Performance of nuclear power

plants half-speed turbine

Wang Hu

Li Shao-hua Dong Wen-hua Dai Qian-long

Northeast Electricity University
Jilin 132011, China

Abstract

ri =

The half-speed turbine in the field of nuclear power has been

more and more widely used, the different speed will lead to differ in
many respects. By calculating the 1000 MW-class nuclear power
typically half-speed turbine enthalpy drop-type relative internal
efficiency to discuss the half-speed machines heat economy; the same
time, by calculating the half-speed machine last stage blades of the
water droplets to study the relative speed of a half-speed machines
water corrosion performance; and with the full-speed machine results
were compared. The results showed that half-speed machines relative
internal efficiency slightly higher than the full speed machine relative
internal efficiency; from security point of view, especially in the
prevention of water erosion of the performance, semi-fast machine is
better than full-speed machine.

Keywords: half-speed turbine engine; hot economy; security;

nuclear power plant.
Categories numberO359.1
Document mark: A
1. Introduction
Half-speed turbine in the field of nuclear power has been more
and more widely used. According to relevant statistics, so far has
been put into operation the world's single-axis level and above 1000
MW of nuclear power generating units of about 219 units (including
the Daya Bay and Ling Ao Nuclear Power Station 4 sets of 1000 MW
class units), which A total of 209 sets half speed machine, full-speed
machine a total of 10 sets[1]. In China's nuclear power generating
units have been put into operation, only three of the Qinshan Nuclear
Power Plant Turbine half-speed machines, and the rest to full speed
machine. The development of nuclear power generating units from
the current trend, for 1000 MW turbine-generator unit level and
above, mostly semi-speed units[2]. Half-speed units design,
manufacture, running full-speed unit than the rich experience. Speed
of different pairs of nuclear power turbine will have a great impact.

2.

Half-speed
Analysis

Turbine

Performance

Parameters

2.1 Economic Analysis

In order to analyze the economics of a half-speed turbine, the
following will use a typical speed of 1000 MW steam turbine with
the Russian Class 1000 MW of K-1000-60/1500 type of half-speed
Turbine is the relative internal efficiency
turbine for comparison.
of turbine flow section of the evaluation index to run the economy,
but also reflect the operational status of turbine flow section of the
key indicators. Turbine effective enthalpy drop and the ideal enthalpy
drop ratio, defined as the relative internal efficiency turbine
namely:

ri ,

H i
H t

(1)

H i effective enthalpy drop of steam turbine,

kg; Ht the ideal enthalpy drop of steam turbine, kJ / kg.

Where,

kJ /

The concept of relative internal efficiency steam turbine can

also be from the nuclear power cycle energy balance equation
to be. Turbine power-type relative internal efficiency
follow:

i =
Where,

Pi

Pi
= ri
Pt

is actually within the steam turbine power,

as

(2)

Pt

ideal for the steam turbine power.

2.1.1 Calculation of full-speed machine
Full-speed computing machines that do not return to heat
extraction, there is no leakage around the seal and the door pole
steam leakage, without intermediate re-heat, no steam-driven
feed water pump pure condensing steam turbine,, that is.
Although the two different relative internal efficiency, but after
calculations show that the power-type and enthalpy drop-type
relative internal efficiency of turbine flow section to reflect the
state of running the economy are equivalent, you can choose a
relative internal efficiency of economic performance as a steam
turbine evaluation index[3].
By equation (1) can be derived when the units are 900
MW and 983.6 MW conditions, the enthalpy drop-type relative
internal efficiency were 0.84170 and 0.86345, but also you can
find the unit at 900 MW and 983.6 MW when the Power-type
relative internal efficiency were 0.84422 and 0.86776. Is easy
to see from Table 1, which is very similar to the results of the
previous operator, which proves the power-type and enthalpy
drop-type relative internal efficiency of turbine flow section to
reflect the state of running the economy is indeed equivalent,
you can choose a relative internal efficiency as a steam turbine
evaluation index of economic performance. Article on the
selection of enthalpy drop-type relative internal efficiency as
evaluation criteria.
2.1.2 Calculation of half-speed machine
The following half-speed machines again to strike a relative
internal efficiency. Table 2 Known Parameters of 1000MW K-100060/1500 Half-speed Turbine from Russia.
First, because the cycle of internal strength unit that reduced the
actual enthalpy:

978-1-4244-4813-5/10/$25.00 2010 IEEE

Hi = h0 +qrh hc j (hj hc )

Door bar steam

leakage share
(lv)
Deaerator
steam seal for
share (dsg)

j=1

(h +q h ) (h
(h +q h )
(h +q h )
j

rh

rh

j=1+1

h
rh1 j

rh

h
rh2 j

rh

hc )

(2)

h
q
Where, 0 for the new steam enthalpy, kJ / kg; rh for rehc -based steam turbine

heat absorption heat, kJ / kg;

extraction enthalpy, kJ / kg;

extraction;

hj

for all levels of

share for all levels of

0.001400

To pump
enthalpy l
(pu) / kJ kg

11.8582

First-class seal
leakage gas
share (sg1)
Steam share of
the second
stage seal lea
leakage (sg2)

