Pravara Rural Education’s Society’s

SIR VISVESWARAYA MEMORIAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

CHINCHOLI, NASHIK.
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication
Seminar Report

GPS Based Data Logger System(Off-Line Tracking)

Submitted By :-

Amrit Pal Kaur

Kaiche Pranali
Shivraj Gupta

In the partial fulfillment for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Pune University
Pune (MS)

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Sir Visvesvaraya Memorial Engineering College, Chincholi,
Nashik.

(2009-2010)
GPS Based Data Logger System(Off-Line Tracking)

Submitted By:-

Amrit Pal Kaur

Kaiche Pranali

Shivraj Gupta

In the partial fulfillment

Of
Bachelor of Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Guided by:-

B.G.Gawalwad

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Sir Visvesvaraya Memorial Engineering College, Chincholi,
Nashik

(2009-2010)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, the seminar “GPS Based Data Logger System(Off-Line
Tracking)” submitted by

1)Amrit Pal Kaur

2)Kaiche Pranali

3)Shivraj Gupta

is a bonafide work completed under my supervision and guidance in

partial fulfillment for award of Bachelor of Engineering ( Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering) Degree of Pune University, Pune.

Place:Nashik
Date:

Prof.B.G.Gawalwad Prof.U.V.Patil
Guide Head of Department

Sir Visvesvaraya Memorial Engineering College,

Chincholi, Nashik.
 Contents
List of Abbreviations I
List of Figure II
List of Tables III
List of Photograph VI
1. INTRODUCTION

2. BACKGROUND
2.1. Speed Logger and Tracker
2.2. Concepts that might cause misunderstandings and confusion
2.3. Possible approaches of the topic
2.4. Introduction and comparison of technologies

3. MODELING/DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM
3.1 Hardware section
3.2 Block Diagram
3.3 PCB Design
3.3.1 PCB
3.3.1.1 Manufacturing Process
3.3.2Screen Printing
3.3.3 Protection of copper tracks
3.4 Etching
3.5 Software section
4. CONCLUSION

3. REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION

In today’s world vehicle tracking has become a big necessity. In many service industries
as any company grows, the vehicle needed grows. Thus grows the need to track them. As
the number of vehicles increase, the owner needs to know the co-ordinates of all his
vehicles all the time.

There are two solutions: - Online tracking or Offline tracking. In on-line tracking the user
can instantly find out the location of his vehicles. But the problem with on-line tracking is
that they are very costly. For a medium scale company having limited number of vehicles
the on line tracking can be very expensive right from installation to maintenance.

For this problem we have come up with the idea of offline tracking. In this the idea is to
store the co-ordinates at a certain interval of time in the memory. After the vehicle
reaches the destination the user downloads the data on to his computer and we can see the
map of the vehicle. This is a cheaper and effective way of tracking vehicles.

GPS "Off-Line" monitoring system is the most inexpensive and effective solution to
make a full control of your vehicles and / or your fleet: routs, movements, fuel
consumption, drivers working time etc.

A special device GPS Data Logger (GPS “Black Box”) is mounted on a vehicle.
This GPS Data Logger stores in it’s internal memory all necessary information about
vehicle location (Geographical Coordinates), movement characteristics (vehicle speed)
and other important information, for example, fuel level in tanks, motor speed,
temperature, status of ignition circuit, door status and so on.

On return to destination point, the information, stored in GPS Data Logger (GPS “Black
Box”), is transferred to "transportation USB Flash Drive" for the later downloaded to
personal-computer-for-analyze.

GPS “Off-line” vehicle monitoring can be use to control any type of motor vehicle,
tractors, bulldozers, loaders, structural and agricultural techniques.

The collected information thereafter is automatically analyzed in personal computer

by special software that generates the series of vehicle activity reports, characterizing the
work of a whole fleet, separate vehicle, operating crew and so on.

On necessity it is possible to monitor vehicle tracks on electronic maps.

2. BACKGROUND
2.1 Speed Logger and Tracker:

The device speed logger and tracker is composed of basically the following three
parts

1. Data logger (here the speed and position is the data)

2. GPS tracker (Global positioning system)

2.1.1 Data Logger:

A data logger (also Data recorder) is an electronic device that records data
over time or in relation to location either with a built in instrument or sensor or via
external instruments and sensors. Increasingly, but not entirely, they are based on a
digital processor (or computer). They generally are small, battery powered, portable, and
equipped with a microprocessor, internal memory for data storage, and sensors. Some
data loggers interface with a personal computer and utilize software to activate the data
logger and view and analyze the collected data, while others have a local interface device
(keypad, LCD) and can be used as a stand-alone device.

