APPENDIX B

Raw Sugar Steam Balance

Steam Balance without Vapor Bleeding

Live Steam Supply

Where,

W=

S=

%moisture in bagasse

%pol in bagasse

NCV

NCV

BTU
lb bagasse

Sensible Heat Loss in bagasse, q

=[

= [(

)( . .

BTU
lb bagasse

+ . ](
.

)+ . ]

From the steam table,

At TL =

At T

ol

HL =

ol

.
.

.
=

lb steam
day

Live Steam (LS) Demand

=(

=(

hp
)(
ton cane
,

Exhaust Steam Available for Prime Movers

%

)(

lb steam
day

lb live steam
)
hp

lb steam
day

)
,

TCD

Exhaust Steam Requirement for Boiling House

Heaters
Since exhaust steam pressure = 25 psig, P = 25 +14.7 = 39.7 psia
From steam tables, at P = 39.7 psia, HES = 933.4449 BTU/lb
At MJ brix = 15.31,
=
=

= .

= ,

Evaporator

= ,

( )(
.

lb steam
day

.
,

lb steam
day

Vacuum Pans
A-Pan:

=(

=(

= ,

lb steam
day

. .

lb
ton

. .

B-Pan:

=(

=(

lb steam
day

. .

. .

lb
ton

C-Pan:

=(

=(

+
.

lb steam
day

. .

. .

lb
ton

Graining Pan (G-Pan):

= (

= (

= ,

lb
ton

lb steam
day

lb steam
day

.
+

Miscellaneous

= (

=(

= ,

= ,

lb
)
TC

TCD

lb steam
day

+
.

+ ,

lb steam
day

+ ,

+ ,

=
=

lb steam
day

Bagasse consumption without vapor bleeding

%

,
,

,
,

.
.

Steam Balance with Vapor Bleeding

Vapor bleeding is used to maximize the heat of the exhaust steam used for the
evaporators, thus, increasing the steam economy. When the steam economy is increased, less
bagasse is consumed. These vapor which are bled from the evaporators are used to heat up the
heaters and the vacuum pans. The factory makes use of the quintuple effect evaporation.

Pressure Distribution in Quintuple Effect Evaporators

PE =
VP

. psia
=

inHg = .

psia

. psia .

psia

psia

Pressure Drop for Quintuple Effect (constants from Table 32.23, Hugot (1986).)

= .

= .

psia

psia

= .

psia

psia

psia

psia

= .

= .

psia

psia

psia

psia

Appendix Table 13 and Appendix Table 14 shows the latent heat obtained for each
necessary value of steam and vapor.

Appendix Table 13. Temperature and latent heat of vapor in each effect.
EVAPORATOR
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

PRESSURE
(psia)
39.7
31.47
23.62
16.14
9.04

TEMPERATURE
(oF)
266.793
253.0771
236.9316
216.752
188.4682

LATENT HEAT
(BTU/lb)
933.4449
942.8999
953.6944
966.8736
984.6191

Appendix Table 14. Temperature and latent heat of steam chest per evaporator in each
effect.
EVAPORATOR
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

PRESSURE
(psia)
31.47
23.62
16.14
9.04
2.31

TEMPERATURE
(oF)
253.0771
236.9316
216.752
188.4682
131.4262

LATENT HEAT
(BTU/lb)
942.8999
953.6944
966.8736
984.6191
1018.8156

Appendix Table 15. Latent heat of the heating medium for heaters.
HEATER

HEATING MATERIAL

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Final

Vapor from 3rd effect

Vapor from 2nd effect
Vapor from 1st effect
Exhaust steam

LATENT HEAT
(BTU/lb)
966.8736
953.6944
942.8999
933.4449

Exhaust Steam/Vapor Requirements

Heaters

Primary Heaters

tons
,

lb

lb
ton
.

Secondary Heaters

Tertiary Heaters

=
=

tons
,

lb

lb
ton
.

Final Heaters

lb
ton
.

tons
,

lb

tons
,

lb

lb
ton
.

Vacuum Pans

= ,

= ,

= ,

( )

( )

lb

Evaporators

lb

+ ,

lb

+ ,

= ,
=

lb

+ ,

lb

Bagasse consumption with vapor bleeding

%

,
,

,
,

.
.