PracticeQuestions

POD

SATSubjectTest:BiologyE/M:PracticeTest1
1.

6C O 2 + 6H 2 O?C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Thisprocessiscompleted
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

inthecytoplasm.
intheareaofthecellmembrane.
inthechloroplast.
inthemitochondria.
intheareaaroundtheribosomes.
by KaplanTestPrep

2.

Whichofthefollowingisafeatureinfetaldevelopment?
I.ductusarteriosus
II.foramenovale
III.fetalhemoglobinwithahigheraffinityforoxygenthanadulthemoglobin
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Ionly
IIonly
IIIonly
IandIIIonly
I,II,andIII
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3.

Whichofthefollowingassociationsmostcloselycorrespondstothatofectoderm:endoderm?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

heart:stomach
retina:lungs
skeletalmuscles:liver
skin:stomachmuscle
tastebuds:uterus
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4.

Amovementofmusclethatbendsajointtoamoreacuteangleistermed
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

flexion.
insertion.
tonus.
diastole.
extension.
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5.

WhichhormonetriggersyourbodytoretainNaCl,especiallyduringperiodsofexcessiveheat?

ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

aldosterone
progesterone
ACTH
epinephrine
testosterone
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6.

Ifoneparentishomozygousdominantandtheotherishomozygousrecessive,whichofthefollowingmightappearinanF2
generation,butnotinanF1 generation?
I.heterozygousgenotype
II.dominantphenotype
III.recessivephenotype
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Ionly
IIonly
IIIonly
IandIIonly
IIandIIIonly
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7.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutoxidativephosphorylationisNOTcorrect?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Itoccursintheinnermembraneofthemitochondrion.
ItinvolvesO 2 asthefinalelectronacceptor.
Itproduces2ATPsforeachF ADH2 .
Itcanoccurunderanaerobicconditions.
Itinvolvesaprotongradient.
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8.

Theclimatewiththeshortestgrowingseasonwouldbelocatedinthe
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

taiga.
tropicalrainforest.
deciduousforest.
savanna.
steppes.
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9.

Afactorthattendstokeepthegenepoolconstantis
I.nonrandommating.
II.freedomtoimmigrate/emigrate.
III.nonetmutations.
IV.largepopulations.
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

IandIIonly
IIIandIVonly
I,III,andIVonly
II,III,andIVonly
I,II,III,andIV
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10. Apersontakesalargeoverdoseofantacid.Asaresult,theactivityofwhichofthefollowingenzymeswouldbemostaffected?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Maltase
lactase
lipase
pepsin
sucrase
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11. WhichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicofthekingdomProtista?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Memberscanbephotosynthetic.
Memberscanbefreeliving.
Somemembersmoveviaflagella.
Somemembersareshapedlikerodsandtermedbacilli.
Somemembersspendpartoftheirlifecycleinsideinsects.
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12. Whichenzymedigestsdisaccharidestomonosaccharides?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

lactase
kinase
zymogen
lipase
phosphatase
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13. ThevesselwiththeLEASToxygenatedbloodisthe
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

pulmonaryvein.
aorta.
renalartery.
pulmonaryartery.
superiorvenacava.
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14. Whichofthefollowinghasachamberedheartandadorsalnotochordduringdevelopment?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

cardinal
seaurchin
snail
prayingmantis
earthworm
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15. AsinglenondisjunctionmaycauseallofthefollowingEXCEPT
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

spontaneousmiscarriageofthefetus.
47chromosomespersomaticcell.
45chromosomespersomaticcell.
congenitaldisorderssuchasDownsyndrome.
breakagenearthecentromere.
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16. Aperson'santeriorpituitaryglandisremovedbysurgery.Plasmaconcentrationsofwhichofthefollowinghormoneswouldbe

LEASTaffected?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

GH
LH
FSH
Insulin
ACTH
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17. HowmanydifferenttypesofgameteswouldbeproducedbyanorganismofgenotypeAabbCcDDifallofthegeneswereto

assortindependently?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

4
6
8
10
12
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18. Ribosomesfunctioninclusterscalled
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

histones.
nucleoli.
endoplasmicreticulum.
theGolgicomplex.
polysomes.
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19. Salmonreturntotheirspecifichomestreamtospawn.Thisisanexampleof

ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

pheromones.
areflex.
imprinting.
classicalconditioning.
circadianrhythms.
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20. Iftwoanimalsmateandproduceviable,fertileoffspringundernaturalconditions,wecanconcludethat
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

theybothhavediploidsomaticcells.
theyarebothfromthesamespecies.
foranygivengene,theybothhavethesameallele.
theirbloodtypesarecompatible.
Noneoftheabove
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21. Inanemergency,anindividualwithtypeABantigeninhisredbloodcellsmayreceiveatransfusionof

I.typeOblood
II.typeAblood
III.typeBblood
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Ionly
IIonly
IIandIIIonly
IIIonly
I,II,andIII
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22. ThegeneforcolorblindnessisXlinked.Ifnormalparentshaveacolorblindson,whatistheprobabilitythatheinheritedthe

geneforcolorblindnessfromhismother?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

0%
25%
5%
75%
100%
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23. Whichofthefollowingisacorrectassociation?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

Mitochondria:transportofmaterialsfromthenucleustothecytoplasm
Golgiapparatus:modificationandglycosylationofproteins
Endoplasmicreticulum:selectivebarrierforthecell
Ribosomes:digestiveenzymesmostactiveatacidicpH
Lysosomes:membraneboundorganellesthatconvertfatintosugars

