WIMAX

(WORLDWIDE INTEROPERABILITY
FOR MICROWAVE ACCESS)
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

K.PRAVEEN KUMAR
R.RAM KUMAR

(90810133034)
(90810133037)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MOUNT ZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PUDUKOTTAI

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2014

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified

that

this

project

report

WIMAX

(WORLD

WIDE

INTEROPEROPILTY FOR MICROWAVE ACCESS, is the bonafide work of

PRAVEEN KUMAR K (90810133034), RAM KUMAR R (90810133037),
who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE

Mrs. A. TAKSALA DEVAPRIYA M.E.,

Mr. C.PALANIAPPAN M.E.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR,

Assistant Professor
Department of ECE,

Department of ECE,

Mount Zion College of

Mount Zion College of

Engineering and Technology

Engineering and Technology

Pudukkottai-622507

Pudukkottai-622507

Submitted for University Project Viva-Voce held on..

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I thank my ALMIGHTY and my PARENTS who

had provided all my needs.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Chairman
Mr. JAYABARATHAN CHELLIAH, M.A. (USA), B.Ed., Mount Zion College
of Engineering & Technology, for giving me an opportunity to do the project.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Director
Prof. JAYSON K. JAYABARATHAN, M.Tech, Ph. D., Mount Zion College of
Engineering & Technology, for providing me various facilities needed for
successful completion of my project.
With a deep sense of gratitude I record my thanks to the
Principal Dr. P. BALAMURUGAN, Ph.D., Mount Zion College of Engineering &
Technology, for his constant encouragement throughout my project work.
I take this golden opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to
Head of the Department of ECE, Mrs. A. TAKSALA DEVAPRIYA, M.E., for
rendering all the help and valuable suggestion to complete this project well in time.
I express my profound and heartfelt thanks to my Guide
Mr. C.PALANIAPPAN M.E., for his consistent guidance, encouragement and
support
Last but not the least I thank all my friends and family members
who directly and indirectly helped me to complete my project.

ABSTRACT

In recent years broadband wireless access (BWA) has gained special

attention. While the IEEE 802.11 technologies were very successful in indoor
wireless LAN (WLAN) applications, it was concluded that the overall design and
feature set of 802.11 WLANs were not well suited for outdoor BWA applications.
In order to meet the outdoor need, the IEEE802 committee set up a working group
to develop a new standard, for BWA applications, namely IEEE 802.16. To
promote the 802.16 standard, an industrial association, namely worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WIMAX) forum, was formed to define the
interoperability

specification

between

802.16

products

from

different

manufacturers. A device which passes the WIMAX conformance and

interoperability testing is regarded as a WIMAX certified device. IEEE 802.16
networks are also often referred to as a WIMAX networks. In this project, we focus
on the performance analysis of Band Width-REQ, which allows us to focus our
attention on improving the efficiency of the BW-REQ algorithms as it is a
fundamental component for the complete analysis of the WIMAX medium access
control (MAC) protocols

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO

TITLE

PAGENO

ABSTRACT

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

viii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

ix

INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
1.1

HOW BSNL CAME IN TELECOM MARKET

1.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK

1
2

1.3 BSNL CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT

OF TELECOM
2

INTRODUCTION
2.1

ABOUT THE PROJECT

2.2

FUNCTIONING OF WIMAX

2.3 FUNCTION DIAGRAM

2.3.1 Usage Models of IEEE 802.16

2.3.2 IEEE 802.16 Specifications

2.4 WIMAX SETUP

2.5

BENEFITS OF WIMAX

2.6

ADVANTAGES OF WIMAX OVER 3G

LITERATURE SURVEY
3.1

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WIMAX

3.2

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

3.2.1 Bluetooth

3.2.2 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

3.3.3 Wi-Fi Connectivity

10

3.3

INTERNET (WIRED/WIRELESS ACCESS)

10

3.3.1 Broadband Wireless Access Technology

11

WHAT IS WIMAX

11

3.4.1 A WIMAX System Consists of

11

WHY WIMAX IS NEEDED

12

3.5.1 How WIMAX Works?

13

3.6

WIMAX SCENARIO

13

3.7

BENEFITS TO USTOMERS

14

3.7.1 WIMAX Application

15

3.7.2 Promises

16

3.4

3.5

WIMAX INTERNET ACCESS

4.1

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTERNET CONNECTION 17

4.2

WIMAX TOWER RANGE IN BSNL

25

4.3

MODE OF OPERATION

26

4.3.1 Line-Of-Sight

26

4.3.2 Non-Line-Of-Sight

26

4.4

RANGE

26

4.5

WIMAX EQUIPMENT

27

4.6

GATEWAYS

27

4.7

INTERNET ACCESSIBILITY

29

4.8

BACKHAUL

30

4.9

TRIPLE-PLAY

30

4.9.1 MAC Layer

31

WIMAX TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS

5.1

TECHNOLOGY

33

5.2

MARKET IMPACT

35

5.3

CHALLENGES AHEAD

37

5.3.1 Challenge: Conformance Test

37

5.3.2 Challenge: Orthogonal Frequency

38

Division Multiple Access Complexity

5.3.3 Challenge: Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output

38

Complexity
5.3.4 Challenge: A Tight EVM Requirement

39

5.3.5 Challenge: Receiver Performance

39

5.3.6 Terminology

40

5.3.7 Challenge: Spectral Efficiency/ Latency

41

5.3.8 Challenges: Integration with Legancy Systems 41

5.4

SOLUTIONS

41

5.5

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

42

5.6

USES

43

WIMAX STATUS MODULES

6.1

WIMAX SECURITY

44

6.2

SCANNING

45

6.3

NETWORK ENTRY

46

6.4

OPERATIONAL

47

6.5

DEVICE STATUS

48

CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

7.1

CONCLUSION

49

7.2

REFERENCES

50

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO

TITLE

PAGE NO

1.

