ECE 6606PD

Distribution Systems Engineering

Assignment 1
Distribution System Load
Characteristics
1-a)Average Power=

total annual energy

8760
7
10
=
=1141kW
8760

1-b)Annual Load Factor= F =

Average demand

LD

Peak demand
1141
=
=0.326
3500
2-a) Transformer kW=

1800+2000+2000

1.15
To Calculate Transformer S, calculate Q

=5043.48 kW

-1

first Q=Ptancos (power factor)

-1

Q1 =1800tancos (0.95)=591.63 kVAR

Similarily
Q2 =1239.49 kVAR
Q3 =968.64 kVAR
Transformer kVAR=

Q1 +Q2 +Q3
1.15
2

=2434.578 kVAR
2

Transformer kVA= P +Q = 5043.48 +2434.578 =5600.34 kVA

2-b)Load diversity=(1800+2000+2000)-(5043.48)=756.52 kW
2-c) First transformer's emergency rating =31251.25=3906.25 kVA (Not Suitable)
Second transformer's emergency rating =46871.25=5858.75 kVA (Suitable)
Choose second transformer

ECE6606PD

Distribution Systems Engineering

Assignment # 2
Distribution System Load Forecasting
1. Explain briefly the main difference between the extrapolation, the simulation, and the econometric
methods for load forecast. Your answer should address the following:
a. Their use for distribution system load forecast.
b. The data requirements.
c. The accuracy of their results.
[30 marks]
Lecture 2, Section 4
2. For the demand data given in Table 1, forecast the nearest three future points and calculate the MAE
the RMSE over the historical data points sets using the following forecasting techniques:
a. 4-order weighted moving average (WMA)
b. ARIMA (2,0,0)
[70 marks]
Table 1 Hourly demand data variation
Hour
Power (kW)
Hour
Power (kW)
Hour
Power (kW)
Hour
Power (kW)

1
28969.26
7
22187.94
13
29886.12
19
37448.58

2
26392.32
8
22463.73
14
30487.05
20
36800.67

3
24254.58
9
22850.31
15
30160.56
21
35871.45

4
22707.33
10
24301.62
16
30874.11
22
34722.09

5
21787.5
11
26440.89
17
33837.27
23
32497.41

6
21642.96
12
28536.93
18
37946.61
24
28453.05

Solution:
i) 4-order weighted moving average (WMA)
The mathematical expression for the 4-order moving average model can be re-written as
follows
4

Y i

Wm Y i m W1 Y i 1W2 Y i 2W3 Y i

3W4 Y i 4
m1

i 4

The chosen weights are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1, respectively.
Table 2 and Fig. 1 present the generated results when using the 4-order weighted moving
average. These results reveal that the MAE is 2314.41 kW and the RMSE is 2848.89 kW.
Table 2 Load forecasting using 4-order weighted moving average
Hour (i)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

Actual
28969.26
26392.32
24254.58
22707.33
21787.5
21642.96
22187.94
22463.73
22850.31
24301.62
26440.89
28536.93
29886.12
30487.05
30160.56
30874.11
33837.27
37946.61
37448.58
36800.67
35871.45
34722.09
32497.41
28453.05
28453.05
28453.05

Power (kW)
Forecasted

24534.696
23017.347
22160.358
21996.297
22149.216
22481.127
23287.281
24683.277
26492.394
28233.867
29512.131
30041.256
30483.834
31877.958
34520.703
36218.28
36927.891
36673.158
35755.263
34269.948
31662.006
29888.826
28857.486

e(i)

2747.20
1374.39
27.58
467.43
701.09
1820.49
3153.61
3853.65
3393.73
2253.18
648.43
832.85
3353.44
6068.65
2927.88
582.39
1056.44
1951.07
3257.85
5816.90

{e(i)}^2

7547085.86
1888939.63
760.77
218493.61
491532.80
3314194.76
9945249.72
14850641.44
11517376.16
5076833.63
420460.17
693645.79
11245533.01
36828537.10
8572463.73
339178.11
1116067.59
3806666.34
10613606.17
33836302.34

40
35
30
D
e 25
m
20
an
d 15
(
10
5
0
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Time Intervals (hours)
Actual

Forecasted

Fig. 1 Load forecasting using 4-order weighted moving average

ii) ARIMA
(2,0,0)
The

forecasting model for the ARIMA (2,0,0)

Y i a b1 Y i 1b2 Y

mathematically

by,

i 3, 4, 5,......