D
E

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24. Spermatogenesisandoogenesisdifferinthat

I.meiosisproceedscontinuallywithoutpausinginspermatogenesis,whileoogenesisinvolvesameioticpause.
II.spermatogenesisonlyoccursduringpuberty.
III.spermatogenesisproducesfourhaploidspermcellsfromeachdiploidprecursorcell,whileoogenesisproducesoneeggcell
andtwoormorepolarbodies.
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Ionly
IIonly
IIIonly
IandIIIonly
I,II,andIII
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25. Whichofthefollowingfoodscontainsthegreatestamountofenergypergram?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Sugar
Starch
Fat
Proteins
Vitamins
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26. WhichstatementabouthumangameteproductionisFALSE?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Inthetestes,spermdevelopintheseminiferoustubules.
Intheovaries,eggsdevelopintheovarianfollicles.
FSHstimulatesgameteproductioninbothsexes.
Gametesariseviameiosis.
Theresultofmeiosisinfemalesistheproductionoffoureggcellsfromeachdiploidprecursorcell.
by KaplanTestPrep

27. Thehormoneprogesterone
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

stimulatesfolliclegrowth.
stimulatesFSHproduction.
issolelyresponsibleforthemaintenanceofsecondarysexcharacteristics.
isproducedbytheanteriorpituitary.
readiestheuterusforimplantation.
by KaplanTestPrep

28. Inaparticularpopulation,foratraitwithtwoalleles,thefrequencyoftherecessivealleleis0.6.Whatisthefrequencyof

individualsexpressingthedominantphenotype?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

0.16
0.36
0.48
0.64
0.6
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29. Questionbelowrefertothefollowingdiagram.

Whichstructurecontainsthefemalegametophyte?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

1
6
7
9
12
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30. Questionbelowrefertothefollowingdiagram.

Whichisthepartoftheflowerthatcatchesthepollen?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

3
4
9
5
6
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31.

Questionbelowrefertothefollowingdiagram.

Wheredopollengrainsdevelop?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

4
5
6
7
8
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32. Apollengrainfuseswiththetwopolarbodiestoform
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

theflower.
theendosperm.
thepistil.
thesepal.
thestamen.
by KaplanTestPrep

33. Questionbelowrefertothefigurebelow.

Whichstructureattachesthisorganismtothecellsurface?

ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

1
2
3
4
5
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34. Questionbelowrefertothefigurebelow.

Structure1canbemadeupof
I.DNA.
II.lipid.
III.protein.

ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Ionly
IIonly
IIIonly
IandIIIonly
I,II,andIII
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35. Questionbelowrefertothefigurebelow.

Structure2canbemadeupof
I.DNA.
II.RNA.
III.protein.

ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Ionly
IIonly
IIIonly
IandIIonly
I,II,andIII
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36. Withdrawalresponse
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

simplereflex
complexreflex
fixedactionpatterns
behavioralcycles
environmentalrhythms
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37. Retrievalandmaintenanceofeggsoftheirspeciesbyfemalebirds
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

simplereflex
complexreflex
fixedactionpatterns
behavioralcycles
environmentalrhythms
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38. Simpleresponsetosimplestimuli

ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

simplereflex
complexreflex
fixedactionpatterns
behavioralcycles
environmentalrhythms
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39. Circadianrhythms
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

simplereflex
complexreflex
fixedactionpatterns
behavioralcycles
environmentalrhythms
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40. Grasshopper'smethodofexcretion
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Simplediffusion
Nephridia
Malphigiantubules
Flamecells
Nephrons
by KaplanTestPrep

41. Human'smethodofexcretion
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Simplediffusion
Nephridia
Malphigiantubules
Flamecells
Nephrons
by KaplanTestPrep

42. Planaria'smethodofexcretion
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Simplediffusion
Nephridia
Malphigiantubules
Flamecells
Nephrons
by KaplanTestPrep

43. Earthworm'smethodofexcretion

ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Simplediffusion
Nephridia
Malphigiantubules
Flamecells
Nephrons
by KaplanTestPrep

44. Protozoa'smethodofexcretion
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Simplediffusion
Nephridia
Malphigiantubules
Flamecells
Nephrons
by KaplanTestPrep

45. Possibleproductionofseedlessfruit
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Binaryfission
Budding
Sporeformation
Vegetativepropagation
Parthenogenesis
by KaplanTestPrep

46. Reproductionofyeastcells
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Binaryfission
Budding
Sporeformation
Vegetativepropagation
Parthenogenesis
by KaplanTestPrep

47. Developmentofaneggwithoutasperm
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Binaryfission
Budding
Sporeformation
Vegetativepropagation
Parthenogenesis
by KaplanTestPrep

48. Anexampleisanundergroundstemwithbuds

ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Binaryfission
Budding
Sporeformation
Vegetativepropagation
Parthenogenesis
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49. Inthepyramidofenergy,theleastamountofstoredchemicalenergyisfoundin
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

primaryproducers.
decomposers.
primaryconsumers.
secondaryconsumers.
tertiaryconsumers.
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50. Whenabirdconsumesinsectpestsfromarhino'sback,whichofthefollowingprocessesistakingplace?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Mutualism
Parasitism
Saprophytism
Commensalism
Autotrophism
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51. Whichorganismiscorrectlymatchedtoitstrophiclevel?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Shark:primaryconsumer
Cattle:primaryconsumer
Fungi:producer
Cyanobacteria:decomposer
Butterflies:scavenger
by KaplanTestPrep

