KVL and KCL examples

Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis

Ohms alw
A voltage of 20V is applied across AB shown in
the Figure 1(b).Calculate the total current, the
current in each resistor and power dissipated in
each resistor and the value of the series
resistance to have the total current.( All resistors
are measured in ohms.)

Definitions
Electric circuit: A combination of various electric
elements connected in any manner is called an
electric circuit.
Passive network: is one which contains no source
of emf. In it.
Active network: is one which contains one of
more source of emf. In it.
Node: is a junction in a circuit where two or more
circuit elements are connected together
Branch: is a part of a network which lies between
two junctions.

Definitions
Loop : It is close path in a circuit in which no
elements or node is encountered more than
once.
Mesh: It is loop that contains no other loop
within it.

Network Analysis
Direct methods : Determining different voltages
and currents in the original circuit.
KCL and KVL
Nodal Analysis
Superposition theorem
Network Reduction Method : the original circuit
converted into a much simpler circuit.
Thevenins theorem
Nortons theorem

Polarity
Sign of battery e.m.f:
Rise in voltage should be given a +ve sign and fall in voltage a ve
sign

Sign of IR drop

DETERMINATION OF LOOP CURRENTS

FOR A GIVEN CIRCUIT LET

B
NUMBER OF BRANCHES
N
NUMBER OF NODES
THE MINIMUM REQUIRED NUMBER OF
LOOP CURRENTS IS

L B ( N 1)
MESH CURRENTS ARE ALWAYS INDEPENDENT

KVL ON LEFT MESH

KVL ON RIGHT MESH

v S 2 v4 v5 v 3 0
USING OHMS LAW

v1 i1 R1 , v2 i1 R2 , v3 ( i1 i2 ) R3

AN EXAMPLE

v4 i2 R4 , v5 i2 R5
REPLACING AND REARRANGING

B7
N 6
L 7 (6 1) 2

TWO LOOP CURRENTS ARE

REQUIRED.
THE CURRENTS SHOWN ARE
MESH CURRENTS. HENCE
THEY ARE INDEPENDENT AND
FORM A MINIMAL SET

EXAMPLE: FIND Io
AN ALTERNATIVE SELECTION OF LOOP CURRENTS

SHORTCUT: POLARITIES ARE NOT NEEDED.

APPLY OHMS LAW TO EACH ELEMENT AS KVL
IS BEING WRITTEN

KVL @ I1
KVL @ I2
REARRANGE

KVL @ I1

KVL @ I2

12kI1 6kI 2 12
6kI1 9kI 2 3 * / 2 and add
12kI 2 6 I 2 0.5mA
5
12kI1 12 6kI 2 I1 mA
4

EXPRESS VARIABLE OF INTEREST AS FUNCTION

OF LOOP CURRENTS

IO I1 I 2

NOW IO I1
THIS SELECTION IS MORE EFFICIENT
REARRANGE

12kI1 6kI 2 12 * / 3
6kI1 9kI 2 9 * / 2 and substract
3
24kI1 18 I1 mA
4

Mesh Analysis: KVL

Applying KVL to the three loops. We get

V1-I1R1-(I1-I2)R4=0

or I1(R1+R4)-I2R4=V1

-I2R2(I2-I3)R5(I2-I1)R4=0

or I1R4+I2(R2+R4+R5)+I3R5=0

-I3R3V2-(I3-I2)R5=0

or I2R5-I3(R3+R5)=V2

Take any resistatnce values, write equations and solve the current

Solve this example

Answer: I1=5A
I2: -1A
Current through r2=4A

Exercise: Try
Determine the loop currents and current
supplied by each battery in the circuit shown
in Figure

Discharge current of V1=765/299A

Answer:
Discharge current of V2=I1-I2=220/299A.
I2=542/299A , I3=-1875/598A , II1= 765/299A.
Discharge current of V3= I2+I3=2965/598A
Discharge current of V4 =I2=545/299A.
Discharge current of V5= 1875/598A.

Nodal Analysis
Applying KCL at each node

THE STRATEGY FOR NODE ANALYSIS

VS

Va

Vb

Vc

1. IDENTIFY ALL NODES AND SELECT

A REFERENCE NODE
2. IDENTIFY KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES
3. AT EACH NODE WITH UNKNOWN
VOLTAGE WRITE A KCL EQUATION
(e.g.,SUM OF CURRENT LEAVING =0)

@Va : I1 I 2 I 3 0
Va Vs Va Va Vb

0
9k
6k
3k

@Vb : I 3 I 4 I 5 0

REFERENCE

4. REPLACE CURRENTS IN TERMS OF

NODE VOLTAGES

AND GET ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IN

THE NODE VOLTAGES ...

