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INTRODUCTION:
A soils investigation program is necessary to
provide information for design and construction.
The purposes of a soils investigation are:(a) To evaluate the general suitability of the soil
for the proposed project.
(b) To enable an adequate and economical design
to be made.
(c) To obtain physical and mechanical properties
of soils for design and construction.
(d) To obtain surface drainage and groundwater
conditions.
(e) To enable anticipated construction problems
and suggested solution.
(f) To evaluate total and differential settlements
of foundation soil.
(g) To determine suitability of materials for
construction.
The detailed geotechnical investigations demand
involvement of resources and time. It involves
mobilization of test equipments suited to a
particular soil group. Since geotechnical
investigations vary with the type of soil hence the
same are required to be identified prior to
conducting the detailed investigations. Soil
investigation must conform to the provisions in
Indian Standard IS: 18921979. The scope of
investigation is indicated in Para 2.1 and 2.2 of the
code. Engineering properties of soil depend on the
soil structure, i.e. nature of soil grains and their
arrangement, volume of air and water (degree of
saturation and porosity). Since these vary from one
b.
Cuttings from bottom of auger
c.
Split spoon
d.
Auger boring
e.
Wash boring
The disturbed sample can be used to determine:
i.
Grain size analysis
ii.
Liquid limit/plastic limit
iii.
Specific gravity
iv.
B. The undisturbed sample is completely recovered
completely intact by method of test pit for limited
depth due to water table problems and for other
depth undisturbed samples are recovered by thin
tube sampler and the sample is preserved with
wax.The disturbed sample can be used to
determine:
i.
Soil strength
ii.
Compressibility
iii.
Permeability
DETAILED SOIL INVESTIGATION
After finalization soil exploration program detailed
soil investigation is to be carried out. In planning
the detailed programme, full advantages should be
taken of available information from preliminary
investigation and soil Investigation reports for the
nearby sites and their correlation with actual
performance of buildings and load tests on piles. If
rock is encountered in a bore hole, boring must
extend at least 2 meters to differentiate a boulder
from bed rock. If rock is encountered in different
bore holes near about the proposed foundation
level, adequate number of bore holes are required
to plot the rock contour. On the basis of
preliminary borings or prior site knowledge, details
of in situ tests and laboratory tests are worked out
keeping in view the limitation of each.
Current methods of subsoil exploration are outlined
in Appendix A of IS: 1892 1979 and the tests
generally required are indicated in Table 3 and
Appendix A of the code. Degrees of applicability
of various field and laboratory tests are described
as below:
Tests required for classification of soils
1)
Classification of soils are done as per IS
1498 1970 based on particle size analysis (As per
IS 2720 (Pt 4) 1985) and index properties of the
soil (As per IS 2720 (pt5) 1985).
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1)
Vane shear test for impervious clayey
soils except stiff or fissured clays.
2)
Tri-axial shears tests for predominantly
cohesive soils.
Tests required determining allowable bearing
pressure for shallow foundations Self boring
pressure on settlement criterion.
1)
Standard penetration test for cohesion less
soils and c soils with clay up to about 30
percent. Consolidation test (As per I.S. 2720
(Pt.15)-1986) if the settlement of clayey
layer/layers calculated on the basis of liquid limit
and the in-situ void ratio indicates that settlement
may be critical. Consolidation test is not required if
the superimposed load on foundation soil is likely
to be less than the pre-consolidation pressure.
2)
Plate load test (As per I.S. 1888 1982) is
suggested for cohesion less soils and c soils
where neither standard penetration test nor
consolidation test is appropriate e.g. for fissured
clay, clay with boulders etc.
Test specially required for raft foundations
(Refer Para 3 of I.S. 2950 (Part I ) 1981.)
Apart from tests described above for shallow
foundations, the following tests are suggested
especially for raft foundation:
1)
Static cone penetration test as for cohesion
less soil to determine modulus of elasticity.
