ABSTRACT

The objective of this experiment was to study the function of unit operation
condenser, valve and separator. Also, the objective of the experiment is to separate
the ammonia and water. The result shows . In the vapour stream of the separator,
there are 5.64 kmol/hr of ammonia and 1.29 kmol/hr of water with 0.81386 mole %
of ammonia and 0.18614 mole % of water present. In the liquid stream, there were
22.99 kmol/hr of ammonia and 109.98 kmol/hr of water with 0.17293 mole% of
ammonia and 0.82707 mole % of water present. The vapour fraction for liquid
stream is 0.00 and vapour stream is 1.00. The separation of ammonia and water
was successfully conducted.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to understand the usage of condenser, valve and
separation process.

METHODOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Icon software was opened.

A new project was created to start the process design.
The fluid package Peng-Robinson was selected.
Components were added to the component list that is methanol and water.
Cooler icon from the tool box was selected at the right side of the interface

to remove the heat at 1700kW at 4536 kgmol/hr.

6. Stream 1, stream 2 and heat source was connected to the cooler.
7. The properties of water and methanol was filled to the streams as follow:

Temperature (oC)
Pressure (kPa)
Composition (methanol)
Composition(water )

143.6
1724
0.8 wt%
0.2 wt%

8. Horizontal icon was selected from the tool box and connected to the stream
2. Stream 3 was inserted and connected to the condensed exit of the
separator.
9. Valve was selected to reduce the pressure to 1034 kPa and connected to the
stream 3. Stream 4 was inserted and connected to the exit stream of the
valve.
10.Vertical icon was selected to separate the product and connected to stream
4. Stream 5 and stream 6 were selected and connected to the vertical
separator.
11.The results were collected.

PROCES FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

Figure 1 : Process flow diagram of the process design.

Stream
Pressure,

1
1724.00

2
1724.00

3
1724.00

4
1034.00

5
1034.00

6
1034.00

kPa
Temperature

143.6

137.5

137.5

123.3

123.3

123.3

,C
Flow rate,

4536

4536

139.90

139.90

132.97

6.92

kgmol/h
Mass

0.80884

0.80884

0.20466

0.20466

0.17293

0.81386

0.19116

0.19116

0.79534

0.79534

0.82707

0.18614

fraction

of

ammonia
Mole
fraction

of

water
RESULT

Streams Summary

Name

S1

S2

S3

S4

E-2.Out

V-2.Liq0

Vlv-1.Out

V-2.In

Vlv-1.In

V-1.In

Description
Upstream Op
Downstream Op

E-2.In

VapFrac
T [C]
P [kPa]
MoleFlow/Composition

1.00

0.96916

0.00

0.0495

143.6

137.5

137.5

123.3

1724.00

1724.00

1724.00

1034.00

Fraction

kmol/h

Fraction

kmol/h

Fraction

kmol/h

Fraction

kmol/h

AMMONIA

0.80884

3668.91

0.80884

3668.91

0.20466

28.63

0.20466

28.63

WATER

0.19116

867.09

0.19116

867.09

0.79534

111.27

0.79534

111.27

1.00

4536.00

1.00

4536.00

1.00

139.90

1.00

139.90

Total
Mass Flow [kg/h]
Name
Volume Flow [m3/h]
Description
Std Liq Volume Flow [m3/h]

78104.46

78104.46

2492.07

2492.07

8439.308S5

8040.314S6

2.976

23.678

117.134

117.134

2.799

2.799

Upstream
Op
Std Gas Volume
Flow [Sm3/d]

V-1.Liq0
2.579E+6

V-1.Vap
2.579E+6

7.954E+4

7.954E+4

Downstream
Energy [W] Op

1.725E+7

1.555E+7

-8.830E+5

-8.830E+5

VapFrac
H [kJ/kmol]

0.00
13691.4

1.00
12342.2

-22721.9

-22721.9

T S[C]
[kJ/kmol-K]

123.3
182.451

123.3
179.186

102.189

102.411

1034.00
17.22

1034.00
17.22

17.81

17.81

837.5044

105.2461

P MW
[kPa]
MoleFlow/Composition
Mass Density [kg/m3]

Fraction
9.2548 kmol/h

Fraction
9.7141 kmol/h

AMMONIA
Cp [kJ/kmol-K]

0.17293
41.584

22.99

0.81386
43.115

5.64

90.119

85.369

WATER
Thermal Conductivity [W/m-K]

0.82707
0.0399

109.98

0.18614
0.0552

1.29

0.5313

0.5351

Total
Viscosity [Pa-s]

1.00
1.4343E-5

132.97

1.00
1.5511E-5

6.92

1.3760E-4

1.5058E-4

Mass
[kg/h][m3/kmol]
MolarFlow
Volume

2372.86
1.861

119.20
1.773

0.021

0.169

Volume
Flow [m3/h]
Z Factor

2.741
0.9298

20.937
0.8991

0.0128

0.0544

Std
Liq Volume
Flow [m3/h]
Surface
Tension

2.619

0.179

Std
Gas of
Volume
Speed
SoundFlow [Sm3/d]

7.5603E+4

3.9372E+3

Energy [W]

-9.083E+5

2.537E+4

H [kJ/kmol]

-24592.0

13187.7

98.101

185.155

17.84

17.21

865.5690

5.6934

Cp [kJ/kmol-K]

87.737

39.891

Thermal Conductivity [W/m-K]