Function Diagram of WIMAX

2.

Block Diagram of WIMAX

3.

Wi Fi Connectivity

10

4.

WIMAX Tower And Receiver

12

5.

Working of WIMAX

13

6.

Applications of WIMAX

15

7.

WIMAX Promises

16

8.

Block Diagram of Internet Connection

17

9.

Coverage Area of WIMAX Tower

24

10.

WIMAX Tower Range In Tamil Nadu

25

11.

Site Of Element Management System

25

12.

Indoor Gateway

28

13.

Outdoor Gateway

28

14.

USB Dongle

29

15.

WIMAX Network Equipment and

35

Devices
Forecast

World

Wide

Revenue

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
S.NO ABBEREVIATIONS DESCRIPTIONS
1.

BWA

Broadband Wireless Access

2.

WIMAX

World Wide Inter-Operability for Microwave

Access

3.

MAC

Medium Access Control

4.

QOS

Quality of Service

5.

PMP

Point To Multi Point

6.

BS

Base Station

7.

SSs

Serves A Set of Subscriber Stations

8.

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

9.

TDD

Time Division Duplexing

10.

FDD

Frequency Division Duplexing

11.

L2CAP

Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol

12.

PAN

Personal Area Network

13.

TKIP

Temp Key Integrity Protocol

14.

WEP

Wired Equivalent Privacy

15.

NLOS

Non Line of Sight

16.

OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

17.

WFDCLs

WIMAX

Forum

Designated

Certification

Laboratories
18.

TTI

Telecommunication Industry Association

19.

PCT

Protocol Conformance Test

20.

NCT

Network Conformance Test

21.

RPT

Radiated Performance Test

22.

RCT

Radio Conformance Test

23.

EVM

Error Vector Magnitude

24.

PAPR

Peak To Average Power Ratio

25.

ADS

Advanced Design System

26.

VSA

Vector Signal Analysis

27.

WIFI

Wireless Fidelity

28.

PCMCIA

Personal

Computer

International Association

Memory

Card

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South
Korea. The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world.

TYPE: COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDER

COUNTRY: INDIA
AVAILABLITY: NATIONAL EXCEPT DELHI & MUMBAI
OWNER: THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
WEBSITE: www.bsnl.co.in
1.1 HOW BSNL CAME IN TELECOM MARKET

The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for
Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and
private manufacturing of customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar
Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL)
were set up in 1986.The Telecom Commission was established in 1989. A crucial
aspect of the institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an
independent regulatory body in 1997 the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
(TRAI), to assure investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair
manner. In 2000, DoT corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar
Nigam Limited.

1.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

It is defined as the system of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal
conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic
activity and behavior. The country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro
Districts, Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area
(LDCA) and Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA).

In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of
government.
Its basic functions are:
Policy Formulation
Review of performance
Licensing
Wireless spectrum management
Administrative monitoring of PSUs
Research & Development
Standardization/Validation of Equipment

1.3 BSNL CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOM

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the service
providers role from DOT. BSNLs roadmap for providing customer with access to
the latest telecommunications services without losing sight of universal service
access has been by way of utilizing optimally the existing infrastructure and
accelerating advances in technological component by innovative absorption.

CHAPTER - 2

INTRODUCTION
2.1

ABSTRACT

The IEEE 802.16 standards are considered to be among the critical broadband
wireless access (BWA) technologies in fourth- generation networks. The worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WIMAX), which is based on this family of
standards, is designed to facilitate services with high transmission rates for data and
multimedia application in metropolitan areas. The physical (PHY) and medium
access (MAC) layers of WIMAX have been specified in the IEEE 802.16 standards.
Many advanced communication technologies such as orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing/orthogonal frequency division multiple network access and multiple
input multiple output are embraced in standards. Supported by these modem
technologies, WIMAX is able to provide a large service coverage, a high speed data
rate, and quality of service (QoS) - guaranteeing service. Because of these features,
WIMAX is considered to be a promising alternative for last- mile BWA.

2.2

FUNCTIONING OF WIMAX

A subscriber sends a wireless traffic at speed ranging from 2M to 155M bits/sec

from a fixed antenna on a building. The base station receiver transmission from
multiple sites and sends traffic over wireless or wired links to a switching center
using 802.16 protocol. The switching center sends traffic to an ISP or the public
switched telephone network.

Two operation modes are specified in WIMAX: a mandatory point- to- multipoint
(PMP) mode and an operational mesh mode. In the PMP mode, a centralized base

Station (BS) serves a set of subscriber stations (SSs) with in the same antenna
sector in a broadcast manner. The transmission between the BS and the SSs are
realized in a frame structure by means of time division multiple access (TDMA). To
support duplexing, WIMAX defines both time division duplexing (TDD) and
frequency division duplexing (FDD). On the other hand, in the mesh mode, the SSs
are organized in an ad hoc manner.

2.3 FUNCTION DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1 Function Diagram

2.3.1 USAGE MODELS OF IEEE 802.16

Fixed
IEEE 802.16 standards
Portable
IEEE 802.16-2004 standard( revises and replace)
IEEE 802.16a and 802.16REVd version)
Mobile
IEEE 802.16e

2.3.2 IEEE 802.16 SPECIFICATIONS

802.16a
Uses the licensed frequencies from 2 to 11GHZ
Supports mesh network

802.16b
Increases spectrum to 5 and 6 GHZ
Provides QoS(for real time voice and video
Service)

802.16c

Represents a 10 to 66 GHZ

802.16d

Improvement and fixes for 802.16a

802.16e
Address on mobile
Enable

high

speed

signal

handoff

necessary

communication with users moving at vehicular speed

for

2.4 WIMAX SETUP

Setup a WiMAX base station
WiMAX enabled computer or upgrade computer to add WiMAX
capability
Service provider issues encryption code that would give access to the base
station
Base station would beam data to computer via radio signals
For local network, WiMAX base station would send data to a WiMAX
enabled switch which would then send the data to other computers on that
network.
WiMAX tower
Similar in concept to cell phone tower- a single WiMAX BS can provide
coverage to a very large area as big as 30 miles
WiMAX receiver
The receiver could be a small box or PCMCIA card, or they could be built
into a laptop

