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Physical Sciences
A
R T I C L E
Wave Inversion and Subsurface Fluid Imaging Laboratory (WISFIR Lab.), Earth Physics Research Division,
Department of Physics, Institut Teknologi Bandung
2
The Earth Physics Research Division, Department of Physics, Institut Teknologi, Bandung
4
5
Porosity and mineral fraction information are crucial in reservoir characterization, however the
exact value of these parameters is difficult to measure. We propose a new method for estimating
the porosity and mineral fraction of carbonate rock from thin section images using an integrated
neural network/image processing technique. Neural networks were built and trained to classify
porosity and minerals of carbonate (calcite and dolomite) based on their color after chemical
treatment. Pixel values of these colors were attributed with a target code value and represented in
a 2D image (matrix) from which a simple image processing pixel filtering and counting algorithm
was employed to calculate each fraction. Computation time was less than 40 seconds and
classification error was less than 2%. This method may be useful as a cost-effective alternative for
estimating 2D-porosity and mineral fraction for thin section images of rock. Unlike porosimetry or
X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, this method does not require liquid injection at the coreplug scale.
KEYWORDS: Backpropagation; Lavenberg-Marquadt; mean square error; convergence
COPYRIGHT: 2013 Adler. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and preproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
source are credited.
Correspondence: adler@students.itb.ac.id
Received: 20 April 2012; Accepted: 9 October 2012
(1)
Backpropagating
classification
neural
network
for
pattern
Sample characteristics
(2)
The images and classification results of Samples #1-4
are shown in figures 5a, 6a, 7a, and 8a. The color
look up table (LUT) on the right side of each image
shows the pixel value attributed by the network.
Activation
function
Derivatives
Formulaa = f(u)
Sigmoid
Hyperbolic
tangent
Inverse
tangent
Threshold
Derivatives do not
exist atu = 0
Gaussian
radial basis
Linear
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Pores (%)
Calcite (%)
Dolomite (%)
Error (%)
0.8489
56.6818
42.9889
0.5196
10.06
78.8668
11.5186
0.4454
47.6257
48.5736
4.2845
0.4838
5.4595
30.0825
37.9496
28.0882
1.5798
Figure 5. a) Sample #1 with very small porosities seen blue, calcite in red and dolomite white-brown [14]. b) The classification result
where red is dolomite, yellow is calcite and dark-blue is pore space.
Figure 6. a) Sample #2, where pink is calcite, blue is pore space and bright white is dolomite. Death oil residues are seen in black fin with
a small amount filling part of pore space [14]. b) The classification result where the color bar indicates the classified constituents.
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Figure 7. a) Sample #3 of with large pore space with small dolomite fraction and several death oil residues [14]. b) The classification
result. A small error is seen in red.
Figure 8. a) Sample #4 has the most complex composition of minerals in sample. Mg-ferroan calcite is present (purple). Death oil
residues in black are also filling part of the pore space region [14]. b) The classification result of dolomite, calcite, ferroan-calcite and
pore space.
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Acknowledgements
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