mold

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After H. S. Kauffman and J. J. Falcetta(eds.), Introductin to Polymer Science and Technology Wiley, 1977, p.462.

Compression Molds and Thermosetting

Figure 10.25

After B. B. Seymour, Plastics Technology, in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 15, Wiley, 1968, p.802.

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Transfer Molding

Figure10.26
Courtesy of Plastics Engineering Co., Sheboygan, Wisc.

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General Purpose Thermoplastics

Table 10.2
Materials Engineering, May 1972

Polyethylene

Table 10.3

16

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Effect of Plasticizers on Tensile Strength

Figure 10.30

17

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3rd most used polymer

3rd Most Used polymer

H H
C

H CH3 n

4th most used thermoplastic

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ABS

ABS = Acrylonitrile + Butadiene + Styrene

Heat &
Chemical
resistance

Impact strength

rigidity,
Gloss
processing

Even More Thermoplastics

Table 10.5

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Thermosetting Plastics

High thermal and dimensional stability, rigidity, resistance to creep, light

weight.
Table 7.7

Source: Materials Engineering, May 1972.

Elastomers (Rubbers)

H
C
H

CH3
C

H
C

H
C
H

Crosslinked

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Natural Rubber - Properties

Figure 10.43

After M. Eisenstadt, Introduction to Mechanical properties of Materials, Macmillan, 1971, p.89.

Deformation of Thermoplastics

Elastic deformation

Elastic or plastic deformation

Plastic deformation

Figure 10.46
Figure 10.45
After T. Alfrey, mechanical Behavior of Polymers, Wiley-Interscience, 1967.
After M. Eisenstadt, Introduction to Mechanical properties of Materials, Macmillan, 1971,p.264.

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Effects of Temperature on Strength

Figure 10.50

After H. E Barker and A. E.Javitz, Plastic Modeling Materials for structural and Mechanical Applications, Electr. Amnuf., May 1960.

How can we strengthen a thermoplastic polymer?

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Input

Output

Thermoplastics
Polyphenylene Sulfide, (PPS).
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene, (ABS).
Polyphthalamide, (PTA).
Cellulosic.
Polypropylene, (PP).
Ethylene vinyl alcohol, (E/VAL).
Polystyrene, (PS).
Fluoroplastics, (PTFE), (FEP, PFA, CTFE, ECTFE, ETFE).
Polysulfone, (PSU).
Ionomer.
Polyurethane, (PU).
Liquid Crystal Polymer, (LCP).
Polyvinylchloride, (PVC).
Polyacetal, (Acetal).
Polyvinylidene Chloride, (PVDC).
Polyacrylates, (Acrylic).
Thermoplastic elastomers, (TPE).
Polyacrylonitrile, (PAN), (Acrylonitrile).
Polyamide, (PA), (Nylon).
Polyamide-imide, (PAI).
Polyaryletherketone, (PAEK), (Ketone).
Polybutadiene, (PBD).
Polybutylene, (PB).
Polycarbonate, (PC).
Thermosets
Polyektone, (PK).
Polyester.
Allyl Resin, (Allyl).
Polyetheretherketone, (PEEK).
Epoxy.
Polyetherimide, (PEI).
Melamine formaldehyde, (MF).
Polyethersulfone, (PES).
Phenol-formaldehyde Plastic, (PF), (Phenolic).
Polyethylene, (PE).
Polyester.
Polyethylenechlorinates, (PEC).
Polyimide, (PI).
Polyimide, (PI).
Polyurethane, (PU).
Polymethylpentene, (PMP).
Silicone, (SI).
Polyphenylene Oxide, (PPO).

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