2.5 BENEFITS OF WIMAX

Speed
Faster than broadband service

Wireless
Not having to lay cables reduces cost
Easier to extend to suburban and rural areas

Broad coverage
Much wider coverage than Wi-Fi hotspots

2.6

ADVANTAGES OF WIMAX OVER 3G

WiMAX is important for mobile broadband wireless, as it completes 3G by

providing higher performance for data with more than 1 Mbps downstream to allow
connection of laptops and PDAs WiMAX technology is the solution for many types
of high- bandwidth applications at the same time across long distances and will
enable service carriers to converge the all-IP-based network for triple play
services data, voice and video.

CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WIMAX

Figure
3.1 Block Diagram of WIMAX

Wireless Communication
Bluetooth/Wi-Fi/WiMAX
Internet
WiMAX Introduction
How WiMAX Works
WiMAX Scenario
Benefits of WiMAX
Advantages of WiMAX over Wi-Fi
Uses of WiMAX
Promises

3.2 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Blue tooth-personal area network
Wi-Fi- local area network

WiMAX- wide area network

3.2.1 Bluetooth
IEEE 802.15
Personal area network(PAN)
Using 2.4 GHZ ISM band- 79 channels
Non licensed spectrum
Frequency hopping spread spectrum and time division duplex
Coverage -1 to 10 meter
Point to multipoint
Data transfer rate 721 kbps
L2CAP logical link control and adaptation protocol

3.2.2 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

IEEE 802.11 b/g/u
Wireless LAN
Using 2.4 GHZ ISM band-11 channels
Non- licensed spectrum
Single access point(hot spot)
Direct sequence spread spectrum
Data transfer rate 11mbps
TKIP- temp key integrity protocol
WEP(wired equivalent privacy) and WPA (Wi-Fi protocol
access) - provide security by encrypted information

 Coverage - 10 to 100 meter (30 feet)

3.3.3WI-FI Connectivity

Figure 3.1 Wi-Fi Connectivity

3.3 INTERNET (WIRED/ WIRELESS ACCESS)

Broadband access
Uses DSL or cable modem at home
WIFI
Uses WIFI routers at home and hotspots on the road
Dial up connection
GSM 2.5G (GPRS), 2.75G (EDGE). 3G (HSDPA), 4G (LTE)
CDMA 1x- EVDO

3.3.1 BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGY

 Broadband access through wire is too expensive and Wi-Fi coverage is very
sparse
The BWA technology (WIMAX) promises
High speed of broadband services
Wireless rather than wired
Broad coverage

3.4 WHAT IS WIMAX?

WIMAX stands for worldwide interoperability for microwave access
WIMAX refers to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE
802.16 standards, which ensures compatibility and interoperability between
broadband wireless access equipment

WIMAX which will have a range of up to 31 miles, is primarily aimed at

making broadband network access widely available without the expanse of
stringing wires (as in cable access broadband) or the distance limitations of
digital subscriber line.

3.4.1 A WIMAX SYSTEM CONSISTS OF

A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell- phone tower-a single
WIMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area as big as 3,000
square miles.
A WiMAX receiver- the receiver and antenna could be a small box r personal
computer memory card, or they could be built in to a laptop the way Wi-Fi
access is today.

WIMAX TOWER

WIMAX RECEIVER

Figure 3.2 Wimax Tower and Receiver

3.5 WHY WIMAX IS NEEDED

A service provider, network operator or an enterprise, WiMAX enables you to
deliver the differentiated high- speed and high- bandwidth data services your
customers value. Fixed WiMAX is ideally suited for:
Broadband access to underserved areas, and extending DSL/cable modem
services to rural areas
Replacing more expensive means of broadband access such as DSL, cable
modem services, and satellite TV.
Backhauling traffic for wireless service provider or cable operators at a
reduced cost
Interconnecting and backhauling WiFi hot zones built on wireless mesh
network solution(for instance Nortel)
Enabling ISPs, cable and satellite operators to deliver existing through a new
channel

 Providing robust, secure bandwidth for data traffic and communication for
financial and educational institutions, municipalities and in-the-field military
or public safety institutions.

3.5.1 How WIMAX Works?

Figure 3.3 Working of WIMAX

3.6 WIMAX SCENARIO

Consider a scenario where a WiMAX enabled computer is 10 miles away
from the WiMAX base station. A special encryption code is given to
computer to gain access to base station
The base station would beam data from the internet required for the computer

 The user would pay the provider monthly fee for using the service. The cost
of this service could be much lower than the current high- speed internetsubscription fees because the provider never had to run cables.
The WiMAX protocol is designed to accommodate several different methods
transmission, one of which is voice over internet protocol(VoIP)
If WiMAX compatible computers become very common, the use of VoIP
could increase dramatically. Almost anyone with laptop could make VoIP
calls.

3.7 BENEFITS TO CUSTOMERS

Range of technologies and service level choice from both fixed and
wireless broadband operations
DSL like services at DSL price but with portability
Rapidly declining fixed broadband prices
No more DSL installation fees from incumbent

3.7.1 WIMAX Application

Figure 3.4WIMAX Application

3.7.2PROMISES

CHAPTER 4

WIMAX INTERNET ACCESS

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTERNET CONNECTION

Figure 4.1 Block Diagram of Wimax connections

ASN Access Service Network

Access Service Network (ASN) and
Connectivity Service Network (CSN)
The ASN consists of the WiMAX base stations and the ASN Gateway (ASNGW).
Whereas, the CSN is at the core of the network providing control and management
functions such as IMS, DHCP, FTP and AAA.
A key element of the ASN is the ASNGW, which controls and aggregates the traffic
from a large number of WiMAX base stations. An IEEE 802.16e-2005 compliant
network may be deployed without an ASN-GW providing the wireless access
network is used for fixed and nomadic applications only.