2)
Standard penetration test as per I.S. 2131
1981 for cohesion less soils and c soils to
determine modulus of sub grade reaction.
3)
Unconfined compressive strength test for
saturated but no pre-consolidated cohesive soil to
determine modulus of sub grade reaction.
4)
Plate load test when tests at sl. 1 to 3 above
are not appropriate e.g. for fissured clays and clay
with boulders.
5)
Pumping test is also carried out to analyze
stability of deep excavation and to design
appropriate dewatering system in case of deep
basements in pervious soils.
Tests specially required for deep foundations:
1)
As the composition and depth of the
bearing layer for shallow foundations may vary
from one site to another, most pile foundations in a
locality encounter similar deposits. Since pile
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CHARACTRESTICS OF SOILS:
Cohesive-Frictional Soils(C- Soils)
Satisfactory undisturbed samples of cohesion less
soils are difficult to obtain from bore holes. Soil
obtained from the split spoon sampler from
standard penetration test may possess large shear
strains due to disturbance. Hence shear tests in the
laboratory on cohesion less soils do not represent
the true site condition. The most common field test
is the standard penetration test (Ref. I.S. 2131
1981).
This test if carefully executed without disturbing
by boring operations, it enables to estimate
satisfactorily the bearing capacity as per I.S.
6403 - 1981 and allowable bearing pressure on
settlement consideration as per I.S. 8009 (Part 1)
1976. By using the same equipment and with the
same drilling method, N values in the same soil
can be reproduced with a coefficient of variation of
about 10 percent. Use of defective equipments
such as a damaged anvil, worn out driving shoe,
old/oily/poorly lubricated rope sheaves etc. can
result in significantly erroneous
N values.
Pushing a boulder while driving the sampler,
rapid withdrawal of shoe or bit plug causing a
quick condition at the bottom of the bore hole by
too much difference in the water levels between
the ground water table and in the hole are other
sources of error.
The original standard penetration Test was
developed for sand. However, in present it is
commonly used for all types of soils.
Cohesive soils
In most cases, allowable bearing pressure is
governed by permissible settlement criteria but in
every case the foundation is checked against shear
failure also. Tri-axial tests on un-disturbed samples
for all types of soils in the laboratory, in situ vane
shear test (As per I.S. 4434 1978) of soft
sensitive clays
and static cone penetration
test(SCPT) for bearing capacity of predominantly
cohesive soils are considered to be more reliable.
In cohesive soils, apart from static cone penetration
test (SCPT), in situ compressive strength tests are
routinely made using a Pen/Pocket pentro-meter. It
is usual practice to take thin walled tube samples
for laboratory testing and compare the field and
Page 7 of 8
7.
IS: 2720(Part 13)-1986, Methods of Test for
Soils - Direct Shear Test, Indian Standard Institute,
New Delhi.
8.
IS:2720(Part 10)-1991, Methods of test for
soils- Determination of Unconfined Compressive
Strength, Indian Standard Institute, New Delhi.
9.
IS: 2720 (Part XV)-1965, Methods of Test
for Soils - Determination of Consolidation
Properties, Indian Standard Institute, New Delhi.
10.
IS: 1888-1982, Method of Load Test on
Soils, Indian Standard Institute, New Delhi.
11.
IS: 2950(Part I)-1981, Code of Practice for
Design and Construction of Raft Foundations,
Indian Standard Institute, New Delhi.
12.
IS: 6403-1981, Code of Practice for
Determination of Bearing Capacity of Shallow
Foundations, Indian Standard Institute, New Delhi.
13.
IS: 8009(Part I)-1976, Code of Practice for
Calculation of Settlements of Foundations-Shallow
Foundations Subjected to Symmetrical Static
Vertical Loads, Indian Standard Institute, New
Delhi.
14.
IS: 4434-1978, Code of practice for in-situ
Vane Shear Test for soils, Indian Standard
Institute, New Delhi.
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