52. Astableecosystem

I.isselfsustaining.
II.cyclesmaterialsbetweenbioticandabioticcomponents.
III.requiresanenergysource.
IV.willhaveahighmutationrate.
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Ionly
IandIIonly
I,II,andIIIonly
I,II,andIVonly
I,II,III,andIV
by KaplanTestPrep

53. Whichofthefollowingbiomesarecorrectlypaired?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Tundra:treelessfrozenplain
Taiga:highertemperatures,torrentialrains
Savanna:lessthan10inchesofrainperyear
Desert:coldwinters,warmsummers,moderaterainfall
Noneoftheabove
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54. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutphotosynthesisiscorrect?

I.Oxygenisgenerated.
II.Waterisgenerated.
III.Carbondioxideisconsumed.
IV.Sugarisconsumed.
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Ionly
IandIIIonly
IIandIIIonly
I,III,andIVonly
I,II,III,andIV
by KaplanTestPrep

55. Wheredoesaplantobtainthecarbonthatcontributestoitsmass?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Thecarbonenterstherootsinsolution.
Thecarbonistakenupfromsoilparticles.
Thecarbonissynthesizedbytheplant.
Thecarbonisfixedbysymbioticbacteria.
Thecarbonenterstheleavesasagas.
by KaplanTestPrep

56. GiventhefollowingsinglestrandofDNAsequence5'GAATTG3'whatisthesequenceoftheoppositestrand?

ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

5'CAATTC3'
5'CTTAAC3'
5'CTTAAG3'
5'GAATTG3'
5'GTTAAG3'
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57. Whichofthefollowingstructuresispresentinthenucleusofacell?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Mitochondrion
Ribosome
Endoplasmicreticulum
Chromatin
Centriole
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58. Fermentationmayresultintheproductionof

I.oxygen.
II.carbondioxide.
III.lactate.
IV.ethanol.
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Ionly
IIonly
IIandIVonly
IIIandIVonly
II,III,andIVonly
by KaplanTestPrep

59. WhichofthefollowingwillNOTbepresentinamoleculeofmessengerRNA?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Thymine
Phosphate
Adenine
Ribose
Cytosine
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60. WhichofthefollowingenzymesisNOTnecessaryforthereplicationofDNA?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

DNApolymerase
DNAligase
DNAtopoisomerase
DNAprimase
DNAmethyltransferase
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61. Thecellcycleconsistsoffourmajorphases:G 1 (gap)? S(DNAsynthesis)? G 2 (gap)? M(mitosis).Theyeastmutation

cdc8blocksthecellcycletransitionfromG 2 phaseintoMphase.IftheDNAcontentofanormalhaploidyeastcellisN,what
istheDNAcontentofahaploidcdc8mutantblockedinG 2 phase?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

2N

3N

4N

8N
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62. AdrugcalledBrefeldinAblockstransportfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtotheGolgiapparatus.Ifacellthattypicallysecretes

enzymeXistreatedwithBrefeldinA,whateffectwillbeobservedonthesecretionofenzymeX?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A
B

C
D

Therewillbenoeffectonsecretion.
SecretionofenzymeXwillincrease.
SecretionofenzymeXwilldecrease.
EnzymeXwillaccumulateintheplasmamembrane.
EnzymeXwillaccumulateinthenuclearmembrane.
by KaplanTestPrep

63. Thetransportofwhichionsacrosstheplasmamembraneisimportantforthetransmissionofnerveimpulses?
ANSWER(Choosethecorrectanswer)

A N a+ ,K +
B N a+ ,Cl

C M g 2+ ,K +
D Ca2+ ,Cl
E H + ,K +

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SATSubjectTest:BiologyE/M:PracticeTest1

www.learningpod.com

2015Learninpod,Inc.

Answers&Explanations
POD

SATSubjectTest:BiologyE/M:PracticeTest1
1.

Answer(C)iscorrect.
inthechloroplast.
Thisequationdescribestheformationofcarbohydratesfromcarbondioxideandwaterbyplants.Thisprocessoccursinthe
chloroplastandispartofphotosythesis.
by KaplanTestPrep

2.

Answer(E)iscorrect.
I,II,andIII
Thefetushasseveralfeaturesthathelpittogetoxygenfromthemother,suchastheductusarteriosus,whichshuntsblood
fromthepulmonaryarterytotheaorta.Theforamenovale,meanwhile,isanopeningthatshuntsbloodfromtherightatriumto
theleftatrium.Bothofthesekeepbloodfromtravelingtotheunderdevelopedlungs.Fetalhemoglobinhasahigheraffinityfor
oxygenthanadulthemoglobin,enablingfetalhemoglobintobecomeoxygenatedintheplacentafromthemother'sblood.
by KaplanTestPrep

3.

Answer(B)iscorrect.
retina:lungs
Theectodermdevelopsintotheskin,eyes,andthenervoussystem.Theendodermdevelopsintothelungs,the
gastrointestinaltract,andthebladderlining.Finally,themesodermdevelopsintoeverythingelse,includingthemusculoskeletal
system,thecirculatorysystem,andthereproductiveorgans.
by KaplanTestPrep

4.

