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SET THEORY
SET THEORY
SYNOPSIS
Roster form
Representation of a Set
SET THEORY
Singleton Set
Equal Sets
write B A
Properties of subset:
1) Every set is a subset and a superset of itself.
2) The empty set is the subset of every set.
3) A is subset of B and B is subset of C ,then A
is the subset of C.
If A,B,C are any three sets,then
i) A B,B C A C
ii) A B,B C A C
iii) A B,B C A C
iv) A B,B C A C
SET THEORY
any elements in common i.e., A B ,then
A,B are said to be disjoint sets.
Eg: A= { X : X is odd number},
B = {X : X is even number } then A,B have no
common elements.
p
,p,q z,q 0}
q
Operations on Sets
A B x : x A or x B
Power Set
Clearly, x A B x A or x B , and
x A B x A and x B .
For example, if A={a, b, c, d} and B = {c,d,e,f},
then A B ={a, b, c, d, e, f}.
Universal Set
A B x : x A and x B
'
Venn Diagram
Disjoint sets
If two sets A and B are such that they do not have
Clearly, x A B x A and x B
x A B x A or x B .
For example, if A={a, b, c, d} and B = {c,d,e,f}
then A B ={c, d}.
A
is defined as :
B
SET THEORY
A B x : x A and x B
Similarly, B A x : x B and x A
For example, if A={1, 2, 3, 4} and
B = {1,3,5,7,9}, then A B={2, 4} and
B A = {5,7, 9}.
Important Results :
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
c) A U U
d) A U A
Associative Laws :
b) A B C A B C
v)
Distributive Laws:
For any three sets A, B and C, we have
a) A B C A B A C
A B B A
b) A B C A B A C
2, 4 7,9
2, 4,7,9
I) A B C A B A C
II) A B C A B A C
iii) A A ' U
iv) A A '
v) (A')' =A,law of double complementation.
vi) A B' A' B' and
A ' x : x U and x A
i) U '
b) A
a) A B C A B C
a) A A
AB A B B A or
A B
Identity Laws :
For any set A, U is universal set, we have
A B A B
Commutative Laws :
For any two sets A and B, we have
a) A B B A
b) A B B A
4. A A and A A
Idempotent Laws :
For any set A, we have
a) A A A
b) A A A
In general
1. A B B A
2. The sets A-B, B-A and A B are disjoint
sets.
3. A B A and B A B
Algebra of set
SET THEORY
AB A, AB B
viii) A B A B'
ix)
n A B C n A n B n C
n AB n BC n CA n ABC
x)
= n A1 n A2 n A3 .... n A n
xiii) A B B A A B
xiv) A B A B A B
n A n B 2n A B
ii) AA
n A B n A B
iii) AB AC B C
iv) AB BA
A BC A B A C
Formulae to solve practical problems on union
and intersection of two sets
Some important results on cardinal numbers
If A, B and C are finite sets and U be the finite
universal set, then
n A p , n B q, Then
v) (AB)C A(BC)
n A B n A B n A B' n A ' B
ix) A B B A B
x) A B B
viii)
(ii) max n A B p q,
(iii) min n A B 0
(iv) max n A B min p, q
'
i)
n A n U n A
A,B,C n A n B n C 2n A B
ii)
n A B n A n B n A B
2n B C 2n A C 3n A B C
iii)
n A B n A n B ,
n C A 3n A B C
n A B n AB' n A n AB
C.U.Q
n A B n B
v)
n B A n A1 B n B n A B
1.
1)
n A B n A
vi)
vii)
'
n A' B' n A B n U n A B
'
'
'
n A B n A B n U n A B
2.
2) 0
3) n N and n 1
4) The set of all even prime numbers
_______ set is subset of every set
1) U
2)
3) finite 4) infinite set
SET THEORY
3.
4.
5.
6.
A B A A C
But B C , So (3) is incorrect
7.
A BC
1) A A if and only if A
7.
A B B A A B
1) A B
8.
2) A B
4) B1
2) B
3)
4) A-B
1.
