1507735

Harvard Divinity School
The Georgian Version of Fourth Esdras from the Jerusalem Manuscript

Author(s): Robert P. Blake
Source: The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Oct., 1926), pp. 299-375
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Harvard Divinity School
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HARVARD THEOLOGICALREVIEW
VOLUME
XIX
OCTOBER, 1996
4
NUMBER
THE GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

FROM THE JERUSALEM MANUSCRIPT
ROBERT P. BLAKE
HARVARDUNIVERSITY
THE last editor of Fourth Esdras, Bruno Violet,' in summing

up the literature which had appeared on the subject between
the first and second parts of his edition, observes with regret
that he is unable to add anything more to his original discussion
of the Georgian version.2 In substance his conclusions were as
follows. The Georgian printed text of Fourth Esdras is an
eighteenth-century translation from the Latin.3 Only two
manuscripts of the original version exist, one of the year 978
in the monastery of Iviron on Mt. Athos, the other dating from
about the year 1050 at Jerusalem. In the latter the mutilated
text ends, according to Tsagareli, with chapter 9, 1-2.4 This
latter manuscript Violet was unable to find during his visit to
Jerusalem in 1901.5 Furthermore, upon hearing that Professor
N. Marr of Petrograd possessed a manuscript of Fourth
Esdras, he applied to him for information, but without success.
Violet was thus unable either to make use of the text in extenso
or to obtain any clear conception, whether of its character, of
I Bruno
Violet, Die Esra-Apokalypse: I. Die Uberlieferung. Leipzig, 1910. (Die
griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte, Bd. 18; hereafter cited as Violet I). Die Apokalypsen des Esra und des Baruch in deutscher
Gestalt (same ser. Bd. 32). Leipzig, 1924. Hereafter cited as Violet II. Ibid., pp. i,
XXi11.
2 Violet, I, pp. xli-xliii.
3 R. L. Bensly, The Missing Fragment of the Fourth Book of Ezra. Cambridge,
1875, p. 78.
rpyamHC1eotIIcLMeHHOCTH,
4 A. A. Igarapenia, CB1AHHiH II0MHTHH1a~axb
O
Bbmycrm2, Cn6. 1888 r., p. 11.

6
Violet I, p. xlii.
299
300
its importance, or of its position in the textual tradition of the

work.' Among the pia vota which are set up in the course of the
introduction is included the wish that further light might be
forthcoming on the Georgian version.7 The present essay is an
attempt to meet this need, at least in part.
After the Jerusalem manuscript of the prophets had been rediscovered and investigated by the present writer,8 he obtained
a complete set of photographs of the codex,9 and was able, in
accordance with the suggestion of his colleague, Professor G. F.
Moore, to start his investigations with Fourth Esdras. Since
the work revealed unexpected vistas, it was felt desirable that
the results should be made public without delay. The data
ascertained are given below in a systematic manner without
attempting to supplement or to criticize Violet's statements,
which are correct as far as the material at his disposal would
permit. To the general descriptions of the Jerusalem manuscript published by Professor Tsagareli and the present writer,1o
there is little to add here, except to recall that it now forms
No. 7 + 11 of the Georgian manuscripts in the Greek Patriarchal Library at Jerusalem. In its original form the codex contained the following books complete:
(1) Minor prophets in the order Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah,
Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habbakuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. In this part of the codex, twelve folia
have perished, which contained the major portion of the anterior section of Hosea (1, 1-12, 2), and also two folia from
quaternion 8 = 3, containing Joel 2, 14-3, 15. Further, the
remnant of the text of Hosea is very badly damaged, only 14,
6-10 being preserved intact, while portions of Joel 1-2 are also
missing.11
(2) Isaiah (complete).

6
Violet I, pp. xli-xlii.
7 Violet II, pp. xxviii.

8 R. P. Blake, Catalogue des
Mss. georgiens de la bibliothique patriarcale grecque
&Jerusalem. Rev. de l'or. chret. 3 s6r. t. iii (xxiii) (1923/4), pp. 26-27, 30-32 of the
reprint.
9 This he was enabled to do through a grant from the Milton Fund for Scientific
Research.
10 See above, notes 4 and 8.
11 The damaged verses are Joel 1, 7-8, 12; 2,2, 7-8.
GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS
301
(3) Jeremiah. Here one leaf of quaternion v = 30 (between fol. 42 and 43 of the present pagination in Ms. 11) has
been lost containing Jer. 51, 43-59, 3.
(4) Baruch, Lamentations, followed by the Prayer and the
Letter (Bar. chaps. 5-6 in the Latin version).
(5) Ezekiel (complete).
(6) Daniel (complete).
(7) 1 Esdras (complete).
(8) Nehemiah (complete).
(9) 4 Esdras (defective). The text of Fourth Esdras is preserved complete up to p. 188 of Violet's edition.12 The sixth
and seventh folia, however, of quaternion 83 = 44 are lacking
(between if. ~08v and 209r), as is also the first folium of quaternion 8b = 45 (after fol. 209v)."13 The text begins again on
fol. 10r 14 (p. 206 v. 10 of Violet's edition), and runs to f.
214v2 (p. 266 v. 10 Violet = Lat. 9, 20), but the condition of
the leaves becomes progressively worse. The manuscript when
originally written presumably contained the entire text, and
a rough stichometrical calculation on the basis of Violet's edition shows that about 16 folia have been lost from it. As three
of these belong to quaternion a8 = 45, a quaternion and a half
(binion) have presumably perished.15
The manuscript has been corrected by at least one, and probably by two or three, diorthotae.16 It is not clear to me exactly
what these corrections, which are generally justified, portend.
The original scribe himself corrected the text here and there,
while in other cases a small circle 0 has been inscribed above
the erroneous word. Correction does not always ensue, however, and a number of slips have been missed by the corrector.
There is relatively little alteration in the text of Fourth Esdras.
In editing the text I have sought to reproduce the reading of
the manuscript. Orthographical variations have been left
12
VII, 59 of the Latin enumeration.
U In Violet I, pp. 194 f. = Lat. VII, 105-125.

14 Lat. VII, 125.
15 The size of the Ms. (ca. 360 folia) reaches just about to the practical limits of a
parchment codex. It is not unlikely that a colophon may have followed; see R. P.
Blake, Catalogue ad Nos. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 48, etc. and p. 7, note 1 of reprint.
16 These seem to be
contemporaries (Catalogue, p. 32).
302
untouched, and only obvious slips in copying have been eradicated. At one or two points certain difficulties appear to be
explainable from early corruptions in the Georgian, and here I
have permitted myself to alter the text. In all cases, however,
the reading of the manuscript has been adduced in the apparatus criticus. Where the evidence of the other versions shows
that a lacuna exists which antedates the Georgian, I have
noted this by the insertion of dots enclosed in angular brackets
The loss of part of the text in the manuscript is
( .......).
denoted by square brackets, and the approximate number of
missing letters is given by dots. Letters preserved in the manuscript, but illegible, are denoted by dots, while characters
which are uncertain are marked by dots placed under them.
Where the reading is reasonably sure, but not all the letters
can be made out with certainty, the passages are set off with
half brackets F
r . The punctuation of the manuscript has
been systematized and made rather more logical. All words
under contraction have been expanded into the normal forms
which we meet in the older Georgian manuscripts.
As we have seen above, a second and older manuscript of
Fourth Esdras is preserved in the monastery of Iviron on Mt.
Athos."7 This codex of the year 978 was written at Oska in
Tao-Klardjet'ia for the great Georgian general T'ornik, and
presented by him to the monastery of Iviron. A reasonably
detailed description of it was first given by Tsagareli.1s Two
copies were made in the fifties of the last century, which are
now in Tiflis,"' but the scribes were careless and the orthography has been modernized, so that they are not in the least
17
First described in detail by A. A. IZarapern, CB1Ah HiH, etc., B1Inycwb I,

Cn6. 1886 r., pp. 1-7. Further data ap. H. Mapp%, Ha noaicain Ha AoouH,
JZMHII March 1899 (322), pp. 1 ff. and statements as to the lacunae ap. 0.
IopaHiia, OnHcaHie py-onrceii I epHoBnaro Mysea hapTajiHHO-haxeTHHc1Raro
EyxOBeHCTBa,II (THdvnuc%1902), pp. 35-41. This is the only reasonably accurate
account of the lacunae in the MS.; cf., however, the present author's corrections in his
Russian article IIo
ApeEBerpy3a Ko BepciH BeTxaro 3awBTa
noBody pypoiCnHnceif
(TH4qJinca 1921), pp. 29 ff. = Harvard Theological Review, xix (1926), pp. 285 ff.
18 Iarapeorn, 1. c.
19 These are Ms. 471 of the Church Museum in Tiflis and MS.397 of the Society for
the Extension of Literacy among the Georgians.
303
reliable.20 In 1913 the whole original manuscript was reproduced by photostat by the Russian Academy of Sciences, and
the prints are now in Leningrad. The codex originally contained the whole Old Testament, with the exception of the
Psalter and the books of Chronicles,2 but the greater part of
the Octateuch has been lost,22and the other books evince serious lacunae.23 It is clear from previous investigations made by
the present writer that in the prophets this manuscript (0) and
that of Jerusalem (1) are very closely related; 24 this holds true
likewise for Fourth Esdras, it would seem, as the same variant
occurs in the title of the book in both manuscripts. Esdras
is called Sulieli (Sut'ieli?) and not Salat'ieli.25 The text is
apparently complete, but the present writer has as yet no
further information about it.26
No other manuscript containing this book is known to
and the printed text of the Moscow Georgian Bible is,
exist,"27
like that of Maccabees in the same edition, clearly a translation from the Latin."2 We have, therefore, only these two manuscripts in Georgian; without doubt they go back to the same
archetype, and that by no means a remote one. A certain
amount of evidence exists which helps us to localize this version. The Athos manuscript O was written, as has been already
stated, in the monastery of O'ka in Tao-Klardjet'ia. Taoy,
or in Armenian Tayk', is the district which in general coincides
20 This can best be seen from the Text of the Song of Songs as published by Tsagareli
and Marr's criticism of the
from the Tiflis copy (1. c. I, pp. 17-56 of
HIpHiomeHie),
same (1. c., pp. 10 ff.).
21 The description of the Ms. as given in the Life of St. Euthymius (p. of text 17 =
p. 95/96 of P. Peeters' translation in Histoires Monastiques G6orgiennes, Bruxelles
1993) implies that the books of the Maccabees were also present. I am personally
inclined to doubt this.
22 The gap covers from Leviticus 4, 8 to Judges 19, 96.
23 Zordaniya, 1. c., pp. 36-41.
24 Blake, Catalogue, 1. c., pp. 10-11.
25 Zordaniya gives the reading as
sylieli = craX6s;Tsagareli so reports
b1~
0oa},o
the reading of I, but the MS.has
o) Sut'ieli; cf. Aeth
(resp.
bomoaecclesiastical
b}omoa},o
1 and ot' are very much
alike in the minuscule
Sut'ael.
alphabet;
if this is not a misreading of O, it is simply a natural error.
26 I cherish the hope that I shall shortly be able to obtain a copy of the text.
27 A list of O. T.
Mss. in Blake, IHo HOBOgy etc., 1. c., p. 31.
28 Vide supra, note 3.
304
with the watersheds of the Corokh and the Ajaris-Tsqali rivers