i 2

where a , b ,
1
and

is expressed

b2 represent the model coefficients that can be estimated using the Least

Square Method as follows,

a

T
T
A b
. 1
. Y
1

b2

Y
Y 1

2
Y 2
1
1

1 Y (n
1)

Y (n 2)

Y 3

Y 4

Y

There for this problem the model coefficients are

a 3009.50

A b1

1.726

b2

- 0.8318

Table 3 and Fig. 2 present the generated results when using the ARIMA (2,0,0). These results
reveal that the MAE is 796.71 kW and the RMSE is 1134.88 kW.
45
40
35
D
e
m
an
d
(

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Time Intervals (hours)
Actual

Forecasted

Fig. 2 Load forecasting using ARIMA (2,0,0)

Table 3 Load forecasting using ARIMA (2,0,0)
Hour (i)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

Actual
28969.26
26392.32
24254.58
22707.33
21787.5
21642.96
22187.94
22463.73
22850.31
24301.62
26440.89
28536.93
29886.12
30487.05
30160.56
30874.11
33837.27
37946.61
37448.58
36800.67
35871.45
34722.09
32497.41
28453.05
28453.05
28453.05

Power (kW)
Forecasted

24466
22920
22028
21727
22243
23303
23326
23764
25947
28433
30271
30856
30771
29708
31211
35732
40360
36082
35378
34313
33102
30218
25088
28452
28452

e(i)

211.42
212.67
240.50
84.04
55.06
839.27
475.69
537.62
493.89
103.93
384.88
368.95
610.44
1166.11
2626.27
2214.61
2911.42
718.67
493.45
409.09
604.59
1764.95

{e(i)}^2

44698.42
45228.53
57840.25
7062.72
3031.60
704374.13
226280.98
289035.26
243927.33
10801.44
148132.61
136124.10
372636.99
1359812.53
6897294.11
4904497.45
8476366.42
516486.57
243492.90
167354.63
365529.07
3115048.50

Distribution Systems Engineering

ECE
6606PD

Assignment 3

Distribution System
Planning
Q1) Lecture 3, Sections 1, 3 and 4
Q2) it is required to calculate the cost function between different
sections

Since it is a transportation problem, then we assume a separate cable

is extended from each substation to each load point, no tappingof is
allowed (tapping of is considered only in a transhipment problem)
Also since there is no limit to the power that could be supplied by each
substation, each substation is assumed to supply the full load of a
load point if associated with the least cost function for this load point

For straight distance: cost function is 1 pu.

For straight river crossing: cost function
is 10 pu. Thus the following table can be
constructed
Load center
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Shortest
distance
from1
(41)
2
(412)
5
(478963)
0
1
(45)
4
(47896)
1
(47)
2
(478)
3
(4789)

Shortest
distance
from4
(98741)
3
(9852)
2
(963)
3
(9874)
2
(985)
1
(96)
2
(987)
1
(98)
0

The minimum distance table is constructed for each load point

Load point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Closest substation
SS1
SS1
SS2
SS1
SS1
SS2
SS1
SS2
SS2

Cost function
1
2
2
0
1
1
1
1
0

Total cost function is 9

SS1 is used to supply load points: 1, 2,
4, 5, and 7 SS2 is used to supply load
points 3, 6, 8 and 9 Rating of
SS1=2+4+1+5+2=14 MVA
Rating of SS2=4+6+5+5=20 MVA
Results are illustrated in following table
Substation
Fed load points
Total size

SS1
12457
14 MVA

SS2
3689
20 MVA

ECE6606PD

Distribution Systems Engineering

Assignment # 4 Solution
Distribution System Automation &
Demand Side Management
1. Discuss the main factors influencing efficient and reliable load supply to customers.
Lecture 4, Section 1
[30 marks]
2. Explain briefly the main basic areas required to be developed in order to implement distribution
system automation.
Lecture 4, Section 6
[30 marks]
3. Discuss the different requirements of successful load management and its possible impacts
Lecture 4, Section 8
[40 marks]

Assignment # 5 Solution
Sub-Transmission Lines and Non-Technical
Distribution Substations Design Factors
1. Discuss briefly the different types of sub-transmission circuits configurations. Your answer should
address the following:
a. The one line diagram of the electric circuit.
b. The reliability of the configuration.
c. The relative cost of each configuration.
d. The main drawbacks of each configuration.
Lecture 5, Section 2.1