2.
If U a, b, c, d , e, f , g , h and
A a, b, c then complement of A is
1) d , e, f
2) d , e, f , g , h
3) a, b, c
4) d , e, g , h
3.
2) 2
6) 3
3) 1
7) 1
1.
2.
4.
5.
3) {x : x n 2 where n Z}
4.
N = {1, 2, 3, ..............}
Null set is subset of every set.
Definition of union.
Since, A B A
BA
4) {x : x n 2 where n Q}
Which of the following is not empty set
1) A ={x : 1<x<2, x is a natural number between
1 and 2}
2
2) B = x : x 2 0 and x is rational}
2
4) D = x : x 0 and x is integer}
A B B
6.
x 2 + x -6 = 0 in roster form
1) {2, -3} 2) {1, 2} 3) {1, 2} 4) {1, 2}
Write the set A={1,4,9,16,25......}in set
builder form
2) {x : x n 2 where n W}
4) 1
8) 3
C.U.Q - HINTS
1) {x : x n 2 where n N}
C.U.Q - KEY
1) 3
5) 2
9) 2
Complement of A = U - A
LEVEL - I (C.W)
A A B
1) A
9.
9.
is
3) A
A A B A AC B C
A AC A B C
A B B A A B A B
5.
SET THEORY
7.
1) 50
1) F2 F3
2) F2 F3 F4
3) F3 F4 F5
4) F3 F1
1) 4
5) 3
9) 1
13) 3
10.
11.
12.
1) 3
13.
14.
2) 4
3) 1
7) 2
11) 2
15) 1
4) 4
8) 3
12) 3
x2 x 6 0
(x - 2) (x + 3) = 0
x = 2, -3
3.
2) B because x 2 2 x 2 not a
rational number
3) c because there is only one even prime 2
Different letters of the word ACCOUNTANCY
is A,C,O, U, N, T, Y
6.
Cardinality of A = 7.
Since every rectangle, rhombus and square is a
parallelogram so
F1 F2 F3 F4 F1
7.
F 16 2, 4,8,16
F 40 2, 4,8, 20, 40
F 16 F 40 2, 4,8 F 8
4) 6
2) 1
6) 2
10) 4
14) 4
2.
3) 5, 6 4) 1,5,6
3) 5
4) 40
LEVEL-I (C.W)-HINTS
5.
3) 70
2) 60
1.
4.
then AB is equal to
4)10
LEVEL-I (C.W)-KEY
1) 4
2) 8
3) 6
4) 10
If A is the set of the divisors of the number
15, B is the set of prime numbers smaller than
10 and C is the set of even numbers smaller
3) 8
n AB is
15.
2) 7
1) 6
F x F 8 x 8
8.
A 1,3,5,15 , B 2,3,5, 7 ,
C 2, 4, 6,8
A C 1, 2,3, 4,5,6, 7,8,15
A C B 2,3,5
7
SET THEORY
9.
10.
11.
12.
A-B= {1,2,3,4,5,6}-{2,4,6,8,}={1,3,5}
6.
A
B
AB x : x or x
B
A
A1 = U-A={1,4,5,6}
B1 =U-B={1,2,6}
A1 B1 ={1,6}
n(C)=24, n(F)=16, n(C F)=35
n(C F)=n(c)+n(F)-n(C F)
= 24 +16 35 = 40 35 = 5
7.
8.
9.
n A B n A n B n A B
we have, 70 37 52 n A B
1) 2,3, 4,5,8,10,12
2) 2, 4,8,10,12
14.
3) 3,8,10,12
4) 2,8,10
15.
n AB n A B n A B
13.
n(A) n(B) 2n A B
10.
11.
1
Let U={1,2,----,10}, A={1,3,5,7,9} then A
1) {2,4,6,8,10}
2) {1,3,5,7,9}
3) {1,3,2,4}
4) A
In a committee 50 people speak French, 20
speak Spanish and 10 speak both Spanish
and French. The number of persons speaking
at least one of these two languages is
1) 60
2) 40
3) 38
4) 58
If A and B are two sets such that
=50 + 20 - 2(10) = 50
LEVEL - I (H.W)
1.