AAA Server (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting)

An AAA server is a server program that handles user requests for access to
computer resources and, for an enterprise, provides authentication, authorization,
and accounting (AAA) services. The AAA server typically interacts with network
access and gateway servers and with databases and directories containing user
information. The current standard by which devices or applications communicate
with an AAA server is the Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS).

Overview of IMS AAA Server AAA Functions

Authentication
Authentication requests are transported using either the RADIUS or Diameter
protocol. The clients for these authentications are Diameter or RADIUS equipment
providing network access, as well as Packet Data Gateways (PDGs) which initiate
authentication when the subscriber sends a tunnel creation request. The attributes
used for EAP-SIM or EAP-AKA authentication are retrieved from an HSS via
Diameter Wx, or from an HLR (Home Location Register) via Diameter to RADIUS
proxy to SBR SIM Server (requires the Juniper Networks SBR SIM server).
The authentication and transport encoding is entirely standards-based. Hence, the
IMS AAA Server supports clients developed for previously existing EAP-SIM
deployments, such as the Juniper Networks Odyssey Access Client or other
standards-compliant clients connecting to a standards-compliant 802.1x access
point. In this manner, the IMS AAA Server meets the WLAN 3GPP Interworking
goal of supporting existing network deployments.

Authorization
Authorization requests are issued by either the WLAN access device or the
Packet Data Gateways (PDG).
RADIUS or Diameter-based WLANs request authorization of network access for
the WLAN UE. This authorization is typically performed together with the
authentication, and takes the form of authorization attribute value pairs (AVPs)
returned with the RADIUS Access-Accept packet. For Diameter, a Diameter-EAPAnswer

message

would

be

returned

with

the

Result-Code

set

to

DIAMETER_SUCCESS. This message would also include the appropriate

authorization AVPs required for the service requested.
A PDG requests authorization separately from the authentication request. For
example, the WLAN UE might initiate a tunnel towards the PDG, which results in
an authentication and tunnel establishment. If the same WLAN UE requests an
additional tunnel in the same session, authentication need not be performed.
Instead, the additional tunnel will be granted without full authentication being
required. The PDG can request authorization of W-APNs in subsequent
authorization requests.
The primary profile data used for these policy decisions is downloaded from the
HSS, however the IMS AAA Server also supports local policy storage

Accounting
Both online charging and offline charging functionality is defined in 3GPP TS
23.234. This implementation of the IMS AAA Server supports the offline charging
functionality, implemented by a Diameter interface carrying charging events
towards the Charging Data Function (CDF). It is the CDF that has the responsibility
of integrating these charging events into Charging Data Records (CDRs.)
Accounting information is generated and reported for Direct IP Access and for the
tunnels used in WLAN 3GPP IP Access.

The WLAN AN is responsible for generating and reporting WLAN access usage to
the appropriate 3GPP system (for example, the visited network in the roaming case
and home network in the non-roaming case).
A WLAN can issue an Accounting-Request whenever it chooses, for example upon
establishing a successful connection. Each time an Accounting-Request message
arrives at the IMS AAA Server, an accounting transaction begins. During this
transaction, the server handles the message by examining the Acct-Status-Type and
other attributes within the message, and taking the appropriate action.
For WLAN Direct IP Access in the HPLMN, the IMS AAA Server reports
(accounting) charging data to the home Offline Charging System. For WLAN
Direct IP Access in a roaming situation, you can configure the routing of charging
data using the explicit routing feature of the IMS AAA Server. Using this feature
you can route the charging data to either the visited network's CDF or to the
downstream CDF in the subscribers home network.

Broadband Remote Access server/ BNG

A broadband remote access server (BRAS, B-RAS or BBRAS) routes traffic to and
from broadband remote access devices such as digital subscriber line access
multiplexers (DSLAM) on an Internet service provider's (ISP) network. BRAS can
also be referred to as a Broadband Network Gateway (BNG).
The BRAS sits at the core of an ISP's network, and aggregates user sessions from
the access network. It is at the BRAS that an ISP can inject policy management and
IP Quality of Service (QoS).

The specific tasks include:

Aggregates the circuits from one or more link access devices such as
DSLAMs

 Provides layer 2 connectivity through either transparent bridging or PPP

sessions over Ethernet or ATM sessions
Enforces quality of service (QoS) policies
Provides layer 3 connectivity and routes IP traffic through an Internet service
providers backbone network to the Internet

A DSLAM collects data traffic from multiple subscribers into a centralized point so
that it can be transported to a switch or router over a Frame Relay, ATM, or
Ethernet connection.
The router provides the logical network termination. Common link access methods
include PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE), PPP over ATM (PPPoA) encapsulated
sessions, bridged ethernet over ATM or Frame Relay (RFC 1483/RFC 1490), or
just plain ethernet. In the case of ATM or Frame Relay based access, individual
subscribers are identified by Virtual Circuit IDs. Subscribers connected over
ethernet-based remote access devices are usually identified by VLAN IDs or MPLS
tags. By acting as the network termination point, the BRAS is responsible for
assigning network parameters such as IP addresses to the clients. The BRAS is also
the first IP hop from the client to the Internet.

Element Management System

An element management system (EMS) consists of systems and applications
for managing network elements (NE) on the network element-management layer
(NEL) of the Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) model.
As recommended by ITU-T, the element management system's key functionality is
divided into five key areas - fault, configuration, accounting, performance and
security (FCAPS). Portions of each of the FCAPS functionality fit into the TMN
models. Northbound, the EMS interfaces to network management systems and or
service management systems depending on the deployment scenario. Southbound,
the EMS talks to the devices.