2. Discuss briefly how the most optimal substation locations (sites) are determined and the different
factors affecting the selection process.
Lecture 5, Section 4

Assignment # 6 Solution
Distribution Substation Design
Aspects
1. Discuss briefly the different types of substation bus configurations. Your answer should address the
following:
a. The one line diagram of the electric circuit.
b. The possible operating voltages for each configuration.
c. The main drawbacks of each configuration.
d. The main advantages of each configuration
Lecture 6, Section 3

2. A distribution substation services a square area with the substation at the center of the square.
Assume that the substation is served by four three phase four wire 13.2/22.9 KV grounded-wye
primary feeders. The feeder mains are made of either #2 AWG copper or #1/0 ACSR
conductors. The three phase open wire overhead lines have a geometric mean spacing of 37 in
2
between phase conductors. Assume a lagging-load power factor of 0.9 and a 1000 KVA/mi
uniformly distributed load density.
From tables, the conductor ampacity for #2 AWG copper is 230A.
(a) Consider thermally loaded feeder mains:
Since, the thermally limited case is considered, therefore, the feeder conductor is equal to
its current carrying capacity, i.e. I = Imax = 230 A.
(i) Maximum load per feeder.
S feeder 3 x
VLL
3

x I max

x 22.9 x 230

9122.7 KVA
(ii) Substation size.
Ssubstation 4 x S feeder
4 x 9122.57
36490.8 KVA

(iii) Substation spacing, both ways.

S feeder Afeeder x D
2

9122.7 l x 1000
4
l 4 3.02 mi
Substation Spacing, both Ways 2 l4 6.04 mi
(iv) Total percent voltage drop from the feed point to the end of the main.
From Fig. 1, k for #2 AWG copper at 22.9 kV is 0.00025
2
3
x k x D x l

%VD
4

23

x 0.0025 x 1000 x (3.02)

3
4.59 %

(b) Consider voltage drop-limited feeders which have 3% voltage drop and find:
(i) Substation spacing, both ways.
2
%VD
3
x k x D x l
4

23

x 0.00025 x 1000 x l

l4

3
2.621 mi

3
4

Substation Spacing, both Ways 2 l4 5.242 mi

(ii) Maximum load per feeder.
2
S feeder Afeede x D
x 1000
r
l 4
2
S feeder (2.621) x 1000
6869.641 KVA
(iii) Substation size.
Ssubstation 4 x S feeder
4 x 6869.641
27.47856 MVA

(iv) Ampere loading of the main in per unit of conductor ampacity.

S feeder
3 x VLL

36869.941
x 22.9

173.196 A

I pu

max

173.19 0.753

6
230

Fig. 1 K constant curves for copper conductors with 0.9 lagging power factor

Distribution Systems Engineering

ECE
6606PD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assignment 7

Primary Distribution Systems

Design and Operation
1) (40 marks) Explain briefly the diferent primary

distribution system configurations. Your answer should

address the following:
a) The single line diagram of each configuration.
b) The main advantage of each configuration.
c) The disadvantages of each configuration.
d) The degree of reliability of each configuration.
Lecture 7, Section 3
2) (60 Marks)
- First, determine the k factor for the main and the

lateral
From Figure 2, The K factor for the main = 0.0004 and
for the lateral = 0.001
-

Then calculate the maximum diversified demand

Determine the peak load for each substation as

follows

For design A: The voltage drop will be the

summation of the voltage drops of the shown lines

For design B: The voltage drop will be summation of

the voltage drop of the shown three lines

Total Voltage Drop 1.6 1.6 0.0625 3.2625%

Thus , design A is better than Design B

ECE6606PD

Distribution Systems Engineering

Assignment # 8 Solution
Secondary Distribution Systems Design, Services
and Metering
1. Explain briefly the different secondary distribution system configurations. Your answer should
address the following:
a. The single line diagram of each configuration.
b. The main advantage of each configuration.
c. The disadvantages of each configuration.
d. The degree of reliability of each configuration.
Lecture 8, Section 1.2

2. Discuss the main components of the secondary distribution system. Your answer should consider the
following issues:
a. The secondary system voltage level.
b. The design consideration of the secondary system.
c. The degree of reliability of each component in the secondary system.
Lecture 8, Section 1.1