Answer(A)iscorrect.
flexion.
Flexorsbendajointtoanacuteangle,whileextensorsextendorstraightenthebonesatajoint.
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5.

Answer(A)iscorrect.
aldosterone
Aldosteronecausestheactiveabsorptionofsodiumionsinthenephron.Chlorideionsandwaterpassivelyfollow.
by KaplanTestPrep

6.

Answer(C)iscorrect.
IIIonly
IntheAAxaacross,theF1 generationwillbe100percentAa,aheterozygousgenotypewithadominantphenotype.Inthe
F2 generation,therewillbea1:2:1ratioofAA:Aa:aa.Therefore,theF2 generationwillhavethehomozygousand
heterozygousdominantgenotype(anddominantphenotype)aswellastherecessivegenotypeandphenotype.Answer
choicesIandIIcanbeeliminated,leavingonlyIII.
by KaplanTestPrep

7.

Answer(D)iscorrect.
Itcanoccurunderanaerobicconditions.
InglycolysisandtheKrebscycle,energyisextractedfromglucoseandtransferredtoNADHandF ADH2 .Inelectron
transport,theenergyofNADHandF ADH2 istransferredtoaseriesofproteinsintheinnermitochondrialmembrane,with
O 2 asthefinalelectronacceptorattheendofthechain.Thiselectrontransportchainpumpsprotonsoutofthemitochondria,
creatingaprotongradient.TheenergyofthegradientdrivesATPsynthesis.EachNADHleadstothreeATPandeach
F ADH 2 createstwo.WithoutO 2 thereisnoelectrontransportoroxidativephosphorylation.
by KaplanTestPrep

8.

Answer(A)iscorrect.
taiga.
Thetaigahasthemostnorthernlatitudeofthechoicesavailable.Sincegrowingseasondecreasesaslatitudeincreases,it
mustalsohavetheshortestgrowingseason.
by KaplanTestPrep

9.

Answer(B)iscorrect.
IIIandIVonly
TheHardyWeinbergprinciplestatesthatgeneratiosandallelicfrequenciesremainconstantthroughthegenerationsina
nonevolvingpopulation.Fivecriteriamustbemetinorderforthistooccur:randommating,alargepopulation,noimmigrationor
emigraton,nonaturalselection,andalackofmutation.Ifallfiveofthesecriteriaaremet,genefrequencieswillremainconstant.
Anytimethesefivearenotmet,genefrequencieswillchangeinthegenepool.
by KaplanTestPrep

10. Answer(D)iscorrect.

pepsin
Whenapersontakestoomuchantacid,HClinthestomachisneutralizedandpHrisesfromitsnormalveryacidiclevels.
Pepsinisastomachenzymethatworksbestinacidicconditions.WhenpHisraised,pepsinbecomesnonfunctional.
Therefore,pepsinactivitywouldbemostaffectedbyanantacidoverdose.
by KaplanTestPrep

11. Answer(D)iscorrect.

Somemembersareshapedlikerodsandtermedbacilli.
Protistsmaybeunicellularorcolonial,freelivingorsymbiotic.Theyalsocanbeheterotrophicorphotosynthetic.Flagellates
moveviaflagella,whilesporozoansareresponsibleformalariaandspendpartoftheirlifecycleinmosquitoes.Bacilli,however,
arerodshapedbacteria,andtheyareprokaryotes,notprotists.
by KaplanTestPrep

12. Answer(A)iscorrect.

lactase
Lactasebreakslactoseintoglucoseandgalactose.In(B),kinaseisanenzymethatphosphorylatesitssubstrate.Asfor(C),a
zymogenisanenzymethatissecretedinaninactiveform.Thezymogeniscleavedundercertainphysiologicalconditionsto
theactiveformoftheenzyme.Importantexamplesofzymogensincludepepsinogen,trypsinogen,andchymotrypsinogen,
whicharecleavedinthedigestivetracttoyieldtheactiveenzymespepsin,trypsin,andchymotrypsin,respectively.Finally,in
(D),lipasebreaksdownlipidsintofreefattyacids,whilein(E),phosphataseremovesaphosphatefromitssubstrate.
by KaplanTestPrep

13. Answer(D)iscorrect.

pulmonaryartery.
Theleastoxygenatedbloodwouldbefoundinthepulmonaryartery.Thisarterytransportsbloodthatisdeoxygenatedafter
passagethroughallthetissuesofthebodybacktothelungstobecomeoxygenatedagain.
by KaplanTestPrep

14. Answer(A)iscorrect.

cardinal
Thecardinalandotherbirdshaveachamberedheart,likeallvertebrates,andadorsalnotochordduringdevelopment.Snails
(C)aremollusks.Theircharacteristicmantlesecretesacalciummineralshell.Snailsalsobreathethroughgills,havetuber
shapedhearts,bloodsinuses,andapairofventralnervecords.Asfor(D),insectshaveatubularheartandanopen
circulatorysystem,likeallarthropods.Seaurchins(echinoderms)(B)andearthworms(annelids)(E)donothavechambered
heartsornotochords.
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15. Answer(E)iscorrect.