One of the primary benefits of using data loggers is the ability to automatically collect
data on a 24-hour basis. Upon activation, data loggers are typically deployed and left
unattended to measure and record information for the duration of the monitoring period.
This allows for a comprehensive, accurate picture of the environmental conditions being
monitored, such as air temperature and relative humidity.

This unattended nature also dictates that data loggers must be extremely reliable.
Since they may operate for long periods nonstop with little or no human supervision, and
may be installed in harsh or remote locations, it is imperative that so long as they have
power, they will not fail to log data for any reason.

The terms data logging and data acquisition are often used interchangeably. However,
in a historical context they are quite different. A data logger is a data acquisition system,
but a data acquisition system is not necessarily a data logger. Data loggers typically have
slower sample rates. Data loggers are implicitly stand-alone devices, while typical data
acquisition system must remain tethered to a computer to acquire data. This stand-alone
aspect of data loggers implies on-board memory that is used to store acquired data.
Sometimes this memory is very large to accommodate many days, or even months, of
unattended recording. This memory may be battery-backed static random access memory,
flash memory or EEPROM. Earlier data loggers used magnetic tape, punched paper tape,
or directly viewable records such as "strip chart recorders".

Data Loggers are changing more rapidly now than ever before. The original model of a
stand alone data logger is changing to one of a device that collects data but also has
access to wireless communications for alarming of events, automatic reporting of data
and remote control.
2.1.2 GPS Tracker:

A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine
the precise location of a vehicle, person, or other asset to which it is attached and to
record the position of the asset at regular intervals. The recorded location data can be
stored within the tracking unit, or it may be transmitted to a central location data base, or
internet-connected computer, using a satellite modem embedded in the unit. This allows
the asset's location to be displayed against a map backdrop either in real-time or when
analyzing the track later, using customized software.

2.2 Concepts that might cause misunderstandings and confusion

It is an offline tracking system i.e. it provides the information or the track of the device
whenever the device returns to its base station (pc) due to which it require very low
power consumption and require less hardware implementation. This makes the system
very cheap. It might cause misunderstanding and confusion that it doesn’t provides online
information i.e. position of the device on present time. Whereas the offline tracking
system provides information about the path at the end of the journey.

2.3 Possible approaches of the topic

2.3.1 GPS:

The Global Positioning System, usually called GPS, is the only fully-functional
satellite navigation system. A constellation of more than two dozen GPS satellites
broadcasts precise timing signals by radio to GPS receivers, allowing them to accurately
determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude) in any weather, day or night,
anywhere on Earth. GPS has become a vital global utility, indispensable for modern
navigation on land, sea, and air around the world, as well as an important tool for map-
making and land surveying. GPS also provides an extremely precise time reference,
required for telecommunications and some scientific research, including the study of
earthquakes.

2.3.2 Basic concept of GPS operation:

A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the
constellation of GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits
messages containing the time the message was sent, a precise orbit for the satellite
sending the message (the ephemeris), and the general system health and rough orbits of
all GPS satellites (the almanac). These signals travel at the speed of light through outer
space, and slightly slower through the atmosphere. The receiver uses the arrival time of
each message to measure the distance to each satellite, from which it determines the
position of the receiver (conceptually the intersection of spheres ) The resulting
coordinates are converted to more user-friendly forms such as latitude and longitude, or
location on a map, then displayed to the user.

It might seem that three satellites would be enough to solve for a position, since space has
three dimensions. However, a three satellite solution requires the time be known to a
nanosecond or so, far better than any non-laboratory clock can provide. Using four or
more satellites allows the receiver to solve for time as well as geographical position,
eliminating the need for a very accurate clock. In other words, the receiver uses four
measurements to solve for four variables: x, y, z, and t.

Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer may be needed in some
special cases. If one variable is already known (for example, a ship or plane may already
know its altitude), a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. Also,
in practice, receivers use additional clues (Doppler shift of satellite signals, last known
position, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, and so on) to give degraded answers when
fewer than four satellites are visible.