An element management system manages one or more of a specific type of

telecommunications network element. Typically, the EMS manages the functions
and capabilities within each NE but does not manage the traffic between different
NEs in the network. To support management of the traffic between itself and other
NEs, the EMS communicates upward to higher-level network management systems
(NMS) as described in the telecommunications management network layered
model. The EMS provides the foundation to implement TMNlayered operations
support system (OSS) architectures that enable service providers to meet customer
needs for rapid deployment of new services, as well as meeting stringent quality of
service (QoS) requirements. The TeleManagement Forum common object request
broker architecture (CORBA) EMStoNMS interface heralds a new era in OSS
interoperability by making the TMN architecture a practical reality.

Tier II switch
It is a network aggregation switch.

BTS Base Transceiver Station

A Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is a piece of equipment that facilitates wireless
communication between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs are devices like
mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless Internet
connectivity. The network can be that of any of the wireless communication
technologies like GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop, Wi-Fi, WiMAX or other wide
area network (WAN) technology.
BTS is also referred to as the radio base station (RBS), node B (in 3G Networks)
or, simply, the base station (BS). For discussion of the LTE standard the
abbreviation eNB for evolved node B is widely used.
Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless communication
standards, it is generally associated with mobile communication technologies like

GSM and CDMA. In this regard, a BTS forms part of the base station subsystem
(BSS) developments for system management. It may also have equipment for
encrypting and decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass
filters), etc. antennas may also be considered as components of BTS in general
sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically a BTS will have several
transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequencies and
different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectored base stations).
A BTS is controlled by a parent base station controller via the base station control
function (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in
a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF provides an operations and maintenance
(O&M) connection to the network management system (NMS), and manages
operational states of each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection.
The basic structure and functions of the BTS remains the same regardless of the
wireless technologies.

Coverage Area of WIMAX Tower

Figure 4.2 coverage Area of Wimax Tower

Frequencies used in BSNL for WIMAX Services.

2652.5 MHz
2647.5 MHz
2642.5 MHz
2637.5 MHz

Wimax Tower Range in Tamil Nadu

Figure 4.3 Wimax Tower Range in Tamil Nadu

Site in Element Management System

Figure 4.4 Site Element Management systems

4.3 Mode of Operation

4.3.1 Line-of-Sight
A fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMAX tower from a rooftop or
pole.
The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more stable, so it's able to send a
lot of data with fewer errors.
It use higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz.At higher
frequencies, there is less interference and lots more bandwidth. & 30-mile
radius

4.3.2 Non-Line-of-Sight
A small antenna on a computer connects to the tower
Uses 2 GHz to 11 GHz frequency range.
It is limited to a 4-to-6 mile radius. WiFi sort of service

4.4 Range
Designed to handle many users spread out over kilometers
Designed to tolerate greater multi-path delay spread(signal reflections)up to
10.0 micro seconds
PHY and MAC designed with multi-mile range in mind
WIMAX should be able to handle up to 70 megabits per second.
WIMAX will blanket a radius of 30 miles (50 km) with wireless access.
The increased range is due to the frequencies used and the power of the
transmitter

4.5 WIMAX Equipment

There are numerous devices on the market that provide connectivity to a WIMAX
network. These are known as the "subscriber unit" (SU) or CPE (Customer
Premises Equipment) it is also called the wimax modem.

Some Connecting Device

Gateways
Dongles

4.6 GATEWAYS
WIMAX gateway devices are available as both indoor and outdoor versions from
several manufacturers.
Indoor gateways
Outdoor gateways

4.6.1 INDOOR GATEWAY

It is of non-line of sight operation
It is a Portable device
Indoor gateways are convenient but radio losses that mean subscriber may
need to be significantly closer to the base station Range up to 3.5 km

Figure 4.5 Indoor gateway of Wimax used in BSNL

4.6.2 OUTDOOR GATEWAYS

It is Line of sight operation
The Range up to 15 km

It is of Fixed operation

Figure 4.6 Outdoor gateway of Wimax used in BSNL

4.6.3 USB DONGLE

Range up to 1 km (From BTS)
Non line of sight operation
Portable
Compact
Its provides connectivity to a Wimax network

Figure 4.6 Wimax USB Dongle

4.7 Internet Access

WIMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or
countries. In many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically
only had access through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator.
Additionally, given the relatively low associated with the deployment of a WIMAX
network (in comparison with 3G,HSDPA, XDSL,HFC or FTTX), it is now
economically viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote
locations.

4.8 BACKHAUL
WIMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities
or countries. In many cases this has resulted in markets which typically only had
access through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator. Additionally,
given the relatively low costs associated with deployment of a WIMAX network (in
comparison with 3G, HSDPA, XDSL, HFC or FTTX), it is now economically
viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote locations.

4.9 TRIPLPE-PLAY
WIMAX supports the technologies that make triple-play service offerings
possible (such as Quality of Service and Multicasting).
On May 7, 2008 in the United States, Sprint Nextel, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright
House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of
spectrum and merged with Clear wire to market the service. The new company
hopes to benefit from combined services offerings and network resources as a
springboard past its competitors. The cable companies will provide media services
to other partners while gaining access to the wireless network as a Mobile virtual
network operator to provide triple-play services.
Some analysts questioned how the deal will work out: Although fixedmobile convergence has been a recognized factor in the industry, prior attempts to
form partnerships among wireless and cable companies have generally failed to lead
to significant benefits to the participants. Other analysts point out that as wireless
progresses to higher bandwidth; it inevitably competes more directly with cable and
DSL, inspiring competitors into collaboration.

Also, as wireless broadband

networks grow denser and usage habits shift, the need for increased backhaul and
media service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage cable.