breakagenearthecentromere.
Nondisjunctionisafailureofahomologouspairofchromosomestoseparatewhengametesareformedbymeiosis.Theresult
isanextrachromosomeoramissingchromosomeforagivenpair.Forexample,Downsyndromecanbeattributedtoanextra
chromosomenumber21.Thenumberofchromosomesinacaseofsinglenondisjunctionis2n+1(47)or2n1(45).In
Downsyndrome,itis47.Mostoftheseembryosarespontaneouslyabortedearlyintheirdevelopmentandonlyafew,like
Downsyndrome(Trisomy21),Trisomy13,andTrisomy18,makeittoterm,albeitwithdevelopmentaldisorders.Breakage
nearthecentromeremightbeinducedbyenvironmentalfactorssuchasmutagens,butwouldnotbecausedbynondisjunction.
by KaplanTestPrep

16. Answer(D)iscorrect.

Insulin
Growthhormone(GH),folliclestimulatinghormone(FSH),luteinizinghormone(LH),andadrenocorticotropichormone(ACTH)
areallsecretedbytheanteriorpituitary,andwouldthereforebeaffectedbyitssurgicalremoval.Insulinisproducedbythe
pancreas.
by KaplanTestPrep

17. Answer(A)iscorrect.

4
YoucandisregardbbandDDallgameteswillbebD.YourremainingoptionsarenowACbD,AcbD,aCbD,andacbD,
givingyouatotaloffourdifferentgametes.Or,2allelesattheAlocusx2allelesatthetheClocus=4possiblegametes.
by KaplanTestPrep

18. Answer(E)iscorrect.

polysomes.
PolysomesaredefinedasagroupofribosomesthatattachtoastrandofmRNAandsimultaneouslytranslateit.Histonesare
proteinsthathelptopackageDNA,allowingittocoiltightlyinthenucleus,andthenucleolusistheregionofthenucleuswhere
rRNAisproduced.
by KaplanTestPrep

19. Answer(C)iscorrect.

imprinting.
Imprintingisaprocessinwhichenvironmentalpatternsorobjectspresentedtoadevelopingorganismduringabrief"critical
period"inearlylifebecomeacceptedaspermanentelementsintheorganism'slife.Inthiscase,thelocationatwhichthe
salmonwasbornbecomesapermanentbehavioralelement,asdemonstratedwhenthesalmonreturnstothislocationto
spawn.
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20. Answer(B)iscorrect.

theyarebothfromthesamespecies.
Thedefinitionofaspeciesstatesthatmembersofaparticularspeciesareabletomateandproducefertile,viableoffspring.
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21. Answer(E)iscorrect.

I,II,andIII
PeoplewithbloodtypeABareknownasuniversalrecipients.TheirblooddoesnothaveantibodiestoeithertheAorB
antigens.Therefore,ABpatientscanreceivebloodfromA,B,AB,orOdonors.
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22. Answer(E)iscorrect.

100%
AfemalehastwoXchromosomes,oneinheritedfromhermotherandoneinheritedfromherfather,whileagivenmalehasone
XchromosomeinheritedfromhismotherandoneYchromosomeinheritedfromhisfather.IfamaleexpressesanXlinked
trait,hemusthaveinheriteditfromhismother.Ifnormalparentshaveacolorblindson,hemusthaveinheritedthecolorblind
gene,whichisXlinked,fromhismother.Hismothermustbeacarrierofthecolorblindallele.Theprobabilitythatacolorblind
soninheritedthegeneforcolorblindnessfromhismotheris100percent.
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23. Answer(B)iscorrect.

Golgiapparatus:modificationandglycosylationofproteins
TheGolgiapparatusconsistsofastackofmembraneenclosedsacs.TheGolgireceivesvesiclesandtheircontentsfromthe
smoothendoplasmicreticulum(ER),modifiesthem(suchasbyglycosylation),repackagesthemintovesicles,anddistributes
themtodifferentpartsofthecell.In(A),mitochondriaareinvolvedincellularrespiration,andin(C),theERtransports
polypeptidesaroundthecellandtotheGolgiapparatusforpackaging.Theribosome(D)isthesiteofproteinsynthesis,while
lysosomes(E)aremembraneboundorganellesthatcontaindigestiveenzymesandtypicallyhavealowpH.
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24. Answer(D)iscorrect.

IandIIIonly
Spermatogenesisandoogenesisarebothexamplesofgametogenesisinthatbothproducehaploidgametesthrough
reductionaldivision(meiosis)ofdiploidcells.Theseprocessesoccurinthegonads.Theydifferinthatinspermatogenesis,the
cytoplasmisequallydividedduringmeiosisandfourviablespermareproducedfromonediploidcell.Inoogenesis,ontheother
hand,thecytoplasmisdividedunequally,andonlyoneovum,withthebulkofthecytoplasm,isproducedinadditiontotwoor
threeinertpolarbodies.Spermatogenesisisalsocontinuous,meaningthatitoccursthroughoutlifeandnotonlyduringpuberty.
Meanwhile,oogenesisfreezesattheendofmeiosisIanddoesnotcompletemeiosisIIuntilfertilization.
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25. Answer(C)iscorrect.

Fat
Fatcontainsapproximately9calories/gram,whilecarbohydratesandproteinscontainonly4calories/gram.Sugarandstarch
aretwoformsofcarbohydrates,andvitaminsarecoenzymesthataretypicallynotmetabolizedforenergy.
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26. Answer(E)iscorrect.