Assignment # 9 Solution
Voltage Drops and Power Loss
Calculations
2

1. Figure #1 shows a square-shaped service area (A = 4 mi ) with a uniformly distributed load density
2

of D kVA/mi and 2 mi of #4/0 AWG copper overhead main from a to b. There are many closely
spaced primary laterals, which are not shown in the square-shaped service area of the figure.
In this voltage-drop study, use the precalculated voltage-drop curves of Figure #2 when applicable.
Use the nominal primary voltage of 19,920/34,500 V for a three-phase four-wire wye-grounded
2

system. Assume that at peak loading the load density is 1000 kVA/mi and the lumped load is 2000
2

kVA, and that at off-peak loading the load density is 333 kVA/mi and the lumped load is still
2000 kVA, The lumped load is of a small industrial plant working three shifts a day. The substation
bus voltages are 1.025 pu V of 19,920 base volts at peak load and 1.000 pu V during off-peak load.
The transformer located between buses c and d has a three-phase rating of 2000 kVA and a deltarated high voltage of 34,500 V and grounded-wye- rated low voltage of 277/480 V. It has 0 + j0.05
per unit impedance based on the transformer ratings. It is tapped up to raise the low voltage 5.0
percent relative to the high voltage, i.e., the equivalent turns ratio in use is (19,920/277) x 0.95. Use
the given information and data for peak loading and determine the following:
a- The percent voltage drop from the substation to point a, from a to b, from b to c, and from c
to d on the main.
b- The per unit voltages at the points a, b, c, and d on the main.
c- The line-to-neutral voltages at the points a, b, c, and d.

Figure #1, Question #1

Figure #2, Question #1

Solution:
a- The kVA rating of the square-shaped service area is
Ssquare = Dsquare x Area = 1000 x 4 = 4000 kVA.
The total kVA load on the main feeder is
Stotal = Ssquare + Slumped = 4000 + 2000 = 6000 kVA.
Using Fig. 2 the K constant for # 4/0 Copper is 0.000065 and that for # 4 Copper is 0.00017.
Then, the %VD from the substation to bus A is
%VDOA = K x Stotal x l = 0.000065 x 6000 x 1 = 0.4 % .
The %VD from bus A to bus B is

%VDAB = (K x Ssquare
x

) + (K x Slumped x l)

= (0.000065 x 4000 x 1) + (0.000065 x 2000 x 2) = 0.52 % .

The %VD from bus B to bus C is
%VDBC =K x Slumped x l =0.00017 x 2000 x 2 = 0.68 % .
The %VD from bus O to bus C is
%VDOC =%VDOA +%VDAB +%VDBC = 0.4 + 0.52 + 0.68 = 1.6 % .
The per unit voltage at bus C (similarly at the lumped load terminal) is:
Vc = Vo - VDOC = 1.025 -0.016 = 1.009 pu
To find the %VD from bus C to bus D:
The lumped load current is
I

Slumped

3 x VC ,LL

2000 kVA

3 x 1.009 x 34.5 kV

The base load current is

S lumped

Ibase

3 x VC ,LL

33.17 A

2000 kVA

33.47 A

3 x 34.5
kV

The per unit lumped load current is

33.17
I
0.99 pu
I pu
I
33.47
base

Since pf = 0.9, therefore = 25.84and sin = 0.4359.

and the low voltage side has been tapped up 5%

Then the %VD from bus C to bus D is

%VDC =
)

I (R cos X sin
Vbase

0.05

0.99 x 0.05 x 0.4359

1

0.0
5

= -2.84 % .

b- The per unit values for the voltages at buses A, B, C, and D on the main:
VA = V0 V0A = 1.025 0.004 = 1.021 pu
VB = VA VAB = 1.021 0.0052 = 1.0158 pu
B

VC = VB VBC = 1.0158 0.0068 = 1.009

B

pu
VD = VC VCD = 1.009 (-0.0284) = 1.0374 pu
c- The line-to-neutral voltages at buses A, B, C, and D on the main:
VA = 19,920 x 1.021 = 20,338.32 V
VB = 19,920 x 1.0158 = 20,234.73 V
B

VC = 19,920 x 1.009 = 20,099.28 V

VD = 277 x 1.0374 = 287.36 V

2. Figure 3 show a single-line representation of a three-phase, 69 kV network. Substation 1 supplies

substations 2 and 3. Substations 2 and 3 are connected via a tie line. Calculate:
a. The voltage difference between substations 2 and 3 when the tie line is open.
b. The line currents when the tie line is connected.
c. The total power loss when the tie line is connected.