in the modern district of Batum.29 In ancient times it was at
first Armenian in language, later Georgian, and finally Turkish.
It formed a natural asylum where the population of the surrounding plateau districts sought refuge in times of trouble. It
stood also in connection with Byzantine territory to the westward, and seems to have been the channel whereby Greek influence penetrated both into Armenia and into Georgia.30 The
Hellenism of the Byzantine frontier provinces, however, was
not sufficiently intense to influence the local inhabitants deeply
or to induce among them a change of speech or of nationality.
It served to stimulate them and to widen their literary horizon,
but did not tend to denationalize them. In the tenth century Tao was the chief focus of Georgian literary activity, and
much of the best work in theological literature which has been
preserved in this idiom was composed or translated in the
monasteries of this border district.31
We know that manuscript O was copied in this place; and
Prokhore, for whom manuscript I was written, was himself
from Tao-Klardjet'ia.32 As the two manuscripts are undoubtedly derived from the same ultimate original, but are not sister
codices, it seems a permissible deduction that in them we have
kindred representatives of the Tao-Klardjet'ian text. The
history of the Georgian text of the 0. T., so far as it can be
or has been traced, shows that it is descended from two distinct
ancestors - an eastern branch which goes back to the Armenian and ultimately to the Syriac, and a western one which
The best account of this area is given by N. Marr in his JaHTie CB. p]propia
1911): AHeBHHRnv
nyTellecTBia no IIIaBmeT'i1 H TaoXaHH~T'iiiciaro (Cn6.
Cf. also Al. Eaxpagae, IHyTemecTBie no Pypi H] AAgmapiH,
IH31apgmeT'iH.
Ci6. 1878.
30 Cf. H. MappL, IoaHHa IIeTPHqII,
HeOIIJaTOCHnnbXII-ro Abia,
rpy3HcKii
3BO 19 (1909), pp. 55-113.
29
"
Cf. 3?
3oda,
Jsoro
2oota(O
ob
ob6cqOo~,
.a81 ff. and the review of this book by the present writer in JThS. Oct.
Tiflis 1923, pp.
1924 (vol. xxxvi), pp. 50-64.
32 Synaxarial life of Prokhore in m.
jcq
)o , J6o-26o3 60o (v) bb3s
3
83b~a38ob.3o33,6
524.
b obijQ)oobo3ob
II, (Tiflis,1897),pp.523-
305
was directly exposed to Greek influence." This Greek influence at an earlier period was exerted rather on the Armenian prototypes than upon the Georgian itself. Direct translations from the Greek begin only at the very end of the tenth
century. They are productions characteristic of Bithynia and
Athos, and not of Tao-Klardjet'ia.34 The portions of this TaoKlardjet'ian version which have been studied show direct influence of the Greek text: it is revisional, however, and not
basic.35 In some cases redactorial bias takes the form of an
anti-armenian feeling shown by the fact that Armenian words
are expunged from the text.36 It would appear that this had
taken place in the book with which we are dealing, as Armenian words are practically absent.7"
The question now arises as to the origin of this Georgian version itself. From what language was it translated? No certain
and definite answer can be given to this important query, but
the balance of probability inclines in one direction. First of
all, it is a priori practically certain that Greek is to be excluded.
Direct translations from this tongue for the earlier TaoKlardjet'ian period are to be ruled out for the reasons stated
in the preceding paragraph. Furthermore, no surface traces
of errors or peculiarities appear which are directly traceable to
Greek constructions or to misunderstanding of Greek words or
phrases. Finally, the language of the text shows none of the
33 The first careful study on this subject (N. T.) was made by the late F. C. Conybeare in the American Journal of Theology I (1897), pp. 883-912. Further studies
have been made by N. Marr, especially in his articles 9)Miaa3HnHcnie OTPbIBIH
ApeBHerpysHHcEaro BeTxaro 3aBlBTa, XPHcTiaHcsi BOCTOWI II, pp. 378-388;
3aMITIH Ia
III, 249-262;
CB. nlHcaHiao Ap.
IV, 229-245.
apMa
H
ibid., II, 163-174;
p. rpyaHHs,
263-274;
34 In this connection the colophon of Daa, the translator of the commentary ascribed to Epiphanius on the Psalms, is most illuminating (E. C. Ta~afItIIBHJH,
cpeAH rpyaHHL,
rspaMOTHOCTH
OrIHcaHie pyionucefi o61mecTBapacupocTpaHeHia
II, 640-1: cf. 33339?oda, 1. c., p. 140-141.
15 The most careful studies have been made by N. Marr of II (IV) Kings, 14-15,
Exodus, chap. I and by R. P. Blake of Zephaniah, (1. c., p. 32 ff.)
36 This is not a puristic, but a nationalistic movement; see the statements of George
the Athonite in the life of St. Euthymios, and also in his own vita (P. Peeters, 1. c. p.
109-110).
"
true = Arm
(Iran.) and others,
Only old-standbys, like 3~a3N
o)oo
gz,swp/
occur.
306
Grecisms which commonly reveal themselves in versions from

that language; whether in the use of the participles, in antithetic particles, or in cases where Greek constructions shimmer
through. The same arguments also hold true against the hypothesis that the text is derived from the Syriac or the Arabic.
No direct traces of Semitic influence are observable, and in
particular the chance of its having been derived from the Syriac
directly is slight, in view of the small number of translations
from this tongue which have come down in Georgian. Against
the Arabic, moreover, stands the fact that we find no traces
of the influence of this tongue upon any scriptural text in
Georgian.
Armenian thus remains the sole possibility. Not only are
the chances a priori in favor of this language, but internal evidence as well confirms it to some extent. In the first place certain expressions seem to show Armenian influence:
1.2.4
ordinata sunt G; Arm rptqt.
1.6.3
cecidissent G; the other versions point to KaraXETLO1
L Ar Ew Aeth? (das Ende ... sei) or KaraXrtlqO S;
the Georgian archetype read KaraX?7q$O which in
Armenian would be ~4WL = enkal 'receive'. This
= ankal 'fall'.
became corrupted into
w$"4t kan stant and il a.
1.12.9 stant G; alii sunt = arm
y
4~,
1.13.3 G mercede Arm; cett. Zeichen:
confusion of zt~yF4my
and lz"U.
1.14.5
ba6~3 56 probably
'.
4,LJ,UIIeLW
in Armenian between
2.10.5 infantes G; loca cett.: confusion
teyk' 'places' and m twij t'ayk' 'children'.
mp
Arm.
2. 10.6 b6856i~b6
(an Iranian
,;ab
,,,4,uL-L
,.
idiom).
siccatas posuisti G; trocknest du und gabest acht
3.2.5
cett (+-): posuisti reflects Arm ylrL edu.
3.2.11 Velt'ara G Leviathan (Levathan Aeth) corruption of
LttAPIIiLVelt'ara from LbNthfib P Leviat'ar.
3.3.12 The use of abstract terms in place of adjectives in this
verse looks like a reflection of a not uncommon Armenian tendency.
3.5.21
w5o dari probably Armenian ,,p dar, 'century'.
307
In the second place the large use of passive and periphrastic

forms appears to reflect in some cases the Armenian forms in
~ j
-kf -im and
e.g. d 0635,
0 56c0
-I,_glUAts,-cucanem;
So
too
the
wide
use
of
the
bare
stem
of
the
relative
a3668b.
apparently reproduces the Armenian or. We have just noted,
however, that words of Armenian origin in the Georgian text
are rare. In this connection the text seems to share in the
anti-armenian bias mentioned above, but this circumstance
does not in any way militate against the theory of its Armenian
origin. It probably belongs to the latest series of versions from
the Armenian in the Tao-Klardjet'ian group - later than the
tractates of Hippolytus 38 and that of Epiphanius 7~ptECrP
Lw '
X0Lov."9The tendency to represent the Armenian participial
and infinitive forms in -ur'L -eal and -L I -kL -el/il by the bare
stem of the past participle, which we find in the earlier period,
has now gone by, and in these cases the directive case of the
masdar (nomen verbale) in -s% -ad is employed.
In any case this hypothetical Armenian version which we
postulate can be connected in no wise with our present printed
Armenian text. What the origin of this latter version may be
is a matter of considerable doubt, but the most cursory comparison of the Georgian with the printed Armenian will show
that the two are as far apart as the poles. That another Armenian version should have existed is in no way surprising; it
would not indeed be extraordinary if a search among the manuscripts at Jerusalem and at Echmiadzin should bring it to light.
From the philological and lexicographical point of view the
text shows few, if any, peculiarities which distinguish it from
the other books of the Old Testament. 0 -ey is rarely used in
'Auslaut.'
(for
(for b5c63ab)
)
3oGJcq40
3cohJ (2.3.3), bcba8apb
(2.10.9) seem to be sporadic in Tao-Klardjet'ian texts. 6 x
in 656s3a in place of b x is vulgar, also Tao-Klardjet'ian.
alternate, but this
6 and b in the phrase g81ob ba8scaa
uncertainty is a general phenomenon in old Georgian manu38 On this see H. MappB, HIioJIOnT: ToJnoBaHie IJCHHnPICHei, Cu6., 1902,
Introduction passim.
39 In course of publication by the present writer.
40 CQby contraction of 0, (H. Mapp, PpaMMaTna ApeBHeJITepaTypHaro rpyaiiHCa, JIeHHHrpag, 1925, p. 03.
3HHCIOrO
308
scripts without any definite regional circumscription.41 The

vocabulary is relatively orthodox: new or rare words are few,
a circumstance explainable in part, no doubt, by the general
substance of the text.
Of the words occurring which are new to the lexica, we should
note o~)5"3go rare (3.7.9, 11) and 8bba38o violent, pelting (of
rain) (1.1. 7). The first of these looks like a foreign word,
but I have not been able to find it in any other language
familiar to me. 8a8 e5o (3.3.7) precipitous is not a frequent
expression. o?663o bottom (2. .2) is an Armenian word, sparingly used in Old Georgian.426 3aao is probably the Hebrew
"1 south (3.2.9, 19,).43 Note also 5030 (1.13.15) salt-pan.
We shall now turn to a consideration of the relation of the
Georgian text to the other versions.
If we compare the Georgian text with the related versions
as given in the parallel columns of Violet's edition, we do not
have to look far to see that the Georgian is in no sense an immediate descendant of any single one of the other surviving
texts, but rather betrays sporadic agreement with all of them.
A considerable number of readings peculiar to it, moreover,
find no close parallel in the other texts. Nevertheless in a number of places the Georgian (G) and the Ethiopic (Aeth) stand
together against all other versions. That the Ethiopic version
goes back to a single manuscript as archetype is shown by the
large number of lacunae (which in no case agree with those of
the Latin) and also by certain peculiar readings which have
arisen from peculiarities in the underlying Greek manuscript.
Violet's notations
1.1.1
Sut'iel(Syt'iel) Sutaid Aeth
Salathiel cett. (Scha-S)
41 This came about through the natural error in supposing that the bsa = khma
was the same word as msQakhmay voice.
42 See H. Hiibschmann, Armenische Grammatik, 1, 1, Leipzig, 1895, p. 110.
43 Nageb may be a Georgian word from
gebay 'agere', but the meanings adduced in the lexicon - constructed,etc. - do8})a
not help out very much, and the explanation given in the text seems more probable. The y tradition had some other word
besides part there, as the Ethiopic shows, but the meaning of the term used there is
dubious. See Violet I, ad loc.

inc. om om Aeth
1.3.6-7-1.4.1
G
1.5.1
dies G
1.5.5
1.10.1
1.10.4
1.11.6
tradita est eis eingenommen

worden ist Aeth
G
idominabitt L
Plan der Herrlichkeit
gloriam G
Aeth
fumus G
Rauch
Aeth Ae
erkennen Aeth
intelliges G
messis G
Ernte Aeth Arm
om G
om Aeth
1.11.7
1.11.12
1.13.1
silebit G
terra G
quidquam G
1.7.92
1.9.5
1.13.10-12
1.13.19
om G
Tage Aeth
wird ruhen Aeth

die Erde Aeth
was Aeth, Arabb.
om Aeth
L et dedisti ei Isaac et
Isaac dedisti lacob et
Esau; et segregasti tibi
lacob. Esau autem separasti; et factus est lacob
in multitudine magna.
Et factum est tempora
cett (>Arm)
verlassen S
viam cett.
Hauch
Vapor L S. Ag >Arm
erstaunen L S
Tenne S Ag
et numero numeravit
tempora L cett
commovebit L
haec cett.
quis S L Arm
quem inhabitant
3.2.13
3.6.3-4
3.922.3
... non
noverunt
>cett.
und heiraten Aeth idem

und nicht froh
werden G
G
Aeth
very close, both gap and
following words, to G
G4
Aeth 4
L S 1000
2.8.5
309
>
G>
Aeth >
Aeth >
part of verse
impios
vero
...
nume-
rum eorum L S
habent cett.
The Georgian in no way confirms all the lacunae which the