4.9.1 MAC (Media Access Control) Layer

The WIMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station
needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network. After network entry
is allowed, the subscriber station is allocated an access slot by the base station. The
time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station,
which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addition to being stable under
overload and over- subscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more
bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to
control Quality of Service (QOS) parameters by balancing the time-slot
assignments among the application needs of the subscriber station of WIMAX
applications is the ability to generate, detect, demodulate, and troubleshoot PHY
layer signals.
Along with the forthcoming standardization, WIMAX has the potential to
substitute 3G and become a promising 4G. WIMAX has its distinct identity as
either a stand-alone solution for incumbent and competitive fixed network operators
or as complementary radio access solution for established 2G and 3G cellular
network operators. Fixed-line operators, on the one hand, many consider WIMAX
as a viable alternative to ass mobility to the service portfolio, leveraging their huge
subscriber base, in particular in countries where 3G licensing is delayed or not
affordable.
WIMAX deployment is in the planning stages and it might take 3-5 years in
providing reasonable coverage in well-populated areas. WIMAX may initially be
relegated to college campuses and larger corporate campuses where people are less
mobile and costs containment is important. Network, for example, can reduce
latency and free the base station to manage more of the additional, complex tasks
associated with network management. Also, the flexibility to dynamically allocate
spectrum comes at the price of tremendous signaling complexity.
As a result, the base station must manage the constantly changing data requirements
of multiple antennas (for MIMO) and a wide range of mobile stations traveling at
potentially high speeds. The signaling must be flexible enough to manage these

issues. Further, the designers and service providers must be able to verify the
performance of the network under realistic traffic conditions both before and after
deployment.

CHAPTER - 5

WIMAX TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS

5.1 TECHNOLOGY
The fixed version of WiMAX provides non- line of sight (NLOS)
transmission to stationary devices using the 2-11 GHZ frequencies, higher
frequencies require line of sight. Fixed WiMAX trade mark provides a high
throughput broadband connection at speeds up to 75 Mbps over a distance as far as
30 miles. It is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), uses
multiple pilot tones and support modulations ranging from BPSK to 64 QAM.
WiMAX system can use variable bandwidths from 1 to 28 MHZ with 256
subcarriers (192 data subcarriers) in either licensed or unlicensed spectrum. It can
be used for a variety of applications including a last mile broadband connection,
hotspot cellular backhaul, and high- speed enterprise connectivity for businesses.
The mobile version of WiMAX is an extension for mobile use in the 2-6 GHZ band
(see the table). It allows WiMAX technology to be built into notebook computers
and other mobile devices.

Table 5.1 Comparison of 802.16 Wireless Technologies

Standard

MOBILE

MOBILE

WIMAX 2.0

WIMAX

802.16m

802.16e

FIXED WIMAX

802.16d(802.162004)

Usage

WMAN Portable

WMAN

WMAN Fixed

Portable
Throughput

Range

Over 300Mbps

Up to 30Mbps

Up to75 Mbps

(100 MHz BW)

(10MHz BW)

(20MHz BW)

Typical 1-3 miles Typical 1-3

Typical 4-6 miles

miles
Frequency

Sub 6GHz

2-6 GHz

Sub 11 GHz

Helping to promote and facilitate deployment of broadband wireless

networks based on the IEEE 802.16 standard is the industry led organization
known as the WiMAX forum. Formed in 2001, it is working towards this goal by
certifying compatibility and interoperability of broadband wireless products.
Certification takes place via the WiMAX forum certified testing and certification
program at one of five WiMAX forum designated certification laboratories
(WFDCLs).these include: AT4 wireless in Spain and the United States,
telecommunications technology association in Korea, the china academy of
telecommunications research in china, and advanced data Technology Corporation
in Taiwan.

5.2 MARKET IMPACT

While WiMAX technology is increasingly being embraced by countries worldwide,
there is little doubt that the global economic downturn has had an impact on its
deployment, in some cases slowing down or even delaying planned roll outs. Never
the less, the telecommunication industry association (TTI) projects a bright future
for the technology with an annual growth rate that increase 34 percent in the next
three years alone.

Figure 5.2 WIMAX Revenue Forecast

This table, courtesy of infinities, highlights the growth in WiMAX equipment

revenue through 2013.In the first quarter of 2009, EMEA (Europe, the Middle East,
Africa) and Asia Pacific were the hotbeds of WiMAX activity, led by the Middle
East, India and particularly Africa.

WiMAX allows for infrastructures growth in underserved markets and is

today considered the most cost-effective means of delivering secure and reliable
bandwidth capable of supporting business critical, real-time application to the
enterprise, institutions and municipalities. It has proven itself on the global stage as
a very effective last mile solution. In the United States though, licensed spectrum
availability and equipment limitations have held up early WiMAX adaption. In fact,
while there are currently 1.2+ million WIMAX subscribers worldwide, only about
11,000 of these are from the United States.
Future growth in this market will be driven by wireless ISPs like clear wise who
intends to cover 120-million covered POPs in 80 markets with WIMAX by the end
of 2010. Growth will also be driven by the availability of the 3.65-GHZ spectrum
that the FCC opened up this past year. Although the potential for WIMAX in U.S
market looks good, analysts believe that its real opportunity lies in emerging market
like India & Pakistan where the mobile phone has achieved greater than 50%
penetration .Pakistan is currently among the first countries in the world to roll out a
functional Wimax service. Indias planned rollout expected sometime next year
comes in response to a government requirement that 20 million broadband lines be
in services by 2010.
By 2012 alone, springboard Research estimates that there will be 15.8- million
WIMAX subscribers in India close to 47 percent of total subscribers in the entire
Asia Pacific region.

Perhaps some of the biggest planned deployments of WIMAX through will come
from south Asia. According to springboard Research, WIMAX services revenues in
south Asia will grow from an estimated $85 million in 2007 to approximately $5.5
billion by 2012. Likewise the estimated number of Foxed and mobile Wimax
subscribers is expected to grow from 230, 00 in 2007 to 33.9 million by 2012, with
mobile WIMAX services garnering the majority of revenues and subscribers.