2.
3.
12.
13.
n A 70, n B 60 and
n A B 110 , then n A B is equal to
3) { s , c , o , l }
4) {h , o , o , l}
Write the set {x : x is a positive integer and
1) 240
4.
5.
3) 40
4) 20
LEVEL-I (H.W)-KEY
1) 3
5) 1
9) 1
13) 4
2) 50
2) 2
6) 2
10) 3
3) 1
7) 1
11) 1
4) 4
8) 2
12) 1
SET THEORY
5.
6.
A={a,l,o,y} B={a,l,o,y}
no of subsets = 2n
7.
8.
n(A)=0, n p(A) 2n 20 1
All the elements in A and B.
9.
10.
A B C
A-B= {a,e,i,o,u} -{a,i,k,u}={e,o}
11.
A1 =U-A
12.
n S F n S n F n S F
1) B A
3) A B
7.
8.
n S F 20 50 10 60
13.
n A B n A n B n A B
9.
If aN ax : x N then 3N 7 N
1. 21N
2. 10N
3. 4N
4. 5N
A
If A 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 , B 1, 2 , then A
B
is equal to
1) A
2)
3) A B 4) A B
1) 400
2.
3.
2n X
1) {2, 3, 5, 6}
2) {5, 6}
3) {4, 5, 6}
4) {3}
Two finite sets have m and n elements. If total
number of subsets of the first set is 56 more
than that of the total number of
subsets of the second.The values of m and n
respectively are.
1) 7,6
2) 6,3
3)5,1
4) 8, 7
B 49 n 1 : n N then
4.
5.
10.
2) B A
11.
3) , , , A
4)
12.
13.
14.
A x, y : y e x , x R
B x, y : y x, x R , then
2) 28
3) 29
4) 30
C
C
If n A B 5, n B A 6 ,
1) 18
2) 15
3) 16
4) 17
Let n(A-B)=25+x, n(B-A)=2x and
A 1, 2 1, 2,3,5,9 is
4) 500
3) 300
1) 27
3) A = B 4) A B
1) A
2) 240
n B A 12 , then n A B C is
If A 8n 7 n 1: n N and
1) A B
'
'
n A B 100 , then n A B is equal to
LEVEL - II (C.W)
1.
2) A B
4) A B A
15.
1) 4
2) 5
3) 6
4) 7
Of the members of three athletic teams in a
school 21 are in the cricket team, 26 are in
the hockey team and 29 are in the football
team. Among them, 14 play hockey and
cricket, 15 play hockey and foot ball, and 12
play foot ball and cricket. Eight play all the
three games. The total number of members
in the three athletic teams is
1) 43
2) 76
3) 49
4) 53
If sets A and B have 3 and 6 elements each,
then the minimum number of elements in
A B is
1) 3
2) 6
3) 9
4) 18
If n(U) 60, n(A) 21, n(B) 43 then
greatest value of n A B and least value
9
SET THEORY
n A B n B n B A 33 12 21
of n A B are
1) 60, 43
2) 50, 36
3) 70, 44
n A B n U n A B 48 21 27
4) 60, 38
02) 2
06) 3
10) 1
14) 2
03) 1
07) 1
11) 2
15) 1
04) 3
08) 3
12) 2
11.
3.
8n 7 1
n B n A B n B AC 6 4 10
n 4, 5, 6
2m 2n 56
n A n A B n A BC 4 5 9
A n / n X but 2n X
2.
n A B 4
LEVEL-II (C.W)-HINTS
1.
n A BC 5, n B AC 6 ,
n A B n A n B n A B
9 10 4 15
n c0 7 n n c1 7 n 1 ........ n cn 2 7 2 n cn 1 7 n cn
12.
n A B 25 x, n B A 2x ,
n c0 7 n n c1 7 n1 ........ n cn 2 49 7 n 1
n A B 2x
8n 7 n 1 49 n c0 7 n 2 n c1 7 n 3 .... n cn 2
n A n A B n A B
25 x 2x 25 3x
n B n B A n A B 2x 2x 4x
n A 2n B 25 3x 2 4x
A B
4.
no of subsets 2
5.