Theresultofmeiosisinfemalesistheproductionoffoureggcellsfromeachdiploidprecursorcell.
Oogenesisproducesonlyoneviableeggandtwoorthreepolarbodies.Thisisaresultofunequaldistributionofthecytoplasm
duringmeiosis.InterstitialcellsarestimulatedbyLHtoproducetestosteroneFSHandtestosteronetheninitiatethe
developmentofspermintheseminiferoustubules(A).Asfor(B),eggsdevelopinfolliclesintheovariesunderthecontrolof
FSH.Itisobviousin(C)thatFSHplaysaroleingameteproductioninbothsexes.Finally,in(D),gametesbecomehaploid
throughreductionaldivision(meiosis)inwhichadiploidcellgivesrisetoeitherfourhaploidspermoronehaploideggandtwoor
threepolarbodies.
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27. Answer(E)iscorrect.

readiestheuterusforimplantation.
Progesteronereadiestheuterusforimplantationbythickeningandvascularizingtheuterinelining.In(A),FSHsecretedbythe
anteriorpituitary,notprogesterone,stimulatesfolliclegrowth.Asfor(B),FSHandLHproductionarerepressedbyfeedback
inhibitionfromestrogenandprogesterone.Testosteroneandestrogenareresponsibleforthesecondarysexcharacteristicsof
malesandfemales,respectively(C).Asforchoice(D),FSHandLHareproducedbytheanteriorpituitaryprogesteroneis
not.
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28. Answer(D)iscorrect.

0.64
Toanswerthisquestion,wemustusetheHardyWeinbergequation,p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 ,inwhichpequalsthegene
frequencyforthedominantallele,andqequalsthegenefrequencyoftherecessiveallele.Hence,p 2 isthefrequencyof
homozygousdominantsinthepopulation,2pqisthefrequencyofheterozygotes,andq 2 isthefrequencyofhomozygous
recessives.Foratraitwithonlytwoalleles,p+qmustequal1,sincethecombinedfrequenciesoftheallelesmusttotal100
percent.Inthisproblem,wearetoldthatthefrequencyoftherecessivealleleforaparticulartraitis0.6henceq=0.6.Sincep
+q=1,p=0.4.You'reaskedtodeterminethefrequencyofindividualsexpressingthedominantphenotype,notthedominant
genotype.So,you'relookingforp 2 + 2pq p 2 =0.4squared=0.16.2pq=2(0.6)(0.4)=0.48.Finally,0.16+0.48=0.64,which
meansthat64percentoftheindividualsinthequestionexhibitthedominantphenotype.
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29. Answer(E)iscorrect.

12
Theovulesarecontainedintheenlargedbaseofthepistilknownastheovary.Eachovulecontainsamonoploideggnucleus,
thefemalegametophyte.
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30. Answer(C)iscorrect.

9
Thestigmaisthestickytoppartoftheflowerthatcatchespollen.
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31. Answer(A)iscorrect.

4
Pollengrainsdevelopinthesac(calledtheanther)atthetopofthethin,stalklikefilament.
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32. Answer(B)iscorrect.

theendosperm.
Onepollengrain(sperm)fuseswiththeeggtoformthezygote,whileanotherfuseswithtwopolarbodiestoformthe
endospermthatnourishesthegrowingzygote.
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33. Answer(C)iscorrect.

3
Tailfibersattachthebacteriophagetothecellsurface,whereitinjectsitsDNAintothecell.
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34. Answer(A)iscorrect.

Ionly
BacteriophagescontainonlyDNA,althoughsomeotherviruses,suchasHIV,useRNAastheirgeneticmaterial.Proteinsare
foundonlyinthecoatandtailfibers,andlipidsarenotinvolved.
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35. Answer(C)iscorrect.

IIIonly
Theviralcapsidandtailfibersarealwaysmadeupofprotein.
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36. Answer(B)iscorrect.

complexreflex
Complexreflexesarepolysynaptic:thesensoryneuronscommunicatewithmorethanoneneurontoevokearesponse.A
classicexampleofthiskindofreflexisthewithdrawalresponse,inwhichthesensoryneuronsynapseswithdifferentneurons
inthespinalcordtoregulatemusclemovement(withdrawal)andbalance.
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37. Answer(C)iscorrect.

fixedactionpatterns
Fixedactionpatternsarecomplex,coordinated,innatebehavioralresponsestospecificstimulifromtheenvironment.Female
birdswilltakecareofeggsoftheirownspeciesmorevigilantlythantheywouldaneggthatdoesn'tresembleoneoftheirown.
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38. Answer(A)iscorrect.

simplereflex
Simplereflexesaresimple,automaticresponsestosimplestimuli.Oneexampleisthekneejerkreflex,withnodirect
involvementofthebrainthisreflexisaneuralloopthatonlyinvolvesonesensoryneuronandonemotorneuroninthespinal
cord.
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39. Answer(D)iscorrect.

behavioralcycles
Dailybehavioralcyclesarecalledcircadianrhythms.Thesecyclesareinitiatedintrinsicallybutmodifiedbyexternalfactors
suchasdaylength.
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40. Answer(C)iscorrect.

Malphigiantubules
Grasshoppers,likeallinsects,removenitrogenouswastesthroughMalphigiantubules,whichcollectthewastefromthebody
liquidsandmovethemintothegut.
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41. Answer(E)iscorrect.

Nephrons
Humansremovewastefromtheirbloodstreamthroughfiltrationinthenephron,thefunctionalunitofthekidney.
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42. Answer(D)iscorrect.

Flamecells
Planariahaveaprimitiveexcretorysystemthatconsistsofflamecells,whichpropelwastethroughtubulesleadingtothe
exterior.
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43. Answer(B)iscorrect.