5.3 CHALLENGES AHEAD

Despite its growing market approval many factors conspire to make Wimax
system design challenging, including consumers, who today demand greater range,
faster data rates and lower price-points. The 802.16 specification itself also poses
challenges as if forces engineers to face many different system considerations in
term of RF requirement and architecture. Will the WIMAX system be deployed as
Time Division Duplexing

(TDD), Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) or half-

duplex FDD? Will it be based on a super heterodyne or direct-conversion RF

architecture? Ineffectively addressing any one of these challenges threatens to
hamper the proliferation of WIMAX and directly lies into the success of a WIMAX
product. Some of the key engineering challenges that now exist include:

5.3.1 Challenge: Conformance Test

Interoperability issues commonly plague new technology at introduction.
Conformance testing whether Protocol Conformance Test (PCT), Network
Conformance Test (NCT), Radiated Performance Test (RPT), or Radio
Conformance Test (RCT) plays a critical role in addressing this challenge. Not only
does it help alleviate interoperability issues with other WIMAX equipment, it also
ensures a positive end-user experience for consumers. NCT, for example, like PCT,
RCT and RPT, it is a vital part of the WIMAX Forum certification process, testing
conformance above the MAC layer to verify internet protocol layer signaling and
messaging to and from the subscriber device. The availability of rigorous and
efficient network test solutions is therefore a must for ensuring successful delivery
of WIMAX technologies. The key, of course, is in having early access to
conformance tests well advance of commercial service.

5.3.2 CHALLENGE: ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION

MULTIPLE ACCESS (OFDMA) COMPLEXITY

OFDMA is the digital modulation scheme employed by mobile WIMAX. It uses

OFDMA technology in an innovative way to allocate the RF spectrum more
effectively to more users. While this provides a very granular way to dissect
bandwidth and charge for service, the standard and signal structure are extremely
complex, creating a number of challenges. To begin with, as the expected and
required services from WIMAX networks expand, ever greater demand will be
placed on the processors in both the base and mobile stations. Additional processor
strain will come from services providers using dynamically allocated subcarriers to
allocate spectrum resources. And while WiMAXs complex signal structure
provides network operators with the flexibility they need, its associated cost puts
enormous strain on the power amplifier (PA) Another challenge stems from
WIMAXs utilization of non-traditional frequency re-use schemes which can create
inter-cell interference, especially at the edges of the cell-just when a critical hand
off needs to occur.

5.3.3 CHALLENGE: MULTIPLE- INPUT MULTIPLE- OUTPUT

(MIMO) COMPLEXITY
MIMO technology uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to
improve communication performance. Because it allows more bits/hertz to be
transmitted in a given bandwidth, the technology improves spectral efficiency
which, in turn, allows service provider to flexible configure communication service
and not just peak data rates. While MIMO offers increased signal robustness and
capacity improvements, those benefits come at the cost of increased complexity for
both the base station and the mobile station, placing large demands on processing
power and antenna design.

5.3.4 CHALLENGE: A TIGHT EVM REQUIREMENT

The 802.16 standard specifies that error vector magnitude (EVM) be held to 31 DB, based on a 1% packet error rate. While this error rate, and a stringent
receiver noise figure (7 DB maximum), help contribute to WiMAXs larger range,
having to meet the EVM target has a number of implications. For example, all the
system blocks must be more linear and phase noise must be considerably better than
in an 802.11 design, impacting the synthesizer and resulting in a longer settling
time. The PA is also impacted by the tight EVM requirement. In WiMAX systems,
Pas must deliver more power, be more linear, and be able to handle a high peak- to
average power ratio (PAPR) about 10DB. Consequently, they consume more
power and are less efficient. As a result, Considerable effort must be made to
develop higher efficiency, more linear PAs, especially for mobile applications
where power consumption is critical.

5.3.5 CHALLENGE: RECEIVER PERFOMANCE

Nearly all WiMAX enabled devices have two receiver and many capable of
MIMO reception in several frequency bands, commonly 2.3 GHZ and 2.5 GHZ.
This is added complexity challenges the designer to find space to adequate separate
two receiver antennas in the mobile station (MS) and thereby ensure signal
recovery. Also, the need to differentiate the multiple data streams from the received
signals places increased demands on the processor. WiMAX design must therefore
be thoroughly evaluated to ensure success in the conformance test process, and to
verify the device will operate in the electromagnetically harsh and dynamic world
in which it will work. Unfortunately, the wide range of wanted and unwanted
signals, combined with the many nested feedback loops, makes receiver design one
of the most difficult challenges in the mobile WiMAX cellular system. In fact,
many consider this task one of the hardest in modern radio design, forcing designers
to deal with everything from hardware performance and current consumption to
memory and algorithm complexity constrains, while recovering some highly
complex MIMO signals suffering from linear and non- linear distortions.

One of the specific challenges designers face results from the 802.16
specifications support of sub channelization. This means that instead of transmitting
on all 192 data subcarriers, the base station (BS) can transmit on just a subset for a
given user. Using the same amount of power over fewer carriers can result in
greater range for a system, but because the subcarriers are spaced more closely
together, tightly requirement exists for phase noise and timing jitter. Also, higherperformance synthesizers must be utilized. Another challenges stems from the fact
that WiMAX systems rely on multipath to provide NLOS coverage. The receiver
used in the system are especially susceptible to phase noise, timings jitter and
frequency mismatch/synchronization. This can create a challenging situation, given
the already tight requirement for phase noise and jitter ass specified in the standard.
Improving the receiver performance will help by also improving its range and data
rate. If receiver performance is not adequate addressed, the range and data rate of
the WiMAX system will be adversely impacted, as will the price.

5.3.6 TERMINOLOGY
WiMAX refers to interoperability implement of the IEEE 802.16 family of
wireless network standards ratified by the WiMAX forum. (Similarly, Wi-Fi refers
to interoperable implement of the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standards certified by
the Wi-Fi alliance.) WiMAX forum certification allows vendor to sell fixed or
mobile products as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of

interoperability

with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile.