5x 25 x 5
13.
n C 21 , n H 26 , n F 29 ,
A 3,5,9 atleast
n H C 14 , n H F 15
6.
n F C 12 , n F C H 8
7.
3N 3x : x N , 7 N 7 x : x N
3N 7 N 21N
8.
A
A B 3, 4,5, 6
B
14.
n A B max 3, 6 6
15.
n U 60, n A 21, n B 43
A
1, 2
A
B
9.
n A' B' n A B
Greatest value of n A B n U 60
Least value of n A B n B 43
'
= n U n A B
10.
n U 48, n A 28, n B 33 ,
n(B A) = 12
10
LEVEL - II (H.W)
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
SET THEORY
Y 9 n 1 : n N then X Y
1) X
2) Y
3) N
4)
[ MAINS-2014]
If A ]2, 4[ and B [3, 5[ then AB
1) [3, 4]
2) [3, 4[
3) ]3, 4[
4) ]2, 5[
Let A be the set of non-negative integers, I
is the set of integers, B is the set of non-positive integers, E is the set of even integers
and P is the set of prime numbers then.
1) I-A=B
2) A B
LEVEL-II (H.W)-KEY
1) 2
5) 4
9) 3
2) 3
6) 4
3) 2
7) 1
LEVEL-II (H.W)-HINTS
1.
2.
2 m 2 n 48
m 6, n 4
3.
4 n 3 1
n c0 3n n c1 3n 1 ...... n cn 2 32 n cn 1 3 n cn
n c0 3n n c1 3n1 ...... n cn 2 9 3n 1
4 n 3n 1 9 n c0 3n 2 n c1 3n 3 ... n cn 2
3) E P
4) AB I 0
In a class of 100 students, 55 students have
passed in Mathematices and 67 students
have passed in physics. No of students who
have passed in physics only is
1) 22
2) 33
3) 10
4) 45
90 students take mathematics, 72 take
science in a class of 120 students. If 10 take
neither Mathematics nor science then number of students who take both the subjects
is
1) 52
2) 110
3) 162
4) 100
A set A has 3 elements and another set B
has 6 elements. Then
4.
X Y X Y Y
Consider common part
5.
AB A B B A
1) 3n A B 6
2) 3n A B 9
6.
3) 6n A B 9
4) 0n A B 9
4) 2
8) 3
4 n 3n 1 is a multiple of 9
X Contains elements, Which are multiple of 9
Clearly Y contains elements, which are all
multiples of 9
1, 2,3,... ... 3, 2, 1
.... 3, 2, 1,1, 2,3....
I 0
n M 55, n P 67, n M P 100
Now
n M P n M n P n M P
100 55 67 n M P
n M P 122 100 22.
Now n Ponly n P n M P 67 22 45
7.
n M 90, n S 72, n M 1 S 1 10
n M S 120 10 110
11
SET THEORY
nM S nM nS nM S
90 72 110 52
8.
7.
n A1 B1 n U n A B
4.
5.
2) B
3) C
10.
11.
3) B C' 4) A C'
Q x R : g x 0 then P Q is
x R : f x g x 0
2) x R : f x .g x 0
12
9.
4) X A B C
If P x R : f x 0 and
1)
i 1
i 1
If aN ax / x N and bN cN dN ,
where b, c N are relatively prime, then
6.
8.