Ethiopic exhibits, but the list of readings given above shows
clearly that G and Aeth go back to a single archetype, and to
one which was presumably written in Greek uncials (cf. 3. . 13).
A further confirmation of this is to be seen in the circumstance
that the errors are traceable back to variants (or misunderstandings) in the Greek. Now neither Aeth no G can possibly have
had any influence upon the other; hence these peculiarities
310
characterize a special branch of the Greek tradition. We obtain, then, the following stemma:
Heb
Greek
YIi
y'
G
y2
Aeth
The close connection between the Ethiopic and the Georgian

naturally impels us to speculate as to what the district may
have been where the common archetype was located. It stands
to reason that this must have been some important central
section of the Christian world. The investigations which have
previously been made to ascertain the character of the Ethiopic
version of the Scriptures show that while in general the character of the text is non-hexaplaric and similar to manuscripts
of Egyptian origin (notably to B), in the Ketubim we find that
the Ethiopic shows clear traces of hexaplaric influence.43aIf we
combine this with the fact that Egyptian influence seems to be
almost wholly lacking in the Georgian-Armenian branch of the
Old Testament tradition, we are probably justified in assuming that Palestine was the home of the manuscript in question.
Presumably it was preserved in one of the greater libraries,
either of Caesarea or of Jerusalem, or else in a famous convent,
like that of St. Saba. We by no means seek to imply that G and
Aeth were both directly translated from the archetype. It is
much more likely that copies were made from it.
A recently published document permits us to advance a step
further. A Coptic ostrakon noted by Crum 43b has preserved
43a References to the literature on the subject are given by J. H. Ropes in the introduction to his edition of Acts; The Beginnings of Christianity, vol. iii, pp. cxlvi-vii.
43b The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition: The Monastery of
Epiphanius at Thebes. Pt. I. The Archaeological Material by H. E. Winlock: The
Literary Material by W. E. Crum. 3 vols. folio, New York, 1923. Vol. i, p. 197.
The ostrakon (B.P. 1669) contains a list of the extra-canonical books of the Sceiptures.
Crum notices the connection with the Ethiopic.
311
for us the title of the lost Coptic version. It reads E1PA N

ZOTOIHA,with the corruption of the patronymic characteristic of the y branch of the textual tradition. A copy of the y
archetype was probably brought to Egypt, and from it the Coptic and Ethiopic were made. It is noteworthy that the Coptic
supports the Georgian form Sut'ieli against the Ethiopic Sutail.
The next question which arises is as to the position of the
other versions. It is easy to see that a close connection exists
between the Latin and the Syriac. The chief differences seem
to be (1) that the Latin has a series of lacunae, (2) that the
Syriac has a set of interpolations. On the other hand the close
relation between the two texts L and S is evident from the
following series of readings, which by more careful scrutiny
could easily be increased.
LS
1.7.9
1.9.1
1.9.5
1.11.10
1.13.1
1.13.6
2.2.4
2.4.3
der vergangen ist Aeth G

uns Aeth G
fumus Aeth G
>Aeth G
quid Aeth quidquam G
vernichtet und als Ruine Aeth (G =)
geheiligt Aeth (eligisti G)
colorem G >Aeth
per quem transisti

mihi
vapor
adhuc
quis
incomposito vestigio (S )
nominasti
Abbild der Stimme, etc.
We therefore conclude that L and S form another branch

of the general tradition, distinct from the Georgian and the
Ethiopic, and our stemma now assumes the form:
Heb
Greek
yl
G
2y
Aeth
Copt
On the other hand, it is evident that in a number of cases there

is an agreement between x and G. To some extent this is undoubtedly due to like methods in translation; the close parallel
in certain cases between L and G can be explained in no other
way. In other cases we find a close connection between S and
312
G. These sometimes imply the same reading in the original

Greek, so that in such places we are forced to assume a contamination from the Greek archetype of S, or in other words,
influence of x on G (= y). Let us consider the following list
of readings:
nichts Neues S G
gut Aeth > L
diem per quem transisti L S G Ar dem Tage, der vergangen ist
Aeth Ar Ew
Gild (?)
zerrissen werden Aeth
1.13.10 commutabuntur L S G
> cett.
2.3.6
vermag ich es nicht S G
This is a clear case of S influence on G
2.4.4
quodque decet me narrare tibi G Aeth die sie mit Recht betroffen
hat
und die Zeit, die du sehen michtest S
1.5.3
1.7.9
This reading in G seems to be a conflation of S and Aeth.

dices enim ei L Aeth
Sage zu ihr G S Ar Ew
Der Anfang durch die Hand der L >Aeth Anfangs [zwar] durch
den Menschensohn und darauf
Menschen, das Ende aber durch
meine eigenen Hande G S
[aber] ich selber
2.6.3
2.7.2
This passage is particularly important, as the other versions

are very faulty. Recourse was had by the translator of G to an
S (x) archetype. Cf. the passages listed below.
Gewichte der Winde S G
( = /.o7al
hyviuw) G
erdacht S creationem
2.7.3
2.7.9
(=
2.8.
2.8.6
. 10.6
2.10.8
3.2.1
3.3.9
3.5.1
wXaxO'vat)
Wehen der Winde Aeth

conventiones L
Ar Ew (
wal)
L
abalienarentur
>Aeth
(a7raXXaxO6'vat);
ab Abraham usque ad Abraham von Abraham bis zu Isaak Aeth

Ar Gild
LSG Ar Ew
Inter calcaneum et manum aliud aber suche nicht, Ezra Aeth
noli quaerere, O Ezra L S G
>Aeth
subito L S G
Ausg~ingeder Quellen S Ausgainge Quellen der Wasser Aeth
der Wasser G
Gerichts Aeth
creaturae L S G Ar Ew
er Aeth
heres L S G
an interesting passage: I quote the various versions.
S
L
Et apparebitsponsa [und]wirdsich
apparescenscivitas, offenbarendie
et ostendetur quae Braut, die als
Stadt erscheint,
nunc subducitur
und wird erscheiterra
nen sie die jetzt getrenntist
G
et revelabitse
ista quae nunc
apparetcivitas,
et apparebitista
quae commensa
est fovea (cf. Ar
Gild Tiefe)
Aeth
und verborgen
wirddie Stadt,
die jetzt erscheint,
und erscheinen
wirddas Land,
das jetzt verborgen
ist
313
G has not the corruption Braut, but in other respects agrees

with S and especially with L.
3.5.16
aiiremL S G Ar Ew
HimmelAeth
3.12.7
3.12.9
congregati L S G
recipere L S G
werden unsterblich S G
3.14.5
3.17.5
bestimmtS G Ar Ew
Deshalb S G
>Aeth
>Aeth
inmortales L Aeth (ad sensum)
3.18.3
L audax; Aethplitzlich
quoniamL und Aeth
Werke L S "
Kindern Aeth
The question of the other versions remains. These are the two
Arabic translations and the Armenian. With regard to the
Arabic, it is reasonably clear that both texts (of Ewald and
Gildemeister, Aew and Ag) go back to the same original text,45
which in any case belongs to the x-group. It seems also clear
that both Aew and Ag are closely allied to S, although many of
the variants go back to independent Greek readings. These
latter appear, however, rather to be corruptions of original
x-readings than independent variants. If that is so, our stemma
will be:
Heb
Gre k
iG
Aew
y'
y2
Aeth Copt
Ag
The Armenian text, however, is a more perplexing problem.

In its present form it has nothing in common with G. All the
long interpolations which are characteristic of the Armenian
are absent in G. On the other hand, in some cases the Armenian
does agree with the Georgian, both in reading and in phraseology. These agreements are sporadic and on the whole infrequent. It seems to me that Violet in his reconstruction has
44 Cf. note ad loc. in Violet II.
45 See Violet, I, pp. xxxvii-xxxviii.
314
attached too much importance to this text, and that Marquart's harsh judgment 46 of the Armenian is fully justified.
Its manuscript tradition is suspect, and the text is manifestly
much interpolated. I cannot, however, agree with Marquart's
contention that the author of the Armenian had merely excerpts before him. He possessed the whole text, but used only
part of it, and gave free rein to his phantasy and to his New
Testament knowledge. That a certain number of places should
have been filled out in the rather elliptic text is only natural,
but it by no means follows that the matter is drawn from the
original, especially when we have the lengthy interpolations
before our eyes as a warning. In any case Arm is an x-text,
so that if G is a translation from the Armenian, we must infer
that there is no direct connection between G's presumptive
Armenian archetype and the extant Armenian version.
Last of all we come to the readings in the Georgian which
disagree with the other versions. These are numerous, but
vary in type. They may be classed under the following captions:
(1) Errors in translation. Certain renderings, pointed out
above, which look like such errors, are really Greek variants
from Greek tradition, but not a few errors are peculiar to G.
These do not consist primarily of mistranslated or misunderstood single words in the Greek text, but rather of uncomprehended phrases and grammatical constructions which when
followed literally threw Georgian syntax into confusion.47
G vere puritatem: mandastidiligentiamunamtuam L: den Befehl
cett.
G : caeli ignis cett. possibly an error in the GeorgianGob5 for
1.2.5
1.4.3
1.6.1
1.7.3
1.13.4
1.13.9
Gaoebobs.
G Babylonem:hue cett. but MS.L of Latin + in Babylonem.

proptertres vias G: om proptercett.
aqua G: via cett. it5wpfor 650s?
terraG: lapis G S Aeth Ar Gild Arm: Licht Ar Ew (Hilgenfeld
thinksXoxvoswas read for MX0os).It looks as if the Georgian
has readx6&vforXlwv.
See Violet II, pp. xxiv-xxxviiiof Introduction.

4 We do not meanto imply that in some (probablyin most) cases this confusion
may not have dated from the antecedentversions.
46

2.2.3
9. 10.3
3.6.5
3.7.7
315
glorificasti G; gross gemacht S; replesti L Aeth (= rXtjpcoaas).

The Georgian word can also mean 'made great.'
G praeparabuntur; aperientur cett.
G tsed sic quoddam sicut nos cunctos creavitt corrupt; L sed paene
omnes qui creati sunt.
G omits argentum .... argentum by homoioteleuton and also et
ferrum.
(2) Interpolated words. In a number of cases the translator

has added phrases or expanded ideas. It is not clear whether
this is due to the Georgian interpreter or to his predecessors.
In all cases the additions seem to be secondary; sometimes they
were added for stylistic, sometimes for epexegetic, reasons.
1.1.2
1.7.5
1.7.7
1.7.8
1.11.8
1.13. 18
2.2.5
3. 2.9
3.2. 12
3.5.9
3.5.10
3. 16. 11
post recumbens + suspiciebant oculi et G.

post revoca + et praesta mihi G
ad init. vers + respondit G.
ad init. vers + responderes et G.
post dixi + utique.
L regio proximam suam] G regio regionem, et proximus proximum.
post populum unum + Israhel G.
post congregata + quam appellunt nageb G.
post pars + nagebman G.
post remanebit + coram eo G; post veritas + apud eum G.
post opus + qualiacumque G.
ad init. vers. et quid prodest vita haec nostra G 48.
(3) Omissions. A small number of lacunae, of which some

at least are due to ordinary scribal lapses, and which, with the
exception of those mentioned above, are not confirmed by the
other versions, are observable in G. A number of words are
suppressed or left out in the course of the text, but in most
cases these seem to be faults of translation, and not errors of
the archetype.
1.10. 2
1.13.2 0
3.2.15
3.2.21
3.18.3
quoniam festinans - 4 seminatum est enim malum > G.

septem diebus >G.
et bestias et volucres >G.
et devorare nos >G. Cf. Arm.
et longanimis quoniam > G by homoioteleuton.
A comparisonof G with the reconstructedtext which Violet
has published brings out a number of passages where the Georgian confirms or disproves the reconstructions of the editor. In
48
Cf. Ar. Gild ad loc.
316
view of the fact that it is not always possible to convey the

implication of the Georgian in the translation, it has seemed
advisable to sum up in this place the substance of the contribution of G to the reconstruction of the original text:
1.1.1
1.1.3
Fall: G certainly Wr7TLEs.