5.3.7 CHALLENGE: SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY/ LATENCY

The overall complexity of mobile WiMAX, along with its high dynamic air
interface requirements a significant amount of optimization and management.
Enabling the MS to make some decision about engaging on the network. For
example, can reduce latency and free the base station to manage more of the
additional, complex tasks associated with network management. Also, the
flexibility to dynamic allocate spectrum comes at the price of tremendous signaling

complexity. As a result, the base station must manage the constantly changing data
requirements of multiple antennas (for MIMO) and a wide range of mobile stations
travelling a potentially high speed. The signaling must be flexible enough to
manage these issues. Further, the designers and service providers must be able to
verify the performance of the networks under realistic traffic conditions both before
and after deployment.

5.3.8 CHALLENGES: INTEGRATION WITH LEGACY SYSTEMS

WiMAX networks must be able to integrate in to existing cellular networks,
providing seamless connectivity and user experience. Of course designing this in to
the network operation, base station and mobile station is a challenge task since
WiMAXs modulation scheme is so very different from legacy systems.

5.4 SOLUTIONS
Agilent technologies as a member and active participant in the WiMAX forum
is at the forefront of the emerging WiMAX market, first coming market with a
WiMAX based solution in November 2004. With its innovative technology,
unrivalled expertise and outstanding customer support, it has quickly established
itself as a premier test and measurements leader in WiMAX. Bolstered by
overwhelming market acceptance, and with its ability to understand the engineering
challenges facing its customer in the WiMAX area, agilent is continuing to deliver a
broad range of solutions to the market. Agilent today offers the largest breadth of
WiMAX design and the test solution spanning the entire lifecycle from R&D,
design verification, pre- conformance, conformance and manufacturing, through
network deployment service assurance- for fixed and mobile WiMAX, WiBro, and
including support for wave 2 and MIMO. These up-to- date. Comprehensive
solutions provide engineers the reliable, repeatable and consistent results they need
to deploy WiMAX devices, networks and services.

5.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

WiMAX technology continues to evolve product development, however,
cannot always wait for standards to stabilize. To aid in this process, Agilent delivers
a complete, integrated R&D design and test environment including simulation,
characterization and evolution tools. As an example Agilent advanced design
system (ADS) wireless design library for fixed and mobile WiMAX, 89601A
service vector signal analysis (VSA) software. PSA service high performance
spectrum analyzer and E6651A mobile WiMAX test set offers analysis of
component and system performance, there by streamlining the design of WiMAX
designs

5.3.7 USES
The bandwidth and range of WIMAX make it suitable for the following potential
applications:
Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries
through a variety of devices.
Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for
last mile broadband access.
Providing data, telecommunications (VOLP) and IPTV services (triple play).
Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity
plan. Smart grids and metering.

CHAPTER-6
WIMAX STATUS MODULES

6.1WIMAX SECURITY

This module refers the accessing user is permitted to access the network.
The accessing user is authenticated or not it can be verified by the administrator.
The username and password will be confirmed through backend.

6.2 SCANNING

The scanning state is referred it searches the nearest base station to connect
the network. Longtime scanning is continued the user cannot be unauthorized to
access the connection so it is needed the troubleshooting process. It will help to
detect what problem has been occurred.

6.3NETWORK ENTRY

This module refers entered in to the base station and it is identified the id of nearest
base station and the transmitting, receiving signal does not match the required range
so it also be unauthorized to connect the network. When network entry operation is
done then it will go to the operational state.

6.4 OPERATIONAL

This operational state is the final state, when no errors are arised operational
state appeared. The required signal range of WIMAX is to be detected in this state.
The network will be connected without any errors.

6.5DEVICE STATUS

For the data transferring the IP will be assigned. The individual MAC ID fixed for
individual MODEM using this id the ADMIN will be troubleshooting when the
problem has been arised.

CONCLUSION
WIMAX is intended to make point to- multipoint broadband network
access widely available, without the expanse and distance limitations associated
with wired options. Critical to this emerging technology and the overall success.

CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION AND REFERNCES

7.1CONCLUSION
WIMAX is intended to make point-to- multipoint broadband network access
widely available, without the expense and distance limitations associated with wired
options. Critical to this emerging technology and the overall success of WIMAX
applications is the ability to generate, detect, demodulate, and troubleshoot PHY
layer signals.
Along with the forthcoming standardization, WIMAX has the potential to
substitute 3G and become a promising 4G. WIMAX has its distinct identity as
either a stand-alone solution for incumbent and competitive fixed network operators
or as complementary radio access solution for established 2G and 3G cellular
network operators. Fixed-line operators, on the one hand, may consider WIMAX as
a viable alternative to add mobility to the service portfolio, leveraging their huge
subscriber base, in particular in countries where 3G licensing is delayed or not
affordable. WIMAX deployment is in the planning stages and it might take 3-5
years in providing reasonable coverage in well-populated areas. WIMAX may
initially be relegated to college campuses and larger corporate campuses where
people are less mobile and costs containment is important.

REFERENCES
IEEE802.16-2004
Alcatel white Paper: WIMAX , making ubiquitous high-speed data
services a reality.
Intel White Paper: Understanding WIMAX and 3G for
Portable/Mobile Broadband Wireless.
WIMAX Forum: www.wimaxforum.Scom
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wiMax
K. Fazek and S. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum
Systems:
From OFDM and MC-CDMA to LTE and WIMAX and
WIMAX, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
M. Ergen, Mobile Broadband-Including WIMAX.
and LTE, Springer, NY,2009 ISB
Prashant Sharma (2009). Facts About WIMAX and Why Is It
The Future of Wireless Broadband. Tech Pluto blog. Retrieved
August 26, 2011.
Linux Wireless Subsystem(80211) by Rami Rosen.