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Malcolm S. Knowles
ASSUMPTIONS
About:
Pedagogical
Andragogical
Concept of
Dependent personality
Increasingly
the learner
self-directed
Role of learners
To be built on
experience
as a resource
others
Uniform by age-level
and curriculum
Subject-centered
Task or problem-
Readiness to learn
Orientation to
learning
Motivation
centered
By external rewards
By internal incentives,
and punishments
curiosity
ANDRAGOGY
Malcolm S. Knowles
PROCESS ELEMENTS
Elements
Pedagogical
Andragogical
Climate
Relaxed, trusting
Mutually respectful
Informal, warm
Collaborative supportive
Planning
Primarily by teacher
Diagnosis of needs
Primarily by teacher
Mutually by learners
and facilitator
By mutual assessment
Setting of objectives
Primarily by teacher
By mutual negotiation
Designing learning
plans
Learning contracts
Learning projects
Sequenced by readiness
Learning activities
Transmittal techniques
Assigned readings
Inquiry projects
Independent study
Experimental techniques
Evaluation
By Teacher
Norm-referenced
(on a curve)
With grades
By learner-collected
evidence validated by
peers, facilitators, experts
Criterion-referenced
CHILDREN
motivated
learning can be self-directed
change
often intimidated by and resistant to
tests
extensive speaking vocabulary
influences learning
through education
influence learning