Fig. 2.1:- satellite positioning

2.4 Introduction and comparison of technologies

Present technique’s for Data logger systems are GPS based online tracking and GSM
based tracking are present. GPS based online tracking gives the present location of the
vehicle and it is very costly whereas GPS based offline tracking is very cheap and require
low power requirement too. Other technique GSM based tracking system gives only the
location not the exact position of the vehicle whereas GPS gives the exact position.

3. MODELING/DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM

After the selection of project the first task of a system designer undertakes is the
requirement analysis of the project. Requirement analysis of the project enables us to
specify system function and performance indicate interface of various system elements
and establish design constraints that system must meet. For a successful design, a
throughout interaction with the user is necessary at this stage. The process equipment is
designed considering needs of the user, the variables identified and availability of
resources.

The working/modeling can be divided in to two parts

A) Hardware section

B) Software section

3.1 Hardware Section

The main function of this system is to keep a track of the position of a particular asset and
its speed. The information regarding position and the speed will be provided by the GPS
module.

3.2 Block Diagram

Description
Here there are 2 units:

• Car unit
• Pc unit

Car / vehicle unit:

This unit is placed on the car .here we are tracking the vehicle in the off-line mode. For
this we are using a RTC(real time clock).as soon as a stipulated time passes say 5 minutes
the µc then receives the co-ordinates of that place and stores them in the on –board
EEPROM
.
EEPROM + RTC:
Here since we are tracking the vehicle in the offline mode we are making use of an on
board RTC. The EEPROM stores these co-ordinates in the pre-determined memory
locations.

PC unit:
After the car returns to the destination .the kit is joined to the pc. A Software like: keil,
orcad (ckt diagram), protel (pcb designing), is used to download all the locations stored in
the memory.

Micro-controller: We’ll be using 89S52 series micro-controller. The 89S52 is also In-
application Programmable (IAP), allowing the Flash program memory to be reconfigured
even while the application is running. The Flash program memory supports both parallel
programming and in serial

In-System Programming (ISP) Parallel programming mode offers gang-programming at

high speed, reducing programming costs and time to market. ISP allows a device to be
reprogrammed in the end product under software control.

EEPROM: We’ll use AT24C128/256 as the storage device. The AT24C128/256

provides 131,072/262,144 bits of serial electrically erasable and programmable read only
memory (EEPROM) organized as 16,384/32,768 words of 8 bits each.

RS 232 Protocol: Is used for serial communication in between µc to pc. In our project
the master is connected to the pc via RS-232.

GPS: We’ll be using the GPS902A board by which will be having the GPS module FLS-
GPSMD90 by Flaircomm.

GPS Protocols: The various protocol that are available from this GPS module are :
 Table 3.1

Out of these have short listed two protocols which we will be using in this project. They
are

i) RMC protocol
ii) VTG protocol

These protocols have been selected considering that these two protocols provide us with
the maximum possible useful information. And among the two we will prefer the VTG
protocol for the simple reason that it provides with the speed in km/hr as well as in knots.
Whereas RMC protocol provides us with speed only in knots. As in India km/hr is the
popular form of unit in which speed is measured VTG is being used.
RMC protocol