C B C A C where
AC B
2) B C
3)
4) U
A set contains 2n 1 elements. The
number of subsets of this set containing more
than n elements is equal to
1) 2 n1
2) 2 n
3) 2 n1
4) 2 2 n
From 50 students taking examinations in
Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, each
of the students has passed in at least one of
the subject, 37 passed Mathematics, 24
Physics and 43 Chemistry. At most 19 passed
Mathematics and Physics, at most 29
Mathematics and Chemistry and at most 20
Physics and Chemistry. Then the largest
possible number that could have passed all
three examinations is
1) 16
2) 14
3) 18
4) 15
Which is the simplified representation of
A B
30
1) AC
3.
max n A B p q,
A B
2.
LEVEL - III
1.
4) x R; x 1
n A p and
n B p then min n A B max p, q
9.
3) x R; f x g x 0
12.
1. d bc 2. c bd 3. b cd 4.none
A survey show that in a city that 63% of the
citizens like tea where as 76% like coffee. If
x% like both tea and coffee, then
1) x 63
2) x 39
3) 50 x 63
4) 39 x 63
An investigator interviewed 100 students to
determine their preferences for the three
drinks:
milk (M), coffee(C) and tea (T). He reported
the following : 10 students had all the three
drinks M,C,T; 20 had M and C only: 30 had
C and T;25 had M and T;12 had M only;5
had C only;8 had T only. Then how many did
not take any of the three drinks
1) 20
2) 3
3) 36
4) 42
In a college of 300 students , every students
reads 5 newspapers and every newspaper is
read by 60 students. The number of newspapers is
1) atleast 30
2) atmost 20
3) exactly 25
4) atmost10
In a class of 55 students the numbers of students studying different subjects are 23 in
mathematics, 24 in physics, 19 in chemistry,
12 in mathematics and physics, 9 in mathematics and chemistry 7 in physics and chem-
13.
14.
15.
SET THEORY
istry and 4 in all the three subjects. the numbers of students who have taken exactly one
subject is
1) 6
2) 13
3) 16
4) 22
Out of 800 boys in a school. 224 played
cricket 240 played hockey and 336 played
basketball. of the total, 64 played both
basketball and hockey, 80 played cricket and
basketball and 40 played cricket and hockey,
24 played all the three games. The numbers
of boys who did not play any game is
1) 128
2) 216
3) 240
4) 160
In a certian town 25% families own a phone
and 15% own a car, 65% families own neither a phone nor a car. 2000 families own both
a car and a phone. Consider the following
statements in this regard.
i. 10% families own both a car and a phone
ii. 35% families own either a car or a phone
iii. 40,000 families live in the town.
Which of the above statements are correct?
1) i and ii 2) i and iii 3) ii and iii 4) i,ii and iii
In a battle 70% of the combatants lost one
eye, 80% an ear, 75% an arm, 85% a leg,
x% lost all the four limbs the minimum value
of x is
1) 10
2) 12
3) 15
4) 5
2.
2 n 1 cn 1 2 n 1 cn 2 ..... 2 n 1 c2 n 2 n 1 c2 n 1
2 n 1 cn 2 n 1 cn 1 ..... 2 n 1 c1 2 n 1 c0.
2 n 1 c0 2 n 1 c1 ..... 2 n 1 cn 1 2 n 1 cn.
3.
2) 4
6) 2
10) 1
14) 3
3) 2
7) 3
11) 3
15) 1
4) 3
8) 1
12) 4
n C 43, n M P 19, n M C 29
and n P C 20 .
nM P C
n M n P n C n M P
n M C n P C n M P C
n M P C n M P n M C
n P C 54
Therefore, the number of students is at most
19+29+20-54=14
4.
A B
A B
1
CB C AC C
LEVEL-III-HINTS
1.
1
1 2 n 1
2 n 1
2n
= 1 1 2 2 .
2
2
The given conditions can be expressed as
LEVEL-III-KEY
1) 1
5) 1
9) 4
13) 4
AC B
A A ' B C C '
AC B C AC B
B C C '
AC AC AC B B C AC B C B
AC AC B BC U
6.
either
f x 0
or
g x 0 .
AC AC U
A C AC U AC U AC
f x .g x 0
30
7.