Figure #3, Question #2

Solution:

I L1 112.5 j 54.49 125 25.84 A

For the 125 A, PF = 0.9 load;

For the 195 A, PF = 0.85 load; I 165.75 j 102.72 195 31.78 A

L2
a. when the tie line is open as shown in Figure # 4 we have;

I1 I L1 112.5 j 54.49 125 25.84

A

and

I 2 I L2 165.75 j 102.72 195 31.78 A

Figure # 4, Question #2
j 1.8V1 199.332 j 153.459
V1 112.5 j 54.49x 0.9

The voltage at substation 2 (V2) can be expressed by;

V2 V1 I 1 x Z12

Similarly, the voltage at substation 3 (V3) can be expressed by;

V3 V1 I
2

x Z13 V1 165.75 j 102.72 x

j 1V1 268.47 j 63.03

Subtract the last two equations from each other, the voltage difference between substations
2 and 3 (V23) can be found as
V23 V2 V3 199.332 j 153.459 268.47 j 63.0369.138 j 90.429
113.8 52.6 V

b. when the tie line is connected as shown in Figure # 5 we have;

Figure # 5, Question #2

ECE6606PD

Distribution Systems Engineering

I1 I 3 I L1 112.5 j 54.49 125 25.84 A

and

I 2 I 3 I L2 165.75 j 102.72 195 31.78

A
Therefore,
I1 112.5 j 54.49 I 3

and

I 2 165.75 j
102.72 I 3

Using kVL, we get;

I1 x Z12 I
2

x Z13 I x Z 23 0
3

Substituting by I1 and I2 in the last equation we get;

112.5 j 54.49 I 3 x 0.9 j 1.8 165.75 j 102.72 I 3 x 1 j 1

I x 1 j 20
3

j 1.8 165.75 j 102.72x

112.5 j 54.49x0.9 1

Therefore,

I3

0.9

j 1

j 1.8 1 j 1 1 j 2

I 3 7.43 j 18.89 20.368.54

I1 112.5 j 54.49 7.43 j 18.89105.07 j 73.38 128.1634.9 A

I 2 165.75 j 102.72 7.43 j 18.89173.18 j 83.83 192.4025.83

A
c. The total power loss when the tie line is connected can be calculated as follows;
2
2
Ploss

ECE6606PD

3 x I

x r12

x
r13 I 3

Distribution Systems Engineering

x r23

x 0.9

3 x

128.16

x1

192.4

156.64 kW

20.3

x1

Distribution Systems Engineering

ECE
6606PD
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Assignment 10

Application of Capacitors for

Distribution Systems
1) (20 marks) Power capacitors are used to improve

distribution system performance. Discuss the benefits

for using power capacitor in distribution systems.
(Lecture 10, Sections 4.3
& 4.4) (20 marks) Explain the main diference between
applying series and shunt capacitors to distribution
system and also identify the main functions and the
target applications of each capacitor.
(Lecture 10, Sections 5
& 6)
2) (60 marks) Assume that a three phase 400-hp, 50-

Hz, and 4160-V star connected induction motor has a

full load efficiency of 85%, a lagging pf of 0.75, and
is connected to a feeder. If it is desired to correct the
power factor of the load to 0.88 lagging, by
connecting three capacitors at the load, determine
following:
a) The rating of capacitors
bank
in
Kilovars
(without
any approximations).
b) The capacitance of each unit if capacitors are
connected in delta (in microfarads).
c) The capacitance of each unit if capacitors are
connected in star (in microfarads).
Solution
a) The input power of the induction motor can be found

as:

P
hp)

(400 hp)(0.7457 kW /

350.92 kW

0.85

The reactive power of the motor at the uncorrected power

factor is:

Distribution Systems Engineering

ECE
6606PD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
-----------------Q P
350.92 tan(cos 0.75)

tan
1

Q1 350.920.8819 309.48 k var

The reactive power of the motor at the corrected power

factor is
1

Q P
tan

350.92 tan(cos 0.88)

Q2 350.920.5397 189.41k var

Thus, the reactive power provided by the capacitor equals

Qc Q1
Q2

309.48 189.41 120.07 k var

b) The capacitor reactance can be calculated as

X c,
phase

2
phase

Qc, phase

2 fC

Thus, the capacitance of the capacitor is calculated as

C
Where

Qc, phase
2 f
V

2
phase

120.07

k var

c
c, phase

For delta connected capacitor, Vphase is equal to 4160 V

(The voltage across each individual capacitor is the
total line voltage) as shown in Figure 1