Reliable multicast communication, which involves the reliable delivery of a data stream
from a single source to multiple destinations in a computer network, has received a great
deal of attention in recent years [1-15]. Applications that can take advantage of such a
service include distributed parallel processing, computer supported cooperative work,
distance education, bulk distribution of software upgrades, and distributed operating
systems. The extent and nature of reliability depends on the type of reliable multicast
protocol. In ACK based protocols [1, 2, 6], each receiver sends a positive
acknowledgement (ACK) for every packet that arrives. When the sender transmits a
packet, it starts a timer and expects acknowledgements from all receivers to arrive before
the timer expires. Typically, a sliding window protocol is used to improve throughput. To
improve scalability, NAK-based protocols [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15] delegate the
responsibility of detection of losses to the receivers. The receivers monitor the sequence
of packets they receive from the sender and send a negative acknowledgement (NAK) on
detection of a gap in the sequence numbers. In a purely NAK-based protocol with a finite
send buffer, it is possible for a receiver to send a NAK for a packet that the sender has
released from its buffer, thereby compromising reliability. In polling-based protocols [8],
instead of relying on receivers to ACKs or NAKs, the sender expects the receivers to
simply receive data and take no other specific actions unless prompted by the sender.
Specifically, the sender periodically polls sets of receivers, which return updates
indicating which packets they have received so far. The sender uses this information to
retransmit packets either to the entire group or to a limited set of receivers, depending on
the extent of loss. The reliable multicast problem is fundamentally difficult for three main
reasons. First, providing reliability on the data stream requires either positive feedback or
negative feedback from each of the receivers; either method creates the potential for
feedback processing to overwhelm the sender [12]. Although polling lowers this risk, a
high polling rate can reduce throughput. Second, maintaining membership and per-
receiver state information at the sender is potentially costly in terms of memory and
processing overhead. Third, implementing flow control that is acceptable to all receivers
is complicated by the presence of heterogeneous receivers, transient network delays, and
buffer space limitations. This research project addresses these three issues when the
reliable multicast protocol is to be implemented in the operating system kernel, where
limited buffer space complicates the operation of the protocol. The protocols developed
are intended to serve as vehicles for studying reliable multicast implementation issues. As
such, they incorporate several features of existing reliable multicast protocols and are
designed to evolve over time. The first phase of the project involved the design of the
RMC protocol [15], which was implemented and tested as a driver in the Linux kernel.
RMC used a purely NAK-based approach to reliability. This design facilitated the study
of flow control when the only feedback available to the sender is through NAKs and flow
control requests. Due to finite kernel buffer space, however, it is possible for the sending
protocol to release data that is later requested for retransmission (this event is rare and
never happened in the RMC experiments). In this case, both the sending and the receiving
applications are informed of the retransmission error and can take appropriate actions to
retrieve or recreate the lost data. This paper describes the second phase of the project, in
which we have minimally augmented the RMC protocol with periodic positive feedback
and polling in order to remove any dependency on the application processes for
guaranteeing reliability. The resulting protocol, H-RMC (for Hybrid RMC), is primarily
NAK-based, but uses update messages and polling to provide the sender with additional
information about the state of receivers. The main contribution of this work is to
demonstrate that, using a combination of window-based and rate-based flow control, in
conjunction with a hybrid reliability mechanism and minimal per-receiver state
information, it is possible to develop an efficient reliable multicast protocol that fits well
into the Linux operating system kernel. Moreover, providing adequate kernel buffer
space is a key to maximizing throughput. The remainder of this report is organized as
follows. In Section 2, we give an overview of the original RMC protocol. Section 3
presents the H-RMC architecture, and Section 4 describes its Linux implementation.
Performance results of experiments and simulations are presented in Section 5. Finally,
in Section 6 we present our conclusions and discuss future areas of work.
RMC protocol overview-
In this section, we review the RMC protocol upon which H-RMC is based. RMC is a
NAK-based protocol that uses anonymous group membership and a combination of
window-based and rate based flow control. The discussion here is intended to provide a
brief overview of the architecture and operation of RMC. For further details, please refer
to [15].
Basic Operation- Multicast communication by means of the RMC protocol involves
three key entities: the sending and receiving applications, the RMC protocol itself, and an
underlying best-effort multicast service, such as IP multicast. The application process at
the sending host passes a data stream to the RMC protocol for transmission. The RMC
protocol fragments this data stream into a sequence of data packets, each of which is
assigned a sequence number and prefixed with an RMC header. The data packets are then
transmitted using the best-effort network multicast service, which attempts to deliver a
copy of each packet to each of the hosts in the multicast group. As the data packets arrive
at the receiving hosts, the RMC protocol checks the packets for correctness and
reassembles the individual packets into a data stream that is identical to the data stream
that was sent from the source application. Finally, the RMC protocol at each of the hosts
delivers the reassembled data stream to the receiving application at that host.

Packet Types- Like TCP, RMC provides a reliable stream service to applications. The
byte stream is divided into a sequence of packets, each containing one or more bytes of
data. All RMC segments are prefixed with a 20-byte header, shown in Figure 1, which is
similar in many respects to that used by TCP [19]. The major difference is the presence
of a Rate Advertisement field, which is used for flow control: the sender uses this field to
inform the receivers of the current transmission rate, and the receivers use it in feedback
messages (rate requests) to suggest a lower sending rate. The original protocol used nine
types of packets, listed in Table 1. Two additional types, UPDATE and PROBE, were
added in H-RMC, and are discussed in Section 3.

Figure 1. RMC/H-RMC packet header format.