S Ai n S
i 1
1
5 30 15
10
Again
13
SET THEORY
n
S Bj n S
j 1
n
15 n 45
3
We have
Thus
8.
multiples of b
cN cx x N = the set of positive integral
9.
multiples of c
bN cN the set of positive integral multiples
of bc
bcN [ b and c are relatively prime ]
Hence, d bc
Let the population of the city be 100
Let A denote the set of citizens who like tea and B
denote the set of citizens who like coffee.
n A 63 and n B 7 6
n A B n A n B n A B
and
n A B 100 63 76 n A B 100
63 76 n A B 100
39 n A B 1
Also n A B n A and n A B n B
n A B 63 and n A B 7 6
10.
11.
12.
n M n M P C
n M n M P M C
n M n M P n
n A B 63 2
M C nM P C
23 12 9 4 27 21 6.
39 x 63
S 100 .The numbers can be read from the fig
number of people who did not take any drink
'
n P M ' C ' n P M C
n P n P M C
100 12 5 8 10 20 15 10
n P n P M P C
100 80 20
n P n P M n
P C nP M C
'
'
24 12 7 4 9 n C M P n
C n C P n
14
SET THEORY
C M n C P M
19 7 9 4 23 16 7
13.
n H B 64,
LEVEL - IV
ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE
n B C 80, n H C 40,
n C H B 24
C
n C C H C B C n C H B
n U n C H B
n C n H n B n H C
800
n H B n C B n C H B
1.
Minium value of
2.
n P 25%, n C 15%
n P C C C 65%,
3.
n P C 2000
then AB 1, 4,5 .
C
Since n P c C c 65% n P C
65% n P C 35%
Statement-2: AB A B B A .
4.
Now
n P C n P n C n P C
35 25 15 n P C
5.
n P C 2000 .
6.
7.
Statement-1: n ( A B) n( A) n( B )
where A and B are disjoints
Statement-2: If A and B are disjoints then
A B
Statement-1: If n ( B ) 3 then number of
3
elements in power set = 2 8
Statement-2: If n ( A) m then number of
n P C 40 35 5.
8.
m
elements in power set = 2 1
Statement :-1 If A B then A B A
Statement :-2 If A B then A B B
Statement :-1 The complement of a
complement of set is equal to itself
15
SET THEORY
LEVEL-IV- HINTS
9.
10.
11.
1
Statement :-2 If
Statement :-1 If X = {x : x is whole number },
Y = { x : x is natural number } then
X Y = { x : x is whole number } = X
Statement :-2 If Y X then Y X X
Statement :-1 If X = {3,6,9,12,15,18,21},
Y = { 4,8,12,16,20},
X - Y = { 3,6,9,12,15,18,21}
Statement :-2 If X - Y = { x : x X and
x Y }
Statement :-1 U = {1,2,3......9} and A =
1.
2.
3.
AB A B B A .
4.
A=(0,3), B=[1,5]
A-B=(0,1) = {x: 0<x<1, x R }
B-A=[3,5]= {x: 3 x 5,x R }
AB A B B A 0,1 3,5
= x : 0 x 1or3 x 5,x R
Statement :-2 A
12.
13.
= { x : x U and x A }
14.
5.
n ( A B) 0
6.
n P A 2m
7.
A B A B B
proper subsets = 2 1
Statement :-1 If n (A) = 5 then number of
proper subsets = 31
Statement :-2 If n (A) = m then number of
A B A
1 1
8.
9.
10.
11.
A1 U A
( A1 )1 U A1
15.
proper subsets = 2 1
Match the following sets for all A, B and C
i)
A B A
1
b) A
iii) A B B C
c) B
iv) A B C B d) A C B
2) i-b, ii-c, iii-d, iv-d
4) i-d, ii-c, iii-a, iv-b
LEVEL-IV- KEY
01) 1
05) 1
09) 1
13) 4
16
02) 4
06) 3
10) 4
14) 1
13.
14.
15.
a) A-B
ii) B1 B1 A
12.
03) 3
07) 4
11) 1
15) 1
04) 2
08) 1
12) 1
2m 1