Objectives To be able to create menus to enhance applications GUI To be able to use menus to trigger Event Procedures Notes If you have been working with the Windows TM operating system, you already have been exposed to menus. When you open a file in Microsoft Word TM, insert a PowerPointTM slide, or exit a Windows application, you use menus to select the functionality you need. What you may not know is that the menu selections File and Exit are independent controls that VB can create for you using the menu editor. Menus are groups of related commands. The concept that a menu selection is really a control is because menus support properties and events, just like any other controls we have been using. Menus support only one event, the click event (occurs when a menu item is selected). Before we get into the menu editor, in which you can set properties of a menu control, let us look at the complete list of menu control properties. Properties Caption Name Checked Visible Enabled Index Shortcut HelpContextID NegotiatePosition WindowList
Description The visible text you see on the menu item The name used in code to refer to the menu control Determines whether a small check mark is displayed to the left of the menu control Determines whether a menu control can be seen If False, the text is grayed out and cannot be selected If you create a menu control array rather than name individual menu items uniquely, this property specifies the menu items subscript within the control array. A key sequence that will invoke the menu Determines which topic in the help file will be displayed Works in conjunction with OLE embedment to determine which menu controls are displayed Determines whether a menu control maintains a list of the current MDI child windows
Our task is to create the menu structure using the Menu Editor and to set the properties for each menu. Then we add code to each Click event to perform whatever function you choose in response to a user selection of the menu items. IN FOCUS: MENU EDITOR The following is the Menu Editor window:
As you can see, the editor has two general sections. In the top half, you set the properties we enumerated on the previous page. In the bottom half you create the hierarchical structure of the menu (the hierarchy determines how the menu items are organized and displayed on the Form). Remember that menus are only associated with a Form. No other control has a menu. VB provides the built-in ability to manage the display of all of the menu items. You only have to create the structure and let VB handle it from that point on. Now, let's talk about each of the properties and see if there's some guidance on what to use for the properties. Caption
Name
Checked
Simply use the shortest name you can. Users hate
long captions because they take up to much space on the screen and reading them slows down using the menu. Also, try to use a caption that does not have the same first letter as any other menu caption. This will allow you to use the first letter of the control caption as the shortcut - it makes it much easier for the user to remember! While it can be anything, remember that the menu event will bear this name. For easy identification, the name should be prefixed with mnu e.g. mnuFile, mnuEdit. Menu items are either checked or not. You can check it from within the menu editor or by using code. Generally, youll add checkmarks to menu options that perform on or of actions, such as to display or not to display a Form. For example, this code will cause a menu item to be displayed with a small checkmark to its left: mnuFileOpen.checked = True
Visible
If you want to prevent a user from having access to
a menu item, simply set the visible property to FALSE. This will keep the user from even knowing that the menu item exists. mnuFileOpen.visible = False
Enabled
To allow the user to see the menu, but not to select
it, set the enabled property to False: MnuFileOpen.enabled = False
Shortcut
Most users want to be able to invoke a menu item
from the keyboard. This is the property that defines the shortcut keystrokes. When a shortcut is defined, you can invoke the menu item from the keyboard, no matter how deep in the menu structure the item is that you are calling.
Lesson in Action Lets create a menu structure as shown in the following Forms.
As shown in the previous page, The File menu has 3 menu items: Open, Close, and Exit. When we dig in the Open submenu, we can find the items labeled Form and Project. Under the Edit menu, we have items Copy, Paste, Search, and Replace. Follow through the following steps: 1. On the menu bar, click Tools. 2. Click Menu Editor. 3. Let's create the File menu. Enter the following property settings:
Caption &File
Name mnuFile
Leave the rest of the properties as they are: Enabled and Visible 4. Click Next. 5. Since Open is a menu item under File, click the right arrow () button. This also causes all the succeeding new menu items to fall under the Open menu. 6. For the Open menu item:
Caption &Open
Name mnuOpen 7. Click Next. 8. Click the right arrow () button to create a submenu. 9. For the Form submenu:
Caption &Form
Name mnuForm
Shortcut Ctrl+F 10. Click Next. 11. For the Project submenu:
Caption &Project
Name mnuProject
Shortcut Ctrl+P 12. Click Next. 13. Click the left arrow () button. 14. For the Close submenu:
Caption &Close
Name mnuClose
Enabled Disable by unchecking the checkbox 15. Click Next. 16. For the Exit submenu:
Caption &Exit
Name mnuExit 17. Click Next. 18. Click the left arrow () button. 19. Create the Edit menu.
Caption &Edit
Name mnuEdit 20. Click Next. 21. Click the right arrow () button to add items for the Edit menu. 22. For the Copy menu item:
Caption &Copy
Name mnuCopy
Shortcut Ctrl+C 23. ClickNext. 24. For the Paste menu item:
Caption &Paste
Name mnuPaste
Shortcut Ctrl+V 25. Click Next. 26. Let's insert a divider.
Caption - (one dash)
Name Any name. We won't be referring to this anyway. 27. Click Next. 28. For the Search menu item:
Caption &Search
Name mnuSearch
Shortcut F3 29. Click Next. 30. For the Replace menu item:
Caption &Replace
Name mnuReplace
Shortcut F4 31. Click Next. 32. For the Case Sensitive menu item:
Caption Case Sensitive
Name mnuCase
Checked check the checkbox 33. Click Ok. You can always edit an existing menu structure.
Delete an item: just select the menu item and press the Delete button.
Edit the properties of a menu item: select the item to be edited and edit the properties.
Modify the order of items listed in the menu editor: select the item and press either the up () or down () button. You can still use the left () or right () buttons to move items from one level to another.
To insert a menu item: Select the position in the menu hierarchy where you will insert the item and press the Insert button.
On your Own Create a new project with the following menu bar items: Lessons, and Options. structure is as follows: A. Lessons 1. Mathematics a. Addition b. Subtraction 2. Science a. Animals b. Plants B. Options 1. Audio On (Checked item) 2. Input Device (Checked item) a. Keyboard b. Mouse
The menu
Note: Only one Input Device should be checked at a time. If the user selects Keyboard, then Mouse should be unchecked.