Connection Management- Like UDP and TCP, RMC uses port numbers to identify the
sending and receiving processes. To establish connection, the sender need only bind to a
local port and establish a destination endpoint consisting of a multicast IP address and a
port number. A receiver is required to perform two tasks: inform the supporting network
layer that it wishes to join the multicast group, and send a JOIN message to the sender in
response to the first data packet that it receives from the data stream. To confirm receipt
of the request, the sender unicasts a JOIN_RESPONSE packet back to the new receiver.
In order to close a connection, a receiver informs the supporting network layer that it
wishes to leave the multicast group and sends a LEAVE message to the sender, which
responds with a LEAVE_RESPONSE packet. Consistent with IP multicast, group
membership in the original RMC protocol is anonymous. Information about receivers is
not maintained; the sender uses JOIN and LEAVE requests from receivers only to
approximate the number of receivers in the group and to estimate the worst round-trip
time among receivers.
NAK-Based Reliability- The original RMC protocol uses pure NAK-based reliability.
As each receiver reassembles the data stream, it detects missing segments by monitoring
the sequence numbers of incoming data packets. When a gap occurs, the receiver sends a
NAK for the missing data directly to the sender. To avoid retransmitting NAKs before
the sender has had ample opportunity to respond, RMC receivers use local NAK
suppression. Recovery of lost packets is centralized: the sender is solely responsible for
retransmitting data to the receivers. Although many reliable multicast protocols use local
recovery, in which other receivers store and retransmit packets [4], the relatively simple
centralized recovery method of RMC (and H-RMC) facilitates the study of flow control
and buffering at the sender.
In a future study, we may extend H-RMC to include local recovery.
A potential problem in NAK-based protocols is that the loss of the last packet in a burst
of data may go undetected until the next burst begins. As in other protocols [4, 5], RMC
addresses this problem by transmitting keepalive packets. These packets contain the
sequence number of the last packet transmitted. To avoid congestion of keepalive packets
during periods of inactivity, the keepalive packets are exponentially backed off up to a
maximum delay (currently 2 seconds). Since reliability is purely NAK-based, the
throughput obtained can be very high in low loss networks (an experimental throughput
of nearly 8.5 Mbps in a 10 Mbps LAN with 8 receivers has been reported [15]).
However, reliability cannot be guaranteed: it is possible for packets to be released at the
sender, which have not been received by all the receivers. When a NAK is received for
packets already released from the buffer, the sender transmits a NAK_ERR packet to the
receiver informing it that the request cannot be fulfilled.
Flow Control- The two common methods of flow control used in reliable multicasting
are window-based and rate based flow control. In window-based flow control, the sender
can transmit only data that lies in its send window. The send window is advanced once
sufficient acknowledgements are received from receivers. The window typically grows
exponentially during periods of successful transmission and is reduced on receipt of
NAKs or flow control requests. In rate-based flow control, timers are used to limit the
amount of data that the sender is allowed to transmit. Rates are adjusted based on the loss
that is reported by receivers. Window-based flow control is usually used in ACK-based
protocols, whereas ratebased flow control is typically used in NAK-based protocols,
where lack of state information complicates the advancing of windows. RMC (and H-
RMC) uses a combination of window-based and rate-based flow control. In the window-
based component, the sender and each of the receivers enforce a set of rules on the local
sequence number space that defines a window of data that may be sent and received,
respectively. Since RMC uses purely NAK-based reliability, sliding of the window (and
hence, buffer release) at the sender is based on when a packet was most recently sent and
an estimate of the round-trip time to the most distant receiver. The minimum time that
any data packet must be buffered is MINBUF round trip times (set to 10 in the current
implementation). The receive sequence space is depicted in Figure 2. Region R1 refers to
that part of the data stream that has been received and consumed by the receiving
application. Region R2 includes data that has been received and is being buffered until it
is read by the application. Region R3 includes data that can be immediately received and
buffered. Finally, region R4 is the part of the data stream that is to be received in the
future, but which does not fit into the current receive window.