Uberfluss: G does not imply rreppleav/.La,
but olKo5olilain the technical sense of to fix one's self comfortably (perhaps = EW'rivia,
but
1.1.4
lingstliche: G has along with the other versions misapprehendedthe

sense of
G usually has simply 'Lord' in this combination; more
Herr Herr:4ofEph.
infrequently' Lord God.' This is translationaland not basic.
frevelten: G apVeiv,a2te-Eiy.
G confirmsiTEaTas.
G supports L paraduTLwv.
cf. ms.)
1.2.1
1.2.7
1.4. 2
1.4.5
1.4.6
1.5.3
1.5.5
1.6.3
47740s.
G confirmskl'a.
besser: G clearly vETrEpov,cf. Lat.
abgetan: G Er~'EG6or KvpLE6b7.
unless we
begreifen: G cecedissent, which would imply Ka7TaX&ELi,
can suppose a confusion in Arm (see p. 306).
1.6.9
G points to KaT' 6v6uaTa.
1.7.9
1.7.10
1.8.7
1.9.5
1.11.4
G evidently read wrEpt

is (t6'Is) 85tX8Es
prpas.
G involves ovtutovTra (not passive or middle form).
G confirmsEls/LthrtY.
G read &-Ais,
which as lectio difficilioris probably right.
G readgh WvEeV.
G &XkXv
ptLafOs.
~6x6ovfor EXwvos
G read aoLy'JeL.
G read with Aeth tp7pa.
G read Xrl0cqouVTraL.
tOrtt G readi wp.
G confirms(Treipa.
Violet's insertion of qpcipavconfirmedby G.
G read XabvUL.
G confirms -rpara.
G read Xwp&oovoL.
G read ya/,.aovurat.
G confirmsEveTrpdlr7
/.otL.
T-0 'I)opaAX.
G has exactly
mLarebOT7s
with L.
G read bbpovalong
G would seem to imply '~5aaas, not '~6Kcaas
or
(corruption
CXrkr/aas
1.11.7
1.11.12
1.13.3
1.13.4
1.13.7
1.13.13
1.13.14
1.13.16
1.13.19
1.13.20
1.14.5
2.2.3a
2.2.8
of K&aXXCxRas)
49
G &Z.
4 KaX6s is used as a denominal verb in Syriac and in Rabbinical Hebrew (D Z) in

the sense of praising, glorifying.
317
after Tropfen + G ro703roV.

verschlossne Kammern: G read 7rvXas.
G also implies 636s
G read arpowr. (eboTE?).
G confirms Gunkel's guess 6vrayEtsr
7rv obpaz&,V.
G confirms apyX.
but this is probably the meaning of the Arm, as d.,, hamis
G &paLs,
time or hour.
2.10.18a G confirms O0aprsv.
3. .2 G read 7reptLe4pEro
ayf.
3.2.20 G read
E~rlLya.
3.3.11 G read&aXler6O.
and ~nrcr7raav.
3.4.6a G read &vreZrov
G read &drerpoaav.
3.4.7a
G + "Eapa.
3.7.1
G KTrUIS
with Lat. and this is undoubtedly right.
3.12.7 G confirmsfjavxIta.
3.13.5 G confirms &irbrooyos.
3.2 0.1 G read &ir6XavE.
3.23.5 G readgap'rvp6l.
3.27.4 G confirms 'Karaoraaua and apxbvrov7rapax7j.
2.4.lb
2.4.2a
2.6.1
2.7.3
2. 7.6a
2.8.5
2.10.8b
The conclusions which we have reached in the course of our

study may be summed up as follows:
(1) The Georgian version is only preserved in two relatively
ancient manuscripts, which are closely related. It appears
to have been made in the Tao-Klardjet'ian district at a fairly
late date (ca. saec. ix) from an Armenian archetype, of which
we have as yet found no other traces.
(2) The Armenian apparently goes back directly to the Greek
without any intervening stages of Semitic versions, whether
Syriac or Arabic.
(3) The Greek archetype of G is the same as that from which
the Ethiopic was made, and these two versions form a separate
branch of the tradition (y). The virtue of the y group was
freedom from interpolations, its vice the lacunae in the y
archetype. To a certain extent, however, the Georgian seems
to have been subjected to the influence of the other branch (x)
at some undefined period, and is thus distinguished from the
Ethiopic, while the archetype y was much more damaged before the Ethiopic was translated.
(4) The existing Armenian text has nothing to do with the
Georgian. It belongs to the other branch of the tradition, and
318
in view of the evident interpolations and omissions, must be

considered inferior to the other versions. To interpolate from
it in the reconstructed text, or to use it as a basis for the reconstruction of the text, seems, to say the least, a hazardous
proceeding.
(5) In the cases where L, S, and either G or Aeth agree, the
chances are strong that the consensus represents the reading
of the archetype. If this appears to be corrupt, the Armenian
may be called on for support, but it is a safe guide only in cases
where a Greek reading can be definitely recognized, not where
glosses or omissions are concerned.
In translating the text I have felt it advisable to employ
Latin. This has been done for two reasons, its internationality
and the likeness between the Georgian and Latin languages
in certain respects. I have followed the phraseology of the
Latin version, without too slavishly imitating some of its vulgarisms. I have not scrupled, however, to depart from the
model in order to make the rendering more accurate.50
The version is as literal as possible, but various peculiarities
of both the Latin and Georgian languages make it necessary to
state here certain concessions and peculiarities permitted in the
translation.51
Order. The Georgian order of words is free, and can reproduce that of the original Greek or Armenian with relative ease
except in the following cases:
(a) Most prepositions are postpositive in Georgian, and are
frequently placed between the noun and the adjective.
(b) The particle cOaooo = y''p, "n is antepositive, as is

boeeo = 5, but the latter is postpositive when signifying
'only'; D3~0iam= E must be antepositive, moj = e, postpositive.
(c) Temporal, adversative, conditional, and correlative particles (not the copula) are frequently introduced between the
50 My colleague, Professor E. K. Rand, has kindly censored my latinity, for which
I desire to express my heartfelt thanks. Professors G. F. Moore and J. H. Ropes have
also been of material assistance, which I gratefully acknowledge in this place.
11 The idea was suggested by Sir Herbert Thompson's remarks on the Coptic versions in Professor J. H. Ropes' recent edition of Acts; the Beginnings of Christianity,
Vol. iii, pp. 317-321, 357-360.
319
compounding preposition and the stem of a verbal form, if the

latter comes first in the sentence or colon.
Pronouns. The pronominal object is expressed in the verbal
form, and is generally epexegetically repeated in the case of a
direct object, so that its presence or absence in the Greek is
not to be determined with certainty from the Georgian.
Georgian has no definite article, but possesses a series of
demonstrative pronouns which correspond exactly to the Latin
hic, iste, ille. These are used liberally, much in the fashion of
the Armenian equivalents -u-s, -, -d,
-n, but just as in the
latter language, it is not safe to rely on-r,
their evidence as to the
presence or absence of the Greek article.52
While the Georgian possesses a reflexive pronoun, its use in
the older texts is fluctuating, and not infrequently we find the
demonstrative used where the reflexive is logically required.
In such cases we have employed ille, reserving is for use with
substantives carrying the article.
Particles. The Georgian can represent most of the Greek
particles except pi 53 and ye. ~ -a, which adds more subjectivity to the statement, is here translated by quidem or
quippe.
Verbal forms. In spite of the multiplicity of forms of the
Georgian verb, the exactitude of tenses in the older Georgian
idiom is much inferior to that of Greek:
(a) The subjunctive and the future are identical.4
(b) The optative has not yet been differentiated from the
imperfect.
(c) Past tenses interchange in some cases with present, when
the question of repeated or continuous action (apart from time)
is uppermost in the writer's mind.
(d) The verbal noun (masdar) has no connotation of modality nor of tense.
62
See A. Meillet, Altarmenisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, 1913, p. 57 f., 61-62.

In Grecophile texts this is represented by
same, 'indeed', 'forsooth', but
bia
this is not Tao-Klardjet'ian.
54 We have not distinguished between (5awms with the subjunctive and
(5awcoes with the indicative in final clauses. The function of - 0
-mincais not altogether
for y4p
clear; it demands an indicative form, but in some cases = av. (
}63coa
= quoniam.
= &t, = quia;
= enim;
o30MSb0X,
Obiaoog
63
320
(e) The participles (a present active and a past passive, like

Latin) are used sparingly, and there is no native construction
approximating the ablative or genitive absolute.
Syntax. A participle and verb are usually rendered by two
finite verbal forms connected by W et. Georgian, like the
other Caucasian languages, makes no distinction of gender
in its forms.
There is no specific form for the superlative, nor is there any
regular native word corresponding to quam = i; sentences involving this construction are always clumsily translated.
Within its limits, however, Georgian is a very accurate idiom,
precise and definite, so that there is but little doubt as to how
any sentence is to be interpreted.
(The Georgian Text of Fourth Esdras and a Latin

translation follow.)
8
31t66 booooao. .Q083?o0 ol 580Q~OQ36b
80 Vaoq&?86
I 1. (1) a038a8Q8bobo
ob
30-
jn3jobs
Ab
8 3 5ou0356b a3
(2)
?' -iMa
Z0bD 35J5
b1~oo3"
~"h
T
ma %8b %
on 30W33
:
W,
%80ob
baAaBaoo
3 Dboq6ab
Q803o0Woiab
j80ib
bo808g0o
Ba8b~ . (3) ~8a83o)3 30boQ3
p
a883 o7
80ac066?a boigoba W
b855o?,c0350oboa.
~563
(4)
a80b
aoa9a?38
bijo
q3ao o380$o ?W
30oa3boBo,?W
m W 3O)J:be2o6a53oo
a&qobs 8o08A obo{8jay
2. (1) 8:3
D eb~a5o80ma6
c
~a~~ab
38oa
9!o886
(2)
oad8 68
W,
830WAo
"
o
3a8A-6)bs
co,
oaojB J8650?o 6a8!
3oa6
A5 aboe-
6Wa8b
8a8ao
(3) We
8~5a6ona
aAo?56a3
pa8ablB,
~
0oJa aas6b. (4) Waao~o6J0
33308,
bebe13a,0o WQ?
-
8Zbboo
083,53 o8o bAo0ba3
6cq383~qbbs8a3~cZa085865
a5*85 30-
aaOaoasa;j6a48 Oga86obs.(5) ,a?Aoga a8&lb~asa;

boU
W.a
aa
ga~o38Aa08o W 8ba8j?S ?QbW%3
ogo
0,? boV8oca.
f. 195r.
aob %3a bodoWoo