0.5602

0.0365

1.6526E-4

1.3586E-5

0.021

3.023

0.0077

0.9510

S [kJ/kmol-K]
MW
Mass Density [kg/m3]

Viscosity [Pa-s]
Molar Volume [m3/kmol]
Z Factor
Surface Tension
Speed of Sound

THEORY

The composition of each species in separation process can be calculated

when the data of temperature and pressure of each streams is present. From the
First Law of Thermodynamic, it said that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed but the energy can be change into another form. Based on this
statement, the equation below is defined:

E Eout =

E
t

E Eout =0

E =Eout

hout +gz out +

v out 2
2

v
]= Qout +W out
2

Q +W

m[ h +gz +

In this system, the heat transfer into the condenser, potential energy and kinetic
energy and the work supply or work produced is neglected. Therefore the energy
balance is performed as below:

Q = hm hout mout

The energy balance is used to determine the outlet temperature of the condenser
and the valve. The temperature of the outlet is then used to find the saturated
pressure and the composition of the species in the system. Using the Antoine
formula to find the saturated pressure:

log 10 P sat
i ( mmHg ) =A

B
T ( C ) +C

Raoults law states that the vapor pressure of an ideal solution is independent on
the vapor pressure of each chemical component and the mole fraction of the
component present in the solution. By using this law, the composition of each
species in the system can be determined.

Composition For liquid phase:

PT = P1satx1 + P2satx2
PT=P1satx1 + P2sat (1-x1)

Composition for vapor phase:

1/PT = y1/P1satx1 + y2/P2x2

1/PT=y1/P1satx1 + (1-x1)/P2

INTRODUCTION
Separation process or separation technique is a method use to achieve any mass
transfer phenomena that convert a mixture of substance into two distinct mixture

products or a fraction. To carry out a separation process, the mixture must have
different in chemical or physical properties such as size, shape, mass density or
chemical affinity, between the constituent of a mixture. Example of common
separation process is evaporation, crystallization and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE).
In this design, the condenser is used. Generally condenser is used to condense fluid
from its gaseous state to liquid by cooling it. Condenser are typically heat
exchanger which have various design and size from small range to large range that
commonly used in plant process. It is commonly used in air conditioning, industrial
chemical processes such as distillation column, steam power plants and other heat
exchange systems.
DISCUSSION
1. What is the temperature of the outlet streams of the condenser?
The temperature of the outlet streams is 137.5 C. Initially the temperature of
the inlet streams is 143.6C. The data shown a correct value since the heat
lost to the surrounding by 1700kW.
2. What are the mole fraction for ammonia and water in vapour and liquid
stream of the separator?
Mole fraction for vapour stream (stream 6)
Ammonia
Water

0.17293
0.82707

Ammonia
Water

0.81386
0.18614

Mole fraction of liquid stream (stream 5)

Initially, the solutions have 0.8wt% of

methanol and 0.2wt% of water flow into the stream. The separator was added
to separate the ammonia from the water to increase the purity at the liquid
stream. According to the data shown, at the liquid outlet stream of the
separator, shows that ammonia have 0.81386 mole fraction compare to
water only 0.18614. The separation of ammonia from water was successful.
3. Determine the mass flow rate for each stream of the separator.

The mass flow rate for the vapour stream outlet of the separator is
119.20kg/hr and for liquid outlet stream is 2372.86kg/hr.

The objective of this experiment was to separate water and ammonia in

separation process and understand the function of three unit operation that
involves, that are condenser, valve and separator. For each unit operation that
involves, they have their own function so that ammonia and water can be separated
effectively. Besides, Peng-Robinson fluid package was used in this design. A mixture
that contain 80 wt% of ammonia and 20 wt% of water with temperature of 143.2 C
and 1724 kPa enter a cooler at 4536 kgmole/hr. Heat was release from the cooler at
1700 kW. The temperature of the outlet of the cooler was 137.5 C. Leaving the
cooler, stream 2, then was connected to the separator. The outlet stream of the
separator has temperature of 137.5 C and the vapour fraction is 0.00. The
condenser is the combination of the cooler and separator. The cooler was used to
decrease the temperature and release heat while separator was used to make use
the vapour fraction was zero indicates that the component is in liquid phase.
The stream that leaving the condenser was then connected to the valve. The
function of the valve was to decrease the pressure before the components enter the
separator. The pressure was decrease to 1034 kPa. When the pressure decreases,
the temperature also decrease to 123.3 C as the temperature is directly
proportional to the pressure. The liquid mixture leaving the valve is then enter the
separator. In the separator, vapour and liquid is separated from the mixture based
on their saturated pressure and temperature.
The streams leaving the separator consist of vapour stream and liquid
stream. In the vapour stream, there are 5.64 kmol/hr of ammonia and 1.29 kmol/hr
of water with 0.81386 mole % of ammonia and 0.18614 mole % of water present. In
the liquid stream, there were 22.99 kmol/hr of ammonia and 109.98 kmol/hr of
water with 0.17293 mole% of ammonia and 0.82707 mole % of water present. The
vapour fraction for liquid stream is 0.00 and vapour stream is 1.00. The separation
of ammonia and water was successfully conducted.
The separation of ammonia and water will not be successful if the condenser
use is cooler only. The function of cooler and separator was discussed above. In

order to get vapour fraction of 1 before entering the last separator, the cooler and
separator must be used to completely remove the vapour fraction.

CONCLUSION
In this process, the separation of ammonia and water was successfully conducted
and the function of condenser, valve and separator was studied. The objective of
this experiment is achieved.