Figure 2. Flow control in RMC

The rate-based component of RMC flow control is similar to that of RAMP [5] The
sender maintains a current transmission rate that defines how quickly it can transmit data
from the send window. The value of the current transmission rate is advertised in every
outgoing packet. Receivers use rate requests, contained in CONTROL packets, to request
that the sender reduce the transmission rate. Upon receipt of a new data packet, the
following three rules determine whether to send a rate request: (1) if the receive window
is filled only into the safe region, then no flow control action is taken; (2) if the receive
window is filled into the warning region, the receiver sends a rate request if the amount
of data that may be sent at the advertised rate for the next WARNBUF (currently set to 4)
round-trip times is greater than the empty portion of the receive window; (3) if the
receive window is filled into the critical region, the receiver sends a rate request, with the
URGENT flag set, which will stop forward transmission for two round-trip times,
regardless of the advertised rate. At the beginning of data transmission for a new
connection, and any time following an urgent rate request, the sender sets the
transmission rate to a minimum value and uses slow start and congestion avoidance
phases, similar to those of TCP [20], to increase the transmission rate. On receipt of a
NAK or a warning rate request, the sender cuts its transmission rate by half and begins a
linear increase in transmission rate.
Group Membership- Group membership in RMC is anonymous. To reduce the
workload at the sender, the sender maintains only a count of the number of receivers in
the multicast group, based on join messages sent by the receivers when they start
listening to the multicast connection. The sender also calculates the round trip time to the
most distant receiver, using Karn's algorithm [18], and continues updating this value
based on incoming NAKs and rate-reduce requests. The round trip time estimates are
used in various places of the protocol, such as advancing the send window, in order to
increase the adaptability of the protocol.

VTG Protocol

The data format for the VTG protocol is shown in the table below

VTG—Course Over Ground and Ground Speed

Table 3.2:-

3.3 PCB DESIGN:

3.3.1 Printed Circuit Board
Introduction:
It is called PCB in short, Printed circuit consists of conductive circuit pattern applied to
one or both sides of an insulation base, depending upon that, it is called single side PCB or
double sided PCB (SSB and DSB). Conductor materials available are silver, brass,
aluminum and copper is most widely used .The thickness of conducting material depends
upon the current carrying capacity of conducting material depends upon the current
carrying capacity of circuit. Thus a thicker copper layer will have more current carrying
capacity.
The printed circuit board usually serves three distinct functions.
1) It provides mechanical support for the components mounted on it.
2) It provides necessary electrical interconnections.
3) It acts as heat sink that is it provides a conduction path leading to removal of most of the
heat generated in the circuit.

Advantages of PCB
When a number of identical assemblies are required, PCBs provide cost saving because
once a layout is approved there is no need to check the circuit every time.
For large equipments such as computers, the saving on checking connections or wires is
substantial.
PCBs have controllable and predictable electrical and mechanical properties.
1) A more uniform product is produced because wiring errors are eliminated.
2) The distributed capacitances are constant from one production to another.
3) Soldering is done in one operation instead of connecting discrete components by wires.
4) The PCB construction lands itself for automatic assembly.
5) Spiral type of inductors may be printed.
6) Weight is less.
7) All the signals are accessible for testing at any point along conductor track.

3.3.1.1 Manufacturing processes of printed circuit board:

The conductor pattern which is on the master film is transferred on copper clad laminate by
two methods.
(1) Photo resist printing
(2) Screen printing.

Photo resist printing

Photopolymer resist is a light sensitive organic material like KPR (Kodak Photo resist)
which is applied to the board as a thin film, the photo resist when exposed to ultraviolet
light hardens or polymerizes. Once it is polymerized, it becomes insoluble to certain
chemical solvents known as developers.
The developer dissolves the portion which is masked or which is not exposed to light. Thus
the pattern that is to be drawn on PCB is derived from the artwork which is photographic
process. This is transferred to a master film on 1:1 scale. This can be reduced to any small
size thus miniaturization is possible. The pattern is transferred to a mask. This mask is kept
on PCB. The whole process is known as Image transfer.
The unpolymerized or masked portion is washed away in developer leaving wanted copper
pattern on board KPR or photo resist is then removed.
Requirements of photo resist.
(1)It should have good resolution and light sensitivity.
(2)It should be resistant to developers which are used to remove unwanted copper
(3)It should have good possibility to strip after unwanted copper is removed.
(4)Its cost must be less.
Photo resist is normally applied by
(1) Flow coating or
(2) Roller coating or
(3) Dip coating or
(4) Spraying or
(5) Whirl coating

The light sources that are used for exposure are

(1)Mercury vapour lamps
(2)Pulsed xenon lamps
(3)UV fluorescent tubes
(4)Carbon lamps.

3.3.2 Screen printing: -

This technique is similar to the one used in printing industry. The copper foil is covered
with printing ink where the conducting paths are going to be.
The screen which is used for pattern is of either stainless steel or polyester mesh which is
dimensionally accurate and fine mesh. The open meshes of screen correspond to the
pattern.
PCB is placed under the screen. Printing ink is placed at one end of the screen, and by
means of a rubber squeegee it is pushed through open meshes; Printed circuit board is then
removed for drying. After drying board is washed in ferric chloride which acts as etchant.
Etching is chemical process by which unwanted copper is removed. The portion which is
covered by ink is not removed, that is the pattern remains intact. Later ink stripping is done
with trichloroethylene.