W?8V3a)b0
3a 6Boab 3b ao8bb6 j 1p:
o
(6) W-aa8cq6W
aob a a6boabaoo
ab 360.
0Q
Ab
6oa?oma
oeb?:
.
a668aao.
a5o W,6~~a-
(7) W 30eWpqaab mooarox-
o0o 6b35?b
m 3oba
?8mobZbs. Dy8uaaocob
65)omob350
69a865685
6
O
883ab
Vo06Aa %WW5b
'3
8a65. bci,
6
a8aa jao V80j oDo
j6ob a380136ao3 a68b
4Am3 Q joa860bamo . W,bjJo0365
co? 8835W~co
oao6o.
oao6o:(8)
tW
0
n
(9) Wa o08Q
aoQ8Mb3aOQ3. 3om?06
%8
8C33oo
ao
a
88m
6
. aae6& %t&o
om)bbod jono
5Vjo
g omjt56:3. (1) W56?8
8o386,P0
aob55660
a6c 8obooW ,
8ac~a06o bAboo~
h,560. (2)
o0ie oeab o83ab
56-
o5o 3aoo
a0
1. (1) Titulum rubro scriptum; inc. textus f. 194 v, col. a, 1. 15.
cod.
e. (s) bO
I338Wo
Waob
322
EZRA SUT'IELI, QUI FUIT IN BABYLONE
(Visio I)
1. (1) Post tres annos a conlapsu civitatis fui in Babylone
ego, Syt'iel, quod est Ezra, (2) et sopitus positus eram super
cubili meo (pl.); suspiciebant oculi et cogitationes (lit. verba
cordis) ascendebant in cor meum. (3) Vidi enim devastationem
Sionis et incolationem I habitatorum Babylonis, (4) et studebat
anima mea multum, et coepi loqui ad Excelsum verbo terribili,
et dixi:
2. (1) 0 domine, ab initio cum creasti terram solus, (2) et
iussisti terram et edidit Adami corpus mortuum,2 et is quoque
creatura manuum tuarum. (3) Et insufflasti in eum spiritum
viventem, et vivus fuit coram te. (4) Et induxisti eum in
paradisum, quem plantavit dextera tua, antequam terra ordinata esset, (5) [et] confirmasti super eum vere puritatem. Is
autem transgressus est tibi et instanter statuisti super eum
mortem et super cunctas generationes eius. (6) Et exierunt ex
eo semina et tribus, populi et gentes, quorum non est numerus.
(7) Et ambulabat quaeque ex gentibus illis in voluntate illarum:
impie agebant coram te, et negabant te; tu autem non cohibuisti eos. (8) Et iterum tempus diluvii misisti super terram
et super habitatores terrae et perdidisti eos. (9) Et fuit super
omnes eos destructio; sicut propter Adam mors, sic et super
eos diluvium.
3. (1) Et salvasti unum ex eis cum domo eius, et qui ex eo
multi sunt iusti. (2) Et fuit cum coeperunt multiplicari super
1 vel exstructionem.
lit. Adamicorpusremmortuam.
323
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325
terram habitatores terrae; et multiplicati sunt valde proles et

populi et tribus, et coeperunt irreligiosius agere quam primi
illi. (3) Et fuit quando impie agebant coram te, elegisti unum
ex eis, cui nomen dictum est Abraham, dilexisti eum et narrasti
ei solum. (4) Et posuisti cum eo testamentum aeternum,
(5) et dixisti: Non deiciam genus tuum, ( ...... ).
4. (1) Et ex Aegypto eduxisti genus eius in montem Sina.
(2) Et inclinasti caelos et commovisti terram et destruxisti
latera terrae. Timore affecisti abyssos et tremere fecisti mundum. (3) Et transiit gloria tua quattuor portas caeli et motum
spiritum 1 venti et gelu ut dares genti Iacobi legem et tribui
Israhel veritatem. (4) Cor autem malignum non abstulisti ab
eis, ut acciperet lex tua ab eis fructum. (5) Cor enim malignum
primo insedit Adamo.2 Ille victus est et cum eo omnis proles
eius: (6) et permansit infirmitas illa eorum et lex in corde
populi una cum radice malignitatis. (7) Et discessit 3 ab eis
bonum et permansit apud eos malum.
5. (1) Transierunt multi dies et finita sunt tempora, et suscitasti tibi servum tuum David, (2) et dixisti exstruere urbem
in nomen tuum et sacrificare in ea sacrificium tuum. (3) Et
fuit cum finiti essent multi anni, peccaverunt tibi incolae illi
urbis; nihil novius fecerunt, sed sicut Adam, istoque modo et
omnis proles eius. Eis enim quoque indutum est cor idem
malignitatis. (4) Et tradita est urbs illa manibus hostium
tuorum. (5) Et dixi ego tune in corde meo: Quis scit? Melius
quicquam facient incolae illi Babylonis? Propter hoc tradita
est eis urbs Sion?
I -tus?
fort. induit Adam.
3 turned aside, &7rar7p~e.
396
I
f. 196r.
HARVARD THEOLOGICAL REVIEW
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6. (1) Et factum est cum venissem Babylonem, vidi ego

impietatem, cuius non est numerus, et contemptores multos
vidit anima mea. Hic tres anni est (sic). (2) Et miratum est
cor meum quoniam quomodo sustines peccatorem et consolare
impios. Perdidisti populum tuum et conservasti inimicos tuos,
(3) neminemque certiorem fecisti quare cecidissent viae illae
eorum. (4) Aut melius numquid fecit Babylon Sione, aut alia
generatio, (5) aut cognovit quis te magis quam Israhel? Aut
quae tribus credidit testamento tuo, sicut lacob, cuius merces
non comparuit neque labor fructum protulit. (6) Exitu exeunt
mihi pagani et vidi eos abundantes, illique non memorantur
mandatorum tuorum. (7) Nunc autem ponderabo statera
iniustitias nostras et iniustitias mundi, et ponderavit iugum
staterae illorum. (8) Aut quando non peccaverunt tibi incolae
terrae, aut quae tribus observavit mandata tua? (9) Homines nomine invenisti, qui observaverunt mandata tua; gentem autem non invenies.
7. (1) Et respondit mihi angelus ille qui missus est ad me,
cui nomen dictum est Uriel, et dixit mihi: (2) Admiratione admiratum est cor tuum, et vis attinere ad gloriam Excelsi. Et
dixi: Utique, domine. (3) Respondit et dixit mihi: Propter tres
vias missus sum ad te demonstrare et tres vias proponere coram
te; (4) quam ex eis tu dices mihi, et ego quoque dicam viam
quam desiderabis videre. Et dicam tibi a quo est cor malum;
(5) et dixi: Dic, domine mi. Et dixit mihi: Vade et pondera
flammam ignis iugo uno, aut metire mensura ventos, aut revoca
et praesta mihi praeteritum unum diem. (6) Respondi et dixi:
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329
Quis est e natis qui poterit hoc facere, et rursus interrogas me

de isto? (7) Respondit et dixit mihi: Si interrogarem te et
dicerem quanta sunt promptuaria in cordibus maris, aut quanti
sunt ab initio exitus abyssorum, aut quantae sunt semitae
insuper firmamentorum, aut quanti sunt exitus Orci, aut quomodo sunt introitus regni, (8) responderes et diceres mihi: In
abyssum non descendi et in Orcum non demissus sum, et in
caelum non ascendi neque paradisum vidi. (9) Nunc autem de
nihilo interrogavi te antea, nisi de igni et vento et die praeterito, per quem tu transisti, et sine quo non poteris esse, nec potuisti
respondere mihi de eo. (10) Respondi et dixi: Non potui istud
comprehendere. Et dixit mihi: Tecum quod crevit non potes
cognoscere, et quomodo poteris ipse continere 1 vias illas Excelsi?
(11) Inaccessibiles creatae sunt viae illae Excelsi, nec poterit
corruptibilis intellegere incorruptibilis 2 vias.
8. (1) Et cum hoc audissem, cecidi super faciem meam et
dixi: (2) Melius fuit me non esse quam hic esse et in impietate
vivere, pati et non intellegere quare ego paterer. (3) Respondit et dixit mihi: Profectione profectae sunt silvae, arbores campi; cogitaverunt cogitationem et dixerunt: (4) Venite
eamus et imperabimus mari, ut recedat a nobis, et faciamus ibi
nobis aliam quoque silvam. (5) Et istoque modo fluctus maris
cogitaverunt cogitationem et dixerunt: (6) Venite et surgamus
super silvas campi et imperabimus ut eum quoque nobis loco
obtineamus. (7) Et fuit cogitatio illa silvae in vano, quia venit
ignis et combussit eas. (8) Isto quoque modo cogitatio illa
fluctuum maris, quia contendit arena et cohibuit illos. (9) Si
esses tu iudex, quem ex his iustificares aut quem falso afficeres?
1 vel observare.
gen.
330
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portarent fluctus eius. (11) Respondit et dixit mihi: Bene
iudicasti, et temetipsum nihili non potuisti iudicare? (12) Quia
sicut terra silvae data est et mare fluctibus suis, istoque modo
terrae habitatores terrena solum poterint intellegere et caeli
habitatores caelestia.
9. (1) Respondi autem et dixi: Precor te, Deus, quare
dedisti mihi sensum ad intellegendum istud? Non enim volui interrogare de superioribus viis, (2) sed de veniente hac super nos
necessitudine cotidiana, (3) quod traditus est Israhel gentibus,
et populum quem dilexisti dedisti impiis nationibus. (4) Et
lex patrum nostrorum destructa est, et testamenta scripturae
non videntur. (5) Et abimus a saeculo hoc sicut locustae, et
vita nostra sicut fumus, nec digni sumus invenire misericordiam.
(6) Sed quid faciet nomen eius, quod invocatum est super nos?
De hoc interrogo te.
10. (1) Respondit et dixit mihi: Si fueris quidem, videbis,
et si vixeris, prorsus intelliges; (........
). (4) De hoc autem
venit
messis
eius: (5) nisi autem
quod interrogasti me, necdum
prius apud ea mensum fuerit et recesserit locus ille ubi seminatum erat malum, non potuerit advenire locus ille ubi seminatum est bonum. (6) Quia granum illud seminis illius mali
seminatum est in corde Adam ab initio; quantos fructus fecit
impietatis usque nunc, et quantos quidem faciet usque dum
veniet area. (7) Aestima tibimetipsi quia granum unum, malitiae semen, tantos fructus impietatis fecit: (8) quando autem
seminatae sunt spicae illae seminum bonorum, quorum non est
numerus, quantus quidem plus futurus est fructus areae.
HARVARDTHEOLOGICAL
REVIEW
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11. (1) Respondi et dixi: Usque quo, domine, aut quando

futurum est hoc, quia pauci et mali sunt anni nostri? (2) Respondit et dixit mihi: Non festinas tu magis Excelso: tu enim
festinas propter temetipsum, Excelsus autem pro multis. (3)
De hoc quid interrogaverunt animae iusti t(. . .) e promptuariis
illis et dixerunt: (4) Usque quo hic erimus, aut quando adveniet
area laboris nostri? (5) Respondit ad eum Uriel angelus et
dixit: Quando implebitur numerus ille comparationis,' (6) quia
statera ponderavit saeculum hoc, et mensura mensurabuntur
tempora (......
), (7) nec silebit neque excitabitur usque dum
implebitur repromissum illud mensurarum. (8) Respondi et
dixi: Utique, domine; et ecce nos omnes pleni sumus impietate, (9) et propter nos prohibebitur iustorum area, aut propter
peccata habitatorum terrae. (10) Respondit et dixit mihi:
Vade atque interroga praegnantem, si quando impleti erunt
novem menses, poterit quippe matrix eius retinere exeunda 2
eius? (11) Et dixi: Non potest, domine. Et dixit mihi: Orcus
et promptuaria animarum matrici adsimilata sunt, (12) quia
sicut festinat matrix illa ab afflictione illa partus (fort. parturientis), istoque modo festinat terra dare id quod commendatum est ei ab initio. (13) Et tune demonstrabo tibi visionem
quam vis videre.
12. (1) Respondi et dixi: Si inveni gratiam ante oculos tuos,
si fas tibi videtur, si potestis, certiorem fac me quoque, (2)
quae pertransierunt tempora plura sunt, aut quae transitura
sunt? (3) Praeterita enim scio; praeteritura autem nescio.
(4) Et dixit mihi: Sta a dextera mei, et certiorem faciam te de
explicatione parabolae. (5) Et hoc vidi: Fornax ardebat
coram me, et fuit cum transiit flamma illa, vidi et superfuit ab
ea fumus. (6) Post eum enim transiit coram me nubis plena
1 fort. similium.
2 vel exitus.
334
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335
pluvia, et demisit pluviam saeviter, (7) et cum transisset pluvia