Nephridia
Twopairsofnephridiaineachbodysegmentofearthworms(annelids)excretewater,mineralsalts,andureawastes.
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44. Answer(A)iscorrect.

Simplediffusion
Becauseprotozoansareincontactwiththeirexternalaqueousenvironmentandtheyareverysmall,ammoniaandcarbon
dioxideexitviasimplediffusionthroughthecellmembrane.
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45. Answer(D)iscorrect.

Vegetativepropagation
Vegetativepropagationoccurswhenundifferentiatedmeristemcellsprovideforthedevelopmentofanewplantfromthe
parent.Plantsthatpracticethisformofpropagationareabletoproduceseedlessfruit,anddaughterorganismsaregenetically
identicaltotheirparents.Examplesofvegetativepropagationincludeundergroundstemswithbuds(foundinpotatoes)and
runners,whicharestemsrunningaboveorbelowtheground(foundinstrawberriesandsomegrasses.)
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46. Answer(B)iscorrect.

Budding
Yeastcellsandsomehydrareproducebybudding.Thisinvolvestheunequaldivisionofcytoplasm,makingasmaller
"daughter"cellthatbudsfromtheparent,althoughequaldivisionofthegeneticmaterialismaintained,witheachcellreceiving
onecompletecopyofthegenome.
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47. Answer(E)iscorrect.

Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesisoccurswhenaneggdevelopswithoutfertilizationbysperm.Somespeciescanreproducethiswayinthe
absenceofsex.Theseorganismsaretypicallyhaploidandcontainonlyonecopyofeachgene.
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48. Answer(D)iscorrect.

Vegetativepropagation
Vegetativepropagationoccurswhenundifferentiatedmeristemcellsprovideforthedevelopmentofanewplantfromthe
parent.Plantsthatpracticethisformofpropagationareabletoproduceseedlessfruit,anddaughterorganismsaregenetically
identicaltotheirparents.Examplesofvegetativepropagationincludeundergroundstemswithbuds(foundinpotatoes)and
runners,whicharestemsrunningaboveorbelowtheground(foundinstrawberriesandsomegrasses.)
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49. Answer(E)iscorrect.

tertiaryconsumers.
Eachlevelinthepyramidofenergylosessomeenergyfromthelevelbeforeit,duetothelossofheatandenergycostsof
maintenanceoftheorganismateachlevel.Also,therearefewerorganismsandlessbiomassineachlevelthanintheone
beforeit.Hencetheleastamountofstoredenergywouldbefoundatthehighestpointofthechain:thetertiaryconsumers.
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50. Answer(A)iscorrect.

Mutualism
Thebirdhelpstherhinobykeepingitcleanofparasites,eatingtheinsectsthatinfecttherhino,whiletherhinoprovidesfoodfor
thebird.This+/+relationshipisknownasmutualism.
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51. Answer(B)iscorrect.

Cattle:primaryconsumer
Cattle,beingherbivorous,areprimaryconsumerssharksaresecondaryconsumersortertiaryconsumers.Fungiare
decomposersandcyanobacteriaareproducers.Butterflies,meanwhile,areprimaryconsumers.
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52. Answer(C)iscorrect.

I,II,andIIIonly
Astableecosystemisbynatureselfsustaining(I).Itneedsnooutsideinputofmaterials.Itcyclesitscomponents,suchas
nitrogenandcarbon,betweenitsbioticandabioticcomponentsasbothelementaland"fixed"components(II).Italsorequires
anenergysource,suchasthesun(III).Mutationrates,however,arenotaffectedbyanecosystem'sstabilityorinstability(IV).
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53. Answer(A)iscorrect.

Tundra:treelessfrozenplain
Thetundraisatreeless,frozenplainbetweenthetaigaandthenorthernicesheets.Thetaiga(B)isasprucefilledforest
inhabitedbymooseandbear,whilethesavanna(C)isagrasslandwithlowrainfallandpopulatedwithhoofedherbivoresand
carnivorouspredators.Finally,thedesert(D)receiveslessthan10inchesperyearofrainfallandispopulatedbysmallplants
andanimals.
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54. Answer(B)iscorrect.

IandIIIonly
Theprocessofphotosynthesisusesenergyfromsunlighttoconvertcarbondioxideintocarbohydrate.Sincecarbondioxideis
consumedintheprocess,thecorrectanswermustcontainoptionIII,therebyeliminatingchoice(A).Starchandsucrose
(sugar)aretwoexamplesofcarbohydratesproducedbyplantsthroughphotosynthesis.Therefore,optionIVisincorrect,
eliminatingchoices(D)and(E).Duringthelightreactionsofphotosynthesis,chlorophyllobtainselectronsfromwater,
producingoxygenasabyproduct.Therefore,optionIiscorrectandoptionIIisincorrect,eliminatingchoice(C).
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55. Answer(E)iscorrect.

Thecarbonenterstheleavesasagas.
Carboninplantscomesfromcarbondioxidethatisfixedduringphotosynthesis.Thoughplantsdosynthesizestarchand
sugarsbyphotosynthesis,theydonotsynthesizethecarbonitself,sochoice(C)isincorrect.Plantsalsorequirenitrogenfrom
theatmosphere,andsomeplantsobtainthisnitrogenthroughtheactionofsymbioticbacteria,butcarbonisnotobtainedinthis
manner,eliminatingchoice(D).Carbonisnottakenupbytheroots,eitherinsolutionordirectlyfromsoilparticles,rulingout
both(A)and(B).
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56. Answer(A)iscorrect.