3.3.3 Protection of copper tracks

Copper when exposed to atmosphere for a long time gets tarnished and problems are
created while soldering. The tracks can be protected by applying lacquer or varnish
properties, the thickness of these coatings. Copper is also protected by plating. There are
three methods of plating
(1)Immersion plating
(2)Electro less plating
(3)Electroplating
(4) Immersion plating utilizes tin and its alloys and gold. It is done by chemical
replacement from coating material salt solution. This method is simple and less costly.
(5) In electro less copper plating electric current is not used instead a chemical reducing
agent is used which supplies electrons for reaction in which copper is reduced from its
ionic state
(6)In electroplating a .d. c current is passed between two electrodes, and a thin coating is
deposited on cathode when immersed in electrolyte.

3.4 Etching
Removal of unwanted copper, to give final copper pattern is known as Etching solution
which are used in etching are known as Etchants,
(1)Ferric chloride
(2)Cupric chloride
(3)Chromic acid
(4)Alkaline ammonia
Of these ferric chloride is widely used because it has short etching time and it can be stored
for a longer time Rinsing follows etching.

3.5Software Section:

In software section we are using the softwares like keil, orcad (ckt diagram), protel (pcb
designing), to download all the locations stored in the memory.
It will use assembly coding.
It includes only the software program which will help in displaying the information or
track record on LCD display.
Software is used at the pc side to collect the information stored and display it.
4.CONCLUSIONS

It is the small-sized vehicle GPS Data Logger intended for automatic record of vehicle
routes, parameters of movement. It can be installed in any type of motor vehicles,
tractors, construction and agricultural machines or diesel-electric locomotives. It is
established on the automobile or other mobile vehicle and carries out in completely
automatic mode record of a route of movement of transport, parameters of movement,
and “working hours of a vehicle". The information which has been written down in
subsequent is transferred to a personal computer where the analysis and display of this
information can be carried-out.

Main function:

• Record of a route (geographic coordinates, date, time);

• Record of parameters of movement (speed)
• Programming interval of records

Proposals for further research like fuel tracking, online tracking, and event data recording
are present in the devices.
5. References

[1]Website-http://ezinearticles.com/?How-Does-a-GPS-Tracker-Work&id=1533688
[2]Website-http://www.brickhousesecurity.com/about-gps-vehicle-tracking-
carlocator.html
[3]Website-http://www.guardmagic.com/01-engl/0e-egps-m2m/e-gpshome-offline11.htm
[4]Website-http://www.prlog.org/10333857-monitor-vehicles-movements-with-gps-
tracking-systems.html
[5]Website- www.gpsinformation.net
[6]Website- www.u-blox.com
[7]Website- www.wikipedia.com

[8]Applications of GSM, by:- Vijay Garg

[9]NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) reference manual
[10]Essentials of Satellite navigation
[11]The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded system, By:- Muhammad Ali Mazidi &
Janice Gillispie Mazidi
 Acknowledgement

We would like to deeply thank the various people who, during the several
months which this endeavor lasted, provided us with useful and helpful assistance.
Without care and consideration, this project would likely not have matured.

First we would like to thank our project guide Prof. B.G.Gawalwad and
Head of Dept. Prof. U.V.Patil sir for his guidance and interest. His guidance reflects
expertise we certainly do not master ourselves. We also thank him for his patience
throughout, in cross-reviewing which constitutes a rather difficult balancing act.

Second, we would like to thank our project co-coordinator,

Prof.A.P.Hatkar who showed utmost interest in our endeavor and provided his able
guidance and co-operation.

Third, we would like to thank all tht Staff Members of E&TC for
providing us their admirable feedback and insights whenever we discussed our project
with them. We also extend our thanks to our lab assistants who guided us in
implementation of our project.

We would like to extend our special thanks to our Principal,Dr.S.P.Bhosle,

for his encouragement and words of wisdom.

Finally, we express our deepest gratitude to our family and friends who
encouraged us since the beginning and provided us with their insightful reviews to help
us make our project successful.

Amrit Pal Kaur

Kaiche Pranali
Shivraj Gupta