Figure 1
Substituti
ng

120.07 1000
C 3250 41602 7.36F
c) In this case, Vphase will be equal to (4160/sqrt(3))

as shown in Figure 2

Figure 2
Substituti
ng

120.07 1000
4160 2 22.09F
3260 (
)
3

Comment: Most utilities prefer to install delta connected

capacitors as the capacitance required in this case is
(1/3) the capacitance required for star connected
capacitors. However, it has to be noted that delta
connected capacitors are subjected to (sqrt (3)) more
voltage than star connected capacitors

Assignment 11
Distribution System Voltage
Regulation
1) (30 marks) Voltage regulators are used to improve the

quality of the distribution system performance. Discuss

briefly the main components of the automatic voltage
regulator and their main functions. Also explain the
main function of the line drop compensator (LDC) and
the electric circuit of the LDC.
[Sections 6 & 7]

2) (70 marks) An industrial customers bus is located at

the end of a 3 mile primary line with a resistance of

0.3 /mi and an inductive reactance of 0.8 /mi. The
customers transformer is rated 5000 kVA with
transformer impedance of 0 + j0.05 pu based on
the rated kVA. Assume that the industrial load is at
the annual peak of 4000 kVA at 80 % lagging power
factor. Select a proper three-phase capacitor bank size
to be connected to the industrial load 4 kV bus to
achieve the following goals:
a) Produce a voltage rise of at least 0.02 pu.
b) Raise the ON-peak power factor to at least 88 %
lagging power factor.
Hint:
Use multiples of three-phase, 150 kvar capacitor units
in sizing the
required capacitor bank.
- The primary voltage of the transformer is 12.8 kV.
-

Solution
For the original load (4000 kVA at 80 % lagging power factor),
1

S o 4000 cos (0.8)

400036.87

kVA

After correcting the load power factor to 88 % lagging, the

active power
component will not be afected. Therefore,

Pn
Po

So
pfo

Howeve Sn
r

4000 0.8 3200 kW

3200 Sn 0.88

pfn

Pn
Sn 3636.364 kVA
Then, it is required to find the old and new reactive powers

) (P )

(S

o
2

) (P )

(S

2400 kVAR
40002 32002
3636.362 32002 1727.17 kVAR

Therefore, the additional reactive power required by

installing the capacitor bank to raise the ON-peak power
factor to at least 88 % lagging power factor is

Qc Qo
Qn

2400 1727.17 672.83 kVAR

Using multiples of three-phase 150 kvar capacitor units,

then the required reactive power of the capacitor bank is
750 kVAR (this value will raise the power factor to 88.88 %)
Considering the transformer primary voltage as 12.8 kV,
the transformer impedance can be calculated as follows;

X
X
tr

tr
tr

(base) 0.05

( pu)
X

3 2

(12.810 )
5000 10

1.6384

The resultant voltage rise from installing the 750 kVAR

capacitor bank is

VR( pu)

Q X L

1000 (kVB,LL )

750 (0.8

3 1.6384)
2
pu
0.018486
1000 (12.8)

This is less than the required 2%

Thus, 750 KVAR dont meet the design specifications

Increase the capacitor size to 900 KVAR

VR( pu)

Q
900 (0.8 3 1.6384)
2
X L

0.0222 pu
1000 (12.8)
2
1000 (kVB,LL
)

Check for the new power factor

1 Q
1 Q Qc
1 2400 900
pf cos(tan ( n )) cos(tan ( o
) cos(tan (
)
n
Pn
0.905
Pn
pfn
3200

Assignment 12
Distribution Service
Reliability
1) (50 marks) Improvement of electric power delivery

reliability is an important task that is carried out by

the electric utility due to the high cost of customer
outages. Explain briefly the main reliability indices
that are commonly used in measuring distribution
system reliability. Also explain the widely used
reliability practices in distribution systems. Your answer
should address this subject for the following customers
type: Residential, light load commercial, commercial,
industrial, and agricultural.
[Sections 3 & 5]

2) (50 marks) Each component in the system has its

internal risk of failure along with the external factors.

Discuss briefly how the diferent existing components
in the distribution system can afect the system
reliability.
[Section 6.1]

Notes
-

One typed page per essay-type question

Submission Due Date: April, 5, 2013