0.002500

0.000700

the main steam turbine exhaust steam share;

hrh To reheat enthalpy; fw share of the main water

supply; pu up for the feed pump enthalpy, kJ / kg , For

one, the second reheat shares. Table 2 in the known
parameters can be reduced to get the actual enthalpy Hi =
647.657 kJ / kg. And because the unit ideal enthalpy
reduced Ht = 728.52 kJ/kg, so the unit's relative internal
efficiency of the calculation results in Table 3.
Table 1 Enthalpy Drop of Typical
1000MW Full-speed Turbine

All kinds of enthalpy

drop
Turbine actual enthalpy
drop / kJ kg -1
Turbine ideal enthalpy
drop / kJ kg-1
Turbine power / MW
Ideal in Turbine Power
/ MW

Status /MW
900
983.6
918.9
924.8
1 091.4

1 071.0

922.934 9
1 093.23

1 008.7
1 162.36

Table 2 Known Parameters of 1000MW K-1000-60/1500

Half-speed Turbine from Russia

Types of
parameters are
known

2780.565

fw pu

exhaust steam enthalpy, kJ / kg;

0.001000

Evaporator
outlet
enthalpy (hs)
1
/ kJ kg

Specific
numerical

Water Share
(fw)

1.020408

Evaporator
steam share
(s

1.010204

Types of
parameters
are known
The new
steam
enthalpy (h0)
/ kJ kg-1
Water
enthalpy
(tfw) / kJ
kg -1

Specific
numerical

2776

964

The
main
steam turbine
mechanical
efficiency (m)
Generator
efficiency (g)

0.992

0.989

First-class
seal leakage
steam
enthalpy
(hsj1) / kJ
kg-1
Second-level
seal leakage
steam
enthalpy
(hsj2) / kJ
kg-1
Reactor
efficiency
(nr)
Steam
generator
efficiency
(s)

2495

2250

0.99

0.985

Table 3 Calculation results of relative internal efficiency

Unit Type
A typical class 1000 MW
steam turbine at full
speed
Russia 1000 MW-class
K-1000-60/1500 semispeed turbine

Power /
MW

Relative
internal
efficiency

983.6

0.86345

1000

0.8890

2.1.3 The calculation results

The calculation results can be seen from Table 3, a typical
1000 MW-class full-speed turbine with Russia K-1000-60/1500
similar type of power unit, but the former unit is a full-speed
machines, and Russia's K-1000-60/1500-type unit is half-speed
machine, by calculating the typical 1000 MW-class units in the
power of 983.6 MW when the relative efficiency of 0.863 in 45,
and Russia's K-1000-60/1500-type units in the 1000 MW when
the within the relative efficiency of 0.8890. Therefore, it is easy
to see half-speed machine relative internal efficiency slightly
higher than the full-speed machine, thus proving from the hot
economy in terms of half-speed machine on the slightly betterthan-full-speed machine.
2.2 Security Analysis

Leaves will not only cause severe water erosion Fracture

blades, leading to units such as accidents, where a strong
vibration, but also enable unit-level efficiency dropped
significantly. Steam turbine in nuclear power generating units
in the different speed, then the steam turbine is also far different
from the performance of water erosion, the following by
comparing the half-speed machine with full-speed machine last
stage blades relative velocity of the water droplets to carry out
two kinds of unit water corrosion performance comparison.[4-5]
The following analytical method derived using the
absolute rate of drop circumference plane of projection c1 and
1 expression.
For static water droplet velocity triangle Cascade Exit
Application law of cosines:

c12 = u 2 + w12 2uw1 cos 1

Fill type (4)

c1 u w1 the meaning and units of:

c1 for said rotor blades of export steam flow absolute speed,

w
m/s. u for circumferential speed, m/s. 1 for relative velocity,
m/s.
Because of the formula:

(5)

c1 sin 1 = w1 sin 1

Into on behalf of the w1 :

2

sin 1 2
c1 +
1
sin 1

(6)

[2u sin 1 cos 1 ]c1 u 2 = 0

c1 =

u sin 1 cot 1
sin 1

1
sin 1

(2u sin 1 cot 1 )2 + 41 sin 1 u 2

sin 1
sin 2
1
21
sin 1

The relative drop velocity c1 entrance angle

determined by the relative speed of water droplets

1 , according

t 2 + h2 d 2
2th

(8)
2.2.1 Calculation of full-speed aircraft security
Calculation of full-speed aircraft security to the typical 1000
MW nuclear steam turbine, for example, the last stage blades at the
maximum diameter of 3706 mm, unit export structure of the last
stage stationary blade angle 1 = 16 . Leaf drop is relatively fixed
entrance angle 1. The relative drop velocity c1 entrance angle 1,

w1 .