illa scindens, et superfuit ab ea ros solum. (8) Et dixit mihi:
Pondera tibimetipsi: sicut amplior est pluvia rore isto, et
ignis fumo, (9) istoque modo maiora sunt praeterita tempora:
stant quidem sicut fumus iste et ros.
13. (1) Respondi et dixi: Domine, nonne vivus ego futurus sum
usque ad hunc diem, aut quidquam futurum est in illis diebus?
(2) Respondit et dixit mihi: De signo hoc quod interrogasti,
aliquid narrabo tibi: de vita autem tua non mittor ad narrandum tibi, neque scio. (3) De mercede 1 autem illa, ecce venient
dies, et capiet habitatores terrae pavor magnus, (4) et tune
latebit aqua veritatis et sterilis erit locus fidei: (5) multiplicabitur falsum (......
) (6) et erit desertum et vastatum hae
quas nunc vides regales regiones, et videbunt terram desertam:
(7) Si dabit tibi Excelsus vitam, videbis post tricesimum diem
tumultum. (8) Subito splendescet sol nocte et luna die. (9) Et
de ligno sanguis stillabit et terra edet vocem suam, (10) et
populi contendunt et acres 2 mutabuntur. Et regit is qui non
credidit (......
) (12) et multi valde vocem eius audient, (13)
et submergent se multa loca, et ignis insuper 3 demittetur super
ea. (14) Bestiae campi abibunt4 e terra sua, et portenta e
mulieribus fient, (15) et dulces aquae in salsuginem convertentur, et amici confligunt inter se. (16) Et latebit tunc ab eis
sapientia et intellectus; recedent in promptuaria sua: (17)
quaerentur apud multos nec potuerint inveniri. Multiplicabitur
peccatura et malitia super terram. (18) Et interrogabit regio
2
arm.!
cod. populi.
3 vel. continuo.
4 s'dloigneront.
336
HARVARDTHEOLOGICAL
REVIEW
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337
regionem et proximus proximum et dicet: Numquid praeteriit

iustitia aut iustificator? Ille autem negabit et dicet: Nescio.
(19) Et erit illo tempore sperabunt homines invenire neque
occurrent: nubent et non iucundum erit in domibus illis eorum
neque diriget se labor ille eorum. (90) Hoc signum permissum
est mihi narrare tibi. Atque si orabis et flebis iterum quoque
sicut istud nunc, et si ieiunabis septem dies quidem, audies
maius quidem signum.
14. (1) Et cum evigilassem, carnes meae tremebant et
anima mea deficiebat a labore. (9) Et tetigit me angelus ille,
qui et venit ad me et loquebatur mihi: confortavit me et statuit
me super pedes meos. (3) Et fuit in secunda illa nocte, venit
ad me P'alt'iel dux populi, et dixit mihi: (4) Ubi fuisti, vel
quare tristis est vultus tuus? (5) Nonne scis quia tibi commissus
est Israhel 1 in terra peregrinitatis? (6) Surge nunc, aperi os et
manduca aliquid cibi; non enim deicias nos, sicut pastor pecora
in manibus lupi mali. (7) Respondi et dixi: Abi et usque ad
septimum diem nolite venire; et tune quidem veni ad me, et ut
narrem tibi sermonem. (8) Et abiit a me.
(Visio II)
1. (1) Ego autem ieiunabam cotidie, lamentabar et flebam
sicut praecepit mihi Uriel angelus. (2) Et fuit post septem
illos dies iterum cogitationes cordis mei anxiaverunt me multum, (3) et induit cor meum spiritum comprehensionis. Coepi
loqui iterum coram Excelso et dixi:
1
lit. Thou wert entrusted with Israel.
338
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2. (1) Domine Deus, ex omnibus silvis terrae et ex arboribus

elegisti tibi vineam, (2) et ex omnibus locis mundi elegisti tibi
fundum 1 unum, (3) et ex omnibus floribus lilium et ex omnibus
abyssis terrae et marium glorificasti tibi unum flumen Iordanem: et ex omnibus aedificatis civitatibus sanctam fecisti tibi
Sion. (4) Et ex omnibus creatis volucribus nominasti tibi columbam, et ex omnibus creatis tuis animalibus placuit tibi ovis;
(5) et ex omnibus creatis tuis populis proprium tuum fecisti
populum unum Israhel, et ex omnibus probatis gentibus legem
donasti populo, quem dilexisti. (6) Et nunc, Domine, quare
tradidisti unum illum coram multis, quia ignominia affecisti 2
unum illum radicem magis quam omnes radices, et dispersisti
unigenitum tuum apud omnes. (7) Et conculcaverunt contradicentes (subi.) legi tuae credentes (obi.) legi tuae: (8) Si
odio odisti populum tuum, in tuis manibus decet disciplina.
3. (1) Et fuit cum loquebar tantum hos sermones, missus
est rursus idem angelus, qui venit ad me in prima illa nocte,
(2) et dixit mihi: Audi me et dicam tibi: oboedire mihi et exquiram tibi sermonem. (3) Et dixi: Loquere, domine. Respondit et dixit mihi: Valde miratus es propter Israel, aut tu
forsan magis dilexisti eum multum, magis creatore eius: (4) et
dixi: Non, Domine, sed dolet me propter eum, et dico quia
renes mei extorquent me per omnem horam, (5) et volo attinere vias Excelsi et scrutari iudicium eius. (6) Respondit et
dixit mihi: Non potes; et dixi: Quare non possum, domine?
(7) Iam nunc ad quod creatus sum, aut quare non matrix matris meae sepulcrum facta est mihi, (8) ut non viderem laborem
lacob et necessitudines gentis Israhel?
I=
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341
4. (1) Et dixit mihi: Numera mihi horas quae nondum

venerunt, et collige dispersas guttas pluviae et renova colorem
dissicati floris, (2) et aperi mihi clausas portas promptuariorum
et praesta mihi dehinc animas inclusorum. (3) Et monstra
mihi faciem quam non vidisti, aut monstra mihi colorem 1 vocis,
(4) et tunc quidem narrabo tibi de opere illo, quodque decet
me narrare tibi. (5) Et dixi: Domine, quis potest istud videre,
nisi is, cuius habitatio apud homines non est. (6) Ego autem
insipiens et miser sum; quomodo ego potero narrare istud quod
rogas me? (7) Et dixit mihi: Sicut de dicto isto nec unum potuisti facere, istoque modo iudicium non poteris attinere, neque
amorem illum perfectionis, quem conservavi propter populum
meum.
5. (1) Respondi et dixi: Utique, domine: illud conservasti
propter animas, sed et quid facient illi, qui super nos ante
transierunt, aut qui post nos, aut nos? (2) Et dixit mihi:
Coronae adsimilabo iudicium meum neque propter in posterum
morantes solum, neque propter ante maturantes solum. (3)
Respondi et dixi: Domine, nonne potuisti praeteritis, iis qui
sunt, et futuris in unum celeriter iudicium tuum ostendere?
(4) Respondit et dixit mihi: Non potest iudicium festinare
magis creatore, nec potuit sustinere hoc saeculum super se 2
creaturam imponi in unum. (5) Respondi et dixi: Dic (? dixisti) quoddam cum servo tuo, quoniam resurrectione resurgere
facies a te creatos a natura in unum; (6) si vivificatione vivi1 = formam.
2 lit. id.
342
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ficabis ( ........
) in unum sustinebit creatura, nune quidem
poterit pati hos qui sunt in unum. (7) Respondit et dixit mihi:
Interroga matricem mulieris et die: Si decem parturiendi sunt
tibi, quare per tempus paris? Precare eam ut cunctos decem in
unum pariat, (8) sed non poterit sic, nisi per tempus pariet.
(9) Terram enim sicut matricem dedi illis, qui exibunt ex ea,
(10) quia sicut infans qui nondum parit, (.... ) non potest
senescere, istoque modo ego disposui populum meum et creatum
saeculum hoc.
6. (1) Respondi et interrogavi: Domine, ubi viam fecisti
mihi loqui, incipiam loqui coram te: (2) Mater nostra iuvenis
quidem estne, de qua istud dixisti, aut ad senectutem appropinquat? (3) Respondit et dixit mihi: Interroga parentem et dic:
(4) Ista quae pariuntur tibi nune, quare non aequi xsunt primis
illis, sed minores sunt statu. (5) Respondebit illa quoque et
dicet tibi: Alia vis est eorum qui nati sunt in iuventute, et alia
vis est senectutis. (6) Sic tu considera quia imbecillior erit
potestate quam priores praesens et imbecillior erit vobis sequens vester, (7) sicut praesens ista vita et iuventutis illius
alia est.
7. (1) Et dixi: Precor te, domine, si inveni gratiam ante
oculos tuos, ut certiorem facias me servum tuum propter quem
erit (vc, voles facere) iudicium. (2) Respondit et dixit mihi:
Initium propter hominem, finis autem propter me, (3) quia
sicut antea ante creationem terrae orbis et ante confirmationem
exituum huius saeculi, et ante exitum staterae ventorum, (4)
et ante clamorem tonitrui et ante coruscationem astrorum, (5)
et ante confirmationem 2 fundamenti paradisi: et ante apparitionem pulchritudinis florum, (6) et ante confirmationem
firmitatis potestatum et ante electionem innumerabilium illorum populorum angelorum (7) et ante sublationem altitudinis
1 = Vyoo.
vel solidificationem.
344
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airum. Et ante nominationem mensurae illius firmamenti, (8)

et ante depositionem fundamenti Sionis, et ante investigationem
annorum huius saeculi, (9) et ante creationem viarum peccatorum, et ante consignationem thesaurorum illorum qui thesaurizati sunt propter credentes. (10) Tune cogitavi et in
corde occurrit mihi propter me solum et non propter alium.
8. (1) Respondi et dixi: Quod signum erit illorum temporum, aut quanta erit appropinquatio finis aut quomodo erit
initium secundi illius saeculi? (2) Et dixit mihi: Ab Adam
usque ad Abraham, (3) quia ex eo natus est lacob et Esau.
(4) Initium venientis saeculi est Iacob, (5) quia finis hominis
calx est et initium hominis manus. (6) Inter calcem et manum
aliud noli quaerere, O Israel.
9. (1) Respondi et dixi: Domine Deus, si inveni gratiam
ante oculos tuos, nuntia mihi finis illius signum, quod in prima
illa nocte clare nuntiasti mihi. (2) Respondit et dixit mihi:
Surge super pedes tuos et audies vocem plenam completione:
(3) et erit si commotione commovebitur locus super quem tu
stas in locutione illa tua, ne timueris,' quia de fine est sermo
ille, (4) et fundamentum terrae intelleget quia de ea est dictum
illud. Tremescit et commovebitur et sentiet quia commutandum est in fine. (5) Fuit enim ut audivi tantum, surrexi super
pedes meos: ecce audivi vocem sermonis 2 et clamorem aquarum multarum.
10. (1) Et dixit mihi: Ecce dies venient, et erit quando
volam appropinquare 3 et videre super habitatores terrae, et
quando exquirere volam afflictis afflictionem et afflictorum
eorum. (2) Et quando finietur humilitas illa Sionis et quando
veniens illud saeculum supersignabitur, hoc signum faciam.
(3) Libri praeparabuntur ante faciem firmamenti et omnes
1 lit. cadas.
2 lit. sermonem.
S Georgian implies 1AXXw.
346
HARVARDTHEOLOGICAL
REVIEW
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347
simul videbunt, (4) et anniculi infantes loquuntur vocibus suis,