Vb Va Vb Vb Vc

0
3k
4k
9k

SHORTCUT: SKIP WRITING

THESE EQUATIONS...

@Vc : I 5 I 6 0
Vc Vb Vc

0
9k
3k

AND PRACTICE WRITING

THESE DIRECTLY

EXAMPLE
WRITE THE KCL EQUATIONS

@ NODE 1 WE VISUALIZE THE CURRENTS

LEAVING AND WRITE THE KCL EQUATION

REPEAT THE PROCESS AT NODE 2

i2

v2 v1 v2 v1

0
R4
R3

OR VISUALIZE CURRENTS GOING INTO NODE

6mA
I3

I1
I2
Node analysis
V
@ V1 : 1 2mA 6mA 0 V1 16V
2k
V V
@V : 6mA 2 2 0 V2 12V
2

6k

IN MOST CASES THERE

ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT
WAYS OF SOLVING A
PROBLEM

NODE EQS. BY INSPECTION

1
V1 0V2 2 6mA
2k
0V1 1 1 V2 6mA
6k 3k

3k

I1 8mA
3k
I2
(6mA) 2mA
3k 6k
6k
I3
(6mA) 4mA
3k 6k

CURRENTS COULD BE COMPUTED DIRECTLY

USING KCL AND CURRENT DIVIDER!!

Once node voltages are known

I1

V1
2k

I2

V2
6k

I3

V2
3k

LEARNING EXAMPLE
SUPERNODE

V1 6V
V4 4V

SOURCES CONNECTED TO THE

REFERENCE

CONSTRAINT EQUATION

V3 V2 12V

KCL @ SUPERNODE
V2 6 V2 V3 V3 ( 4)

0
2k
1k 2k
2k

V2 IS NOT NEEDED FOR I O

* / 2k

3V2 2V3 2V
V2 V3 12V * / 3 and add
5V3 38V
V
OHM' S LAW I O 3 3.8mA
2k

LEARNING EXAMPLE

V1 V1 V2
@V1 : 4mA
0
6k 12k
@V2 : 2mA

V2 V2 V1

0
6k
12k

BY INSPECTION

1
1
1

V2 4mA

1
12k
6k 12k
1
1
1

V1
V2 2mA
12k
6k 12k

USING KCL

3 nodes plus the reference. In

principle one needs 3 equations...
but two nodes are connected to
the reference through voltage
sources. Hence those node
voltages are known!!!
Only one KCL is necessary

Hint: Each voltage source

connected to the reference
node saves one node equation

V2 V2 V3 V2 V1

0
6k
12k
12k
V1 12[V ] THESE ARE THE REMAINING
V3 6[V ]

TWO NODE EQUATIONS

SOLVING THE EQUATIONS

2V2 (V2 V3 ) (V2 V1 ) 0
4V2 6[V ] V2 1.5[V ]

Nodal voltage (Current source)-Try

Use the nodal analysis to find the current in 5 ohm resistance

Node1 :
V1 V1 V 2 V1 V 3
1 V2 V3
1 1

V 1

28

2
2
10
2
10
2 2 10
Node2 :

28

V1 V 2 V 2 V 2 V 3
1 1
V1 V 3

V 2 1

0
2
5
1
2
1
2 5

Node3 :
2

V 3 V 3 V 2 V 3 V1
1 V 2 V1
1

V 3
1

2
4
1
10
10
4
1
10

Solve equation to find v1,V2 and V3 and find the current.

Nodal analysis
Dependent sources

LEARNING EXAMPLE
FIND IO

VOLTAGE SOURCE CONNECTED TO REFERENCE

V1 3V

V V V
KCL@ V2 : 2 1 2 2 I x 0
3k
6k
CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN
TERMS OF NODE VOLTAGES

Ix

V2 V1 V2
V

2 2 0 * / 6k
3k
6k
6k
V2 2V1 0 V2 6V
IO

V1 V2
1mA
3k

REPLACE

V2
6k

Try these examples

Ans:
I2=V1/R1 I3=(V1-V2) / R3

I4=V2/R2