5'CAATTC3'
IntheDNAdoublehelix,adenineApairsoppositethymineT,andguanineGpairsoppositecytosineC.Inaddition,DNAis
composedoftwo"antiparallel"strandsthatis,thepolarityofonestrandisoppositethatoftheotherstrand.Therefore,the3'
endoftheoriginalsequenceispairedwiththe5'endofthecomplementarysequence.The3'Goftheoriginalsequencepairs
witha5'C.Wethenworkbackwardstowardsthe5'endoftheoriginalsequencetogeneratethesequence5'CAATTC3'.
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57. Answer(D)iscorrect.

Chromatin
Chromatinisuncondensedchromosomalmaterial,composedofDNAandprotein,andisfoundinthenucleusofthecell.
Mitochondria,ribosomes,endoplasmicreticulum,andcentriolesareallorganellesfoundinthecytoplasmofthecell.
Mitochondriaaresurroundedbydoublemembranesandareinvolvedinenergyproductionforthecell.Ribosomessynthesize
proteins,andtheendoplasmicreticulumsortsandtransportsmanyofthoseproteins.Centriolesorganizemicrotubulesinthe
cellandareimportantforcelldivision.
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58. Answer(E)iscorrect.

II,III,andIVonly
Fermentationistheprocessofenergyproductionthatoccursintheabsenceofoxygen.Inthepresenceofoxygen,pyruvate
producedbyglycolysiscanenterthecitricacid(orKrebs)cycle.However,intheabsenceofoxygen,thispathwayisnotused,
andfermentationisinsteademployedtodegradethepyruvateandgenerateenergy.Thisprocesscanproduceethanol
(alcoholicfermentation,asisperformedbyyeast),lactate(lacticfermentation,asoccursinmuscle),andcarbondioxide.
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59. Answer(A)iscorrect.

Thymine
RNAdiffersfromDNAinseveralfundamentalways.First,thesugarbackboneofRNAcontainsriboseinsteadofdeoxyribose.
RNAisalsosinglestranded,whereasDNAisdoublestranded.Lastly,thenitrogenousbasethymine,presentinDNAwhereit
pairswithadenine,isreplacedinRNAwiththebaseuracil.
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60. Answer(E)iscorrect.

DNAmethyltransferase
DNAreplicationtakesplaceatYshapedstructuresintheDNAmolecule,andinvolvesthecooperationofmanyproteins.On
theleadingstrandofDNA,replicationcantakeplaceinacontinuous5'to3'direction.Ontheoppositestrand,thelagging
strand,replicationstillproceedsfrom5'to3',butgeneratessmallfragmentsastheDNAisunwound.DNApolymeraseisthe
enzymethataddsnewbasestothereplicatingDNA.DNAligaseisnecessarytolinktogetherthesmallDNAfragments
("Okazakifragments")onthelaggingstrand.DNAtopoisomeraserelievestensionintheDNAthatisgeneratedduring
unwinding.DNAprimaseproducessmallfragmentsofDNAthatserveasstartingpointsfortheactionofDNApolymerase.
DNAmethyltransferase,ontheotherhand,addsmethylgroupstoDNAandisimportantforXinactivationorprotectionofDNA
fromrestrictionenzymes,butnotforreplication.
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61. Answer(B)iscorrect.

2N
TheG 2 gapphaseoccursbetweenDNAsynthesisandMphase.Therefore,foracellstoppedinG 2 ,theDNAhasalready
beenreplicated,butnucleardivisionandcelldivisionhasnottakenplace.TheDNAcontentinsuchacellwillbetwicethe
normalamountofahaploidcell(N)inthiscase,2N.
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62. Answer(C)iscorrect.

SecretionofenzymeXwilldecrease.
TransportfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtotheGolgiapparatusisrequiredforsecretionofproteinsfromcells.When
transportisdisruptedbyBrefeldinA,thecellwillbeunabletosecreteenzymeX.Inaddition,transportisnecessarytodirect
proteinstotheplasmamembrane,soenzymeXwouldnotaccumulateinthatlocation.Finally,sortingofproteinstothenucleus
ornuclearmembranesdoesnotrequireeithertheendoplasmicreticulumortheGolgiapparatus,soitwouldbeunaffected.
BecauseenzymeXdoesnottypicallyaccumulateinthenuclearmembraneandlocalizationtothismembranewouldbe
unaffected,enzymeXwouldnotappearinthenuclearmembranefollowingtreatment.
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63. Answer(A)iscorrect.
Na

,K

Nerveimpulses,alsoknownasactionpotentials,arepropagatedbytheopeningofvoltagegatedN a channels.Becausethe
+
+
concentrationofN a ionsoutsidethecellismuchhigherthaninsidethecell,theopeningofthesechannelsallowsN a ions
toflowintothecell.Thisflowofionschangesthevoltagepotentialbetweentheexteriorandinteriorofthecellthereby,the
+
+
nerveimpulseisgenerated.ThevoltagepotentialisrestoredtoitsoriginalvaluebytheopeningofK channels.K
+
concentrationishigherinsidethecellthanoutsidethecell,sowhenthesechannelsareopened,K ionsflowoutofthecell,
+
counteractingtheelectricalchangecausedbytheinfluxofN a ions.
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