et praegnantes imperfectos infantes parient trium et quattuor
mensium: vivent et scirtabuntur. 1 (5) Et infantes invenientur
subito seminati et adulti; et plena promptuaria vacuabunt; (6)
et tuba canet magna voce et omnes qui audient expavescent.
(7) Et erit in illo tempore amici debellant inter se sicut inimici,
(8) et obstupebit terra cum habitatoribus suis, et exitus aquarum consistent nec fluunt usque ad tertiam horam. (9) Et erit
omnis qui post hoc relictus fuerit, quod antea dixisti tu, is
vivet et videbit salvationem meam et finem saeculi huius mei.
(10) Et tune videbunt in caelum ascendentes homines, qui
mortem non videbunt a natu suo. (11) Et mutabitur cor
habitatorum terrae, et convertetur cor in sensum alium.
(12) Delebitur enim malum et extinguetur dolus. (13) Florebit
fides et vincetur corruptela, et apparebit veritas, quae infructuosa fuit usque nunc.
11. (1) Et fuit cum loquebatur tantum mihi hoc, coepit
movere terra super quam steti; (9) et dixit mihi: Propter hoc
hic veni narrare tibi in nocte quae transiit. (3) Si iterum
oraveris et ieiunaveris septem dies, nuntiabo tibi iterum his
maiora, (4) quia auditu audita est coram Excelso vox tua:
vidit enim fortis studium (vel directionem) tuum quod habes a
pueritia tua: (5) proptereaque misit me narrare tibi de hoc
omni. (6) Et dixit mihi: Confide, noli timere nolique festinare
propter prima illa tempora comprehendere malum ut non tremescas in novissimis illis temporibus.
HARVARD THEOLOGICAL REVIEW
348
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349
(Visio III)
1. (1) Et factum est post hoc flebam istoque modo sicut
antea et ieiunavi septem dies ut supplerem, sicut antea imperavit mihi, hebdomadas illas. (2) Et factum est in illa nocte
cor meum rursus turbabatur apud me: (3) coepi loqui coram
Excelso, quia inflammabatur anima mea multum, et cor meum
obstupebat.
2. (1) Dominus Deus, sermone locutus es ab initio creationis in prima illa nocte et dixisti: Fiat caelum et terra, et
verbum illud creationes ordinavit. (2) Spiritus enim tune volabat et tenebrae (sg.) versabantur silenter, et vox hominis
nondum audita est. (3) Tune quoque dixisti e tuis thesauris
exire lucem, ut illuminaret creatos tuos. (4) Et in die secundo
iterum creasti spiritum firmamentorum et imperasti ei dividere
inter aquas ut quaedam ex aquis sursum starent et quaedam
deorsum starent. (5) Et tertio die imperasti aquis congregari
in septima parte terrae; sex autem partes siccatas (sg.) posuisti
ante te ad serviendum et ad seminationem et ad messem. (6)
Verbum autem tuum egressum est tantum, statim opus tuum
factum est. (7) Praeparata est et ascendebat multitudo fructuum innumerabilis, gustatu mirabiles, edibiles, multiformes et
color florum incomparabilis et arbores pulchri (sg.) innumerabiles et odores inscrutabiles. Hoc tertio die fecisti. (8) Quarto
autem die imperasti soli splendere et lunae illuminare, et imperasti eis servire homini quem ratiocinatus es creare. (9)
Quinto autem die imperasti septimae illi parti, ubi fuerunt
aquae, quam appellant nageb, producere animalia, volucres et
pisces. (10) Et facta est aqua haec, sine anima et muta, ani-
350
.
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351
mantium productor, ut ex hoc nationes mirabilia tua enarrarent.

(11) Et tune conservasti ex illis creaturis duo animalia; nomine
appellasti unum illum Bemot', et secundum illum nomine
nominasti Velt'ara: (19) et separasti unum ab altero, quia non
potuit septima pars nageb, ubi steterunt aquae, continere
eos. (13) Et dedisti Bemot'o unam partem e siccata et in
tertio die, ut inhabitaret super eam, in qua sunt quattuor
montes, Leviat'aro autem septimam partem maris; (14) et
conservasti eos ut dares eos cibo eis propter quos velis. (15)
Sexto autem die imperasti terrae proferre coram te animalia 1
(16) et super eam constituisti Adam principem super omnes
illas, quas antea creasti creaturas, (17) et ex eo postea nos ordinamur, populus quem elegisti. (18) Hoc ausus sum coram
te, domine, quia dixisti quoniam propter vos creavi saeculum
hoc: (19) aliae autem gentes ab Adam natae nihili reputatae
sunt, (20) sed sicut saliva oris reputatae sunt, et sicut stillicidium vasis divitiae (sg.) illae eorum. (21) Et nunc ecce,
domine, gens in nihilum reputata dominatur nostri: (22) nos
autem populus tuus quem vocasti primogenitum, unigenitum,
proprium et carum, traditi sumus in manus eorum. (23) Si
propter nos creasti saeculum hoc, quare non habemus hereditatem, saeculum nostrum, aut usque quo?
3. (1) Et factum est cum finissem verba haec, apparuit mihi
angelus ille qui missus est ad me in prima illa nocte. (2) Et
dixit mihi: Surge, Ezra, et audi sermones propter quod adveni
loqui ad te. (3) Et dixi: Loquere, domine mi. (4) Respondit
et dixit mihi: Si mare poneretur in spatioso loco, et si esset
illud latum et magnum, et introitus in angusto loco esset usque
1 = &Xoyca.
352
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353
ad flumen tantum: (5) si quis cogitatione cogitaverit intrare

in mare illud et videre id, vel dominari eius, si non transierit
angustum, in spatiosum non poterint intrare. (6) Vel si civitas
aedificata esset et staret in loco campo (sic) et plena esset omni
bono; (7) introitus autem illius civitatis angustus et praeceps
esset, et esset a dextera eius ignis et a sinistra aqua profunda:
(8) et inter eas utrasque, ignem et aquam, via una esset, non
capax semitarum (sic!) nisi pedis status 1 solus hominis; (9) et
si dono data erit civitas illa in hereditatem cuidam homini, nisi
haeres ille primum transierit angustum illud et terribile, quomodo accipiet haereditatem illam? (10) Et dixi: Sic est,
domine: et dixit mihi: Sic quoque apud Israel pars est. Vere
propter eos creavi saeculum hoc. (11) Et quando transgressus
est Adam mandata mea, fissa est creatura illa. (19.) Et facti
sunt introitus huius saeculi dolor et labor malus, pauci et multa
anxietate pleni et necessitudine magna multiplicati et labore
fulti. (13) Secundi autem illius saeculi introitus sine cura et
spatiosi et fructum sine cura producentes: (14) nisi intrabunt
vivi in angusta et necessitudinem, non poterint accipere id quod
antepositum eis bonum. (15) Nunc autem tu quare conturbaris, 0 mortalis, (16) aut quare in corde non accepisti de vita
illa secundi illius saeculi?
4. (1) Respondi et dixi: Domine Deus, dixisti quoddam in
lege quoniam iusti haereditabunt hoc, impii autem peribunt.
(2) lusti enim bene patientur necessitudinem et sperabunt
consolationem; impii autem angusta non potuerint pati, neque
in spatiosa advenire. (3) Respondit et dixit mihi: Tu non es
iudex praeter illum unicum neque intelligentior es quam Excel=1 vestigium.
354
HARVARDTHEOLOGICAL
REVIEW
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355
(4) Pereant multi huius saeculi, quia neglexerunt legem

Dei. (5) Mandato enim mandavit Deus patres illos ante se 1
ut facerent et viverent, vel ut observarent et non punirentur.
(6) Illi autem impii facti sunt et contradictores, et invenerunt
sibimetipsis desideria mala et obtinuerunt scientias delictorum.
(7) Et super hoc omne Excelsum non cognoverunt, et vias eius
deflexerunt et legi eius contumaces fuerunt, et mandata eius
neglexerunt. Legique eius non crediderunt et opera eius diminuerunt. (8) Propter hoc vacuum vacuis et plenum plenis.
sus.
5. (1) Et ecce tempus venit et quando apparebit signum id

quod ante dixi tibi, et revelabit se ista quae nunc apparet
civitas, et apparebit ista quae commensa est fovea. (2) Et
omnes qui liberati fuerint a primis illis operibus malitiae
is (sic) videbit mirabilia mea. (3) Revelaturus enim est Electus Unctus meus, et ii cum eo, et laetificabit salvatos illos
relictos CCCC annis. (4) Et post illos annos consummabitur
Electus Unctus meus, et omnes animam habentes homines,
(5) et tradetur saeculum hoc initio ipso silentio septem dies, sicut
in primis illis initiis, eo usque ut nihil relinquatur. (6) Et erit
post septem illos dies, excitabitur illud saeculum quod usque
nunc non excitatum est. (7) Praeteribit corruptela et reddet
(terra) eos qui dormiunt super eam populos, qui requiescunt
super eam. (8) Et post hoc reddet animas illas commendatas super eam.2 Et revelabitur Excelsus super sellam (pl.)
gloriae, et misericordia pertransibit et compassiones avertentur
et longanimitas congregabitur. (9) ludicium autem manebit
I
lit. eum.
Spl.
356
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s8ob booobba
~s8aO3oj
5. (9) Vs3~bl
8 add. manucorrectoris.
o;
corr.e 83b
5. (15) 3Ab309J2,36o
,?S36o
357
coram eo et veritas apud eum exstabit. (10) Fides crescet et

qualiacumque opera sequentur, et repensio pretii apparebit et
iustitiae excitabuntur et iniustitiae non dormient: (11) et adaperiet se cavea iudicii, et haec e contra 1 locus ille requiei. Et
apparebit fornax ille Gehennae, et hic contra 2 paradisus iucunditatis. (12) Et dicet tunc Excelsus excitatis illis gentibus:
Videte et intellegite illum quem negatis vel eum cui non servistis, vel cuius mandata vera sprevistis. (13) Videte coram
vos: hic iucunditas et requies, et illic ignis et tormentum; (14)
hoc dicit eis in die illo iudicii. (15) Dies autem iudicii hic est,
neque sol erit neque luna neque stellae (16) neque nubis neque
coruscatio neque tonitrus neque venti nec aquae nec ai~res
(17) neque tenebrae (sg.) neque sero neque mane nec aestas
nec autumnus nec hiems (18) neque ver nec aestus neque
frigus neque gelu neque grando neque pluvia neque ros (19)
neque dies neque nox nec aurora neque meridies neque splendor
neque lux, (20) sed splendores illi solum gloriae Excelsi et ut
omnes videant coram se; (21) et protrahetur adventus usque
ad VII annos, quod est septem dari.3 (22) Hoc est iudicium
meum et scrutationes eius, sed tibi solum nuntiavi hoc.
6. (1) Respondi et dixi: Domine, nunc quoque dicam idem:
Beati sunt huius saeculi qui observaverunt iudicium tuum,
(2) sed de quo est oratio mea? Quisnam est in hoc saeculo qui
non peccavit erga te, aut quis natus est qui non praeteriit
legem tuam? (3) Nunc autem, ut video, propter paucos futura
est iucunditas illa huius saeculi, et propter multos iudicium.
1 lit. ante.
' lit. ante.
=
aut
arm.
dar
aut
dari:
(1)
saeculum,
(2) oos.
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f. 909r
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cod. correxi.
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scripsi.
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add. manu correctoris.