2.2.2 Half-speed computing machine safty

Half-speed computing machine safety will be selected following
a typical 1 000 MW-class nuclear power turbine speed to calculate
the semi-final stage of leaf drop impact velocity: From Equation (7)
calculate the absolute velocity c1, then the formula (5) can seek out
of the relative velocity of water droplets. Other intermediate
parameters of law and seek full-speed machine calculation process
the same results as shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Results of Relative Drop Velocity
from a Typical 1 000 MW Half-speed
Turbine of Nuclear Power

Data

Results

Data

Results

t/mm

290

r/mm

2712

h/mm

450

u/ms1

425.79

d/mm

200

c1 /ms1

100.5

19.1o

w1 /ms1

110

(7)

to the structure of moving the cascade size and rotor blades

convex arc width of the entrance side of the water erosion
calculated, based dynamic cascade into the steam side of pitch
for the t (chord length), erosion width (arc length) for d, the
former a rotating blade into the steam to water erosion with a
boundary edge distance h, application of law of cosines may:

1 = arccos

according to the structure of moving the cascade size and rotor blades
convex arc width of the entrance side of the water erosion calculated,
based dynamic cascade into the steam side of pitch for the t (chord
length), erosion width (arc length) for d, the former a rotating blade
into the steam to water erosion with a boundary edge distance h,
application of law of cosines, according to the last stage moving
blades back-arc erosion traces of the entrance side of the measured
width: t = 200 mm, h = 334 mm, d = 150 mm. In order to estimate the
relative water droplets moving the entrance of leaf angle 1 = 14.9 ,
units of the last stage blade radius r = 1 853 mm, calculate the last
stage blades at the top of the velocity u, from equation (7) can find
the drop of absolute velocity c1, then the formula (5) can be derived
relative velocity drops w1. High-speed water droplets on the rotor
blades of the destructive power of the size of the metal surface

2.2.3 Caculation results

Table 5 lists the typical level of 1000 MW of nuclear power at full
speed and half-speed turbine relative velocity of the water droplets of
the calculation.
From Table 5 we can see thatA typical 1000 MW of nuclear
power turbine speed is greater than the relative velocity of the water
droplets typical of 1000 MW-class nuclear power and a half-speed
turbine relative velocity of the water droplets, but also proven a
typical 1000 MW heavy water reactor and a half-speed turbine with a
typical 1000 MW-class nuclear power half-speed turbine similar to
the relative velocity of water droplets, the same is less than the
typical speed of 1000 MW of nuclear power turbines relative velocity
drops. As the high-speed water droplets on the rotor blades of the
destructive power of the metal surface depends on the relative
velocity of water droplets w1, although the use of nuclear power
generating units stellite alloy film can effectively prevent water
erosion, but not a fundamental solution to leaf water erosion
problems, so that half-speed machine performance to prevent water
erosion better than full-speed machine.

Table 5 Results of Relative Drop Velocity from Various Types of

Nuclear Power Units

Power /MW
Turbine Type

The relative velocity

drops

/ms1

1000 MW of
nuclear power a
typical full-speed
turbine
1000 MW of nucl
typically half-spe

983.6

307.6

1000

110

A typical 1000
MW heavy water
reactor and a halfspeed turbine

1000

105

2.3 Investment Cost Analysis

Usually in the case of the same power level, semi-speed gas
turbine are large, the weight of individual parts much heavier than the
full-speed machines, so a half-speed turbine material consumption
more than the full-speed turbine[6]. As the half-speed turbine the size
and weight than the full-speed turbine large, making a half-speed
turbine manufacturing, lifting and transportation, and so the difficulty
and cost increases, thereby increasing the range of investments.
Installation, due to half-speed turbine is greater than the weight and
size of full-speed turbine, so the installation site of the large-scale
lifting facilities require increased lifting capacity, thereby increasing
the lifting equipment investment. In short, investment costs, the halfspeed turbine investment costs compared with the corresponding
steam turbine speed should be higher.

3. Ending
In this paper, the analysis of these aspects. Half-speed turbine to
clarify the various performance parameters.
And half-speed
machines and full-speed machines and water erosion of the economic
performance of the relevant calculations and comparative analysis,
the following conclusions.
Through the half-speed machine and full-speed machines
(power and parameters similar) within the relative efficiency
calculation and comparison can see, the typical 1000 MW-class
nuclear power turbine at full speed within the relative efficiency of
0.863 45, and Russia's K-1000-60/1500 semi-speed unit in the 1000
MW power in the time of the relative efficiency of 0.8890, it is clear
that the economics of a half-speed machine slightly better than fullspeed machine.
After calculation we can see, half-speed machines last stage
blades relative velocity drops to less than full speed machines, highspeed drop due to the metal surface of the rotor blades of the
destructive power depends on the relative speed of water droplets, so
to prevent the performance of water erosion is also a good half-speed
machines at full-speed machine.
Half-speed machine size and weight of large, install steam
turbine manufacturing and transportation costs higher than the speed
confidential.

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