AOtaaoO
359
(4) Positum enim est apud 1 nos cor malum, quod tentavit nos,
(5) et deduxit nos ad corruptionem, et vias mortis et perditionis
demonstravit nobis, et longe fecit nos a vita, et hoc non paucos
tsed sic quoddam sicut nos cunctos creavitt.2
7. (1) Respondit et dixit mihi: Audi me et narrabo tibi, et
tune quidem intelleges tu: (2) propter hoc non creavit Excelsus unum solum hoc saeculum, sed duo: (3) et tu enim dixisti
quoniam non multi futuri sunt iusti, sed pauciores quam alii
). (4) Compone quidem fictile et plumbum in vas: et
(......
dixi: Istud non potero, Domine. (5) Et dixit mihi: Non istud
solum, sed interroga terram et dicet tibi; cogita ei, et narrabit
tibi; (6) dices ei quoniam aurum nasceris et argentum et aes
et ferrum et plumbum et fictile. (7) Plus enim est argento ferrum, et plus est aere plumbum, et plus ferro fictile. (8) Aestima
tu quid pretiosius et desiderabile, maius illud, aut quod raro
invenitur? (9) Et dixi: Domine, id quod maius invenitur,
vilius venditur, sed id quod raro invenitur, id magni pretii 3
est. (10) Respondit et dixit mihi: Tu ipse pondera quia istud
quod intellexisti, (11) quia illud quod raro invenitur magis
laetificabit quam id e quo habent multum. (12) Sic quoque a
me repromissa creatura: plus enim I
lacuna duorumfoliorumin codice.
12. (7) 1 [promptu]ariis eorum congregati sunt et requiescunt cum requie magna ab angelis conservati et novissimam
illam gloriam exspectant. (8) Quintus4 ordo exultat ut ab
antecedente corruptela effugerit et ut incorruptibile haereditarit, (9) quia videbant angustam illam plenitudinem laboris;
1 lit. inter.
textus corruptus.
3 vel honoris.
4 cod. quartus.
360
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oQG(;
o)j-
361
ab angusto enim liberandi sunt et spatiositatis illius iucunditatem accipient et erunt immortales. (10) Sextus ordo: quando
ostendetur eis quomodo fulsuri sunt vultus eorum sicut sol,
et sicut stellarum adsimilaturus est lux eorum incorruptibilitate.
(11) Septimus ordo, qui est maior omnibus dictis primis, quia
gloriantur aperte et consolabuntur immunitate 1 et gaudebunt
sine pervicacitate; (12) festinant enim faciem eius videre, cui
servierunt in vita eorum, a quo glorificati sunt et mercedem accipient. (13) Hae sunt ordinationes animarum multorum, quibus
nunc quidem nuntiatur, sed hi (?) primae illius viae colaphizantur et patiuntur, qui spreverunt iustitiam.
13. (1) Respondi et dixi: Si dantur tempora animabus, qui
exeunt e carnibus, ut videant id quod dixisti? (2) Respondit
et dixit mihi: Septem dies liberi sunt, ut videant in septem
illis diebus prius dictos istos sermones, et tune quidem congregabuntur in promptuariis eorum.
14. (1) Respondi et dixi: Si inveni gratiam ante oculos tuos,
narra quidem mihi hoc servo tuo; (2) in die illo iudicii iusti
poterint quolibet deprecari pro impiis illis coram Excelso, (3)
an patres pro filiis an filii pro patribus an fratres pro fratribus
an adfines 2 pro adfinibus an amici pro caris? (4) Respondit et
dixit mihi: Invenisti gratiam ante oculos meos; hoc quoque
narrabo tibi. (5) Dies ille iudicii decisus est et signaculum
veritatis demonstrabit se, (6) quia sicut hic nunc modus est,
non poterit mittere pater filium, vel filius patrem vel dominus
servum vel amicus carum, (7) ut pro eo patiatur, vel moriatur
1 .r0aGEd.
2 rMatrol.
HARVARDTHEOLOGICAL
REVIEW
362
8III 083 sO61
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VyViba.mbo cod.: correxi.
863
quidem, vel manducet vel quidem pro eo glorificetur. (8) Istoque modo tunc nemo potuerit pro quopiam impetrare neque
quidem pro quopiam pati I
lacuna unius folii in codice.
16. (10) i et nostra facies magis tenebris nigrabit. (11) Et
quid prodest vita haec nostra, quia peccavimus neque scimus
quod patiendum sit nobis?
17. (1) Respondit et dixit mihi: Ista sunt cogitamenta huius
saeculi: semper enim certabit qui natus est super terram, (2)
et si vincetur, patietur, quod quoque dicam, si vincet, accipiet
id quod promisi; (3) quia haec via illa est, quam Moyses docuit
usque dum viveret et dixit populo: Eligete vitam ut vivatis.
(4) Illi autem non crediderunt ei, (nec) post eum prophetis nec
missori prophetarum. (5) Propter hoc non contristatus erit
in perditione eorum, sicut gaudebit super vitam illam credentium ei.
18. (1) Respondi et dixi: Scio, domine, quia Excelsus isdem
nonet testis appellatus est propter eos qui ab aeterno ........
dum advenerant in saeculum, (2) et miserator ad miserendum
de eis, qui convertentur in legem eius; (3) et longanimitatem
praebere super peccatores illos (4) sicut suorum operum largitor
quia ..... ere x vult primis illis operibus; (5) et valde misericors, quia magis multiplicavit misericordias eius super terram
ipsam et propter illos quoque qui pervicaces facti sunt, et super
eos quoque qui gratias egerunt; (5a) si non multiplicasset misericordias eius, non viveret saeculum et habitatores quoque qui
habitant (?) (6) Et donator est: nisi donasset de sua bonitate
et minuisset iniustitiam facientibus iniustitias eorum, usque
1 Infinitive ending.
364
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21. (4b)086a39,ag
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365
quo potuerint decem millia gentes hominum vivere? (7) Et

iudex est; nisi ille condonasset creaturis sermone suo, delevisset
multitudinem hane in imbecillitate peccatorum; non mansisset
de innumerabili illa multitudine nec unus.
19. (1) Respondit et dixit mihi: Hoc saeculum creavit propter multos Excelsus ille, secundum autem illud propter paucos.
(2) Interpretabo coram te parabolam hanc, Ezra, (3) ut interroges terram et narrabit tibi quoniam plus est terrae ubi invenitur fictile, let locus apparet,t e qua terra exit aurum.
(4) Sic quoque opera huius saeculi: creati sunt multi, pauci
autem salvabuntur.
20. (1) Respondi et dixi: lucunda nunc sit anima mea intellectu, et repletae sint aures mei sapientia. (2) O mens advenis
ad audiendum: (3) audisti et gavisus es et noli aliquid velle 2
nunc magis, quamvis datum sit tibi, sed datum est nobis paucum
cognoscere. (4) O domine, si praecipies servo tuo, (5) et dabis
nobis seminiferum cor et culturam mentis, a quo fructus inventus est, (6) ut possit I vivere omne corruptibile et invenient
vitam hominis (7) qui una in unum manuum tuarum creaturae
sumus nos omnes, sicut dixi.
21. (1) Quoniam vivificas nune quando creas in matrice
corpus et concinnas membra, (2) et conservas a calore et ab
aqua tuam creaturam: et novem menses baiulatur plasmatio
contua, (3) quam creasti in istos [..... ] cum ea [ .........]
servatur, (4) et rursus reddet cum matrice illa [C.........
imperasti e membris eius mamillae pinguefacere lacte. Rursus
e mammilla pinguefecisti tu creationem tuam usque ad mul1 textus corruptus.
3 cod. possint.
2 fort. polluere.
366
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GEORGIANVERSIONOF FOURTHESDRAS
367
tum tempus. (5) Et tua providentia complet [...] ill [..]

mem C....] miserette, quia enutristitua iustitia, (6) et erudisti
tua lege et intellegerefacis eum tua sapientia. (7) Et mortificas
eum sicut tua creatura,et vivificaseum sicut tua creatio, (8) et
labore [.........]
[ ....................]
imperasti[......
ordi[ ....] aeter[ .... ]
...........]
22. (1) Nunc autem [ .....] de omnibusmagis quidem de eo
quod imperastimihi (2) et de populo tuo de quo dolet mihi, et
de haereditatetua lugeo ( ...... ) (3) et de gente [illa] lacobi,
de qua conturbor. (4) [Ideo] incipiam orarecoram te pro me
et pro eis. (5) Video enim ego omnes habitatores terrae in
lapsu, sed audii ego et a lege creationis quod futurum est.
(6) [Propter] hoc audi vocem meam, et aurempraebesermonibus oris mei ut loquar ... tibi.
23. InEitiumverbi] oratEionisEzrae] priusquam ascendit,
et dixit: (1) Domine, qui et inhabitasti ab aeterno usque in
aeternum, (2) qui super excelsum excelsorumversare, cuius
habitatio in supernis ae*ribus,cuius thronus invincibilis et
gloria inattigibilis, (3) ante quem stant populi (= exercitus)
angelorumcum pavore,cuius isti sermonesin animamet ignem
convertuntur,(4) cuius verbum firmatumet dictum manet in
aeternum, cuius dispositio firma et iussio terribilis, (5) cuius
aspectus arefacit abyssos et indignatio tabescerefecit montes
et aurem
et veritas testificatur. (6) Audi, domineE........]
praebe [....... ] dictis tuis et intende sermones meos. (7)
Dum enim sum in vita hac, loquar; et dum stabo in intellectu
868
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s(qQ
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369
hoc, orabo te. (8) Noli aspicere peccata haec populi tui, sed
respice servitutem servorum tuorum, (9) neque intendas opera
illa impietatis, sed respice super eos qui cum passione tua illa
promissa servaverunt, (10) neque recordes eorum qui cum impietate versantur coram te, sed recorda eorum qui [.....
tuum timorem [..... ] (11) neque [..........
.....
....... ]q... qui
.......*..............................
splEendore] legis tuae docti sunt.
(12) Neque irascaris super

eos qui [ ..................
sunt [...-] recorda amatoris
..
eorum qui semper in gloria [ .....
(13) Nos enim quoque
egimus: tu autem .....
.... primi quoque corrupt ......
Si
hoc
factum [..... ] habet,
(14)
propter peccatores [.....].
si velles [ .... ] totum tunc misericors erit nomen tuum
(15) quia iustorum [..... ] opera coram te [..... ] opere [...
[......
....]mercedem
(16).....] qui [...............]
gent
[ ...........................................
] vere nemo est
genitus de hominibus, qui non peccavit.
(18) In hoc ostensa
est
Deus (voc.) quando [.......]
[................
[ ..........
] copiam operum bonorum.
qui
24. (1) [Respondi]t et dixit mihi: Bonum dixisti cuncta

Let
secun]dum verba tu[a] sic fiet. (9) Quia vere non recordavi
operum illorum peccatorum neque mortis illorum neque iudicii
neque perditionis illorum, [.... .] (2a) sed iucundab[ ..... ]
super [.....
] iustos illos [.......
] quia sic est resurrectio
illorum et merces; 2 (3) sicut locutus es, sic et est.

1 vel responsum.
(4) Quia
2 lit. supra.
370
III (4)
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25.9 in margine inferiori manu unius e correctoribus
T 2B5'a
371
sicut laborator seminat multum semen, et plantas multas

plantat: (4b) tempore autem illo ascensionis non omne semen
ascendit, neque omnes plantae radicant, (4c) sic quoque qui
non ... in hoc saeculo non [.....]
salvabuntur.
25. (1) Respondi et dixi: Si inveni gratiam coram te, loquar:
(2) Si' semen laboratoris non ascendit, quia non advenit ei
.......
] tempore,et corrumpitura multis, (3) .... .] autem
in tuis [.....] tuae imagini

adsimilatus
[......]
adsim[.......]
est (es?) semen illud laboratori: (4) ne perdas, sed parce populo
tuo et miserere haereditatis tuae: tuae enim creaturae misereris.
26. (1) Respondit et dixit mihi: Id quod huius saeculi est eis
qui in hoc saeculo sunt; (2)multum quidem deest tibi quomodo
[ ..........
] creaturam meam plus quam ego. (3) Tu autem
ecce frequenter reputatus es temetipsum cum impiis: sed ne
sit ita: (4) propter hoc enim mirabilis eris (fuit?) coram Excelso quia humil[iasti temet]ipsum, quia tu ipse ... .] in [....]
non leg[ ....] [ ....................
] glorificatus es sed [(5)
...........................................
(7) intellege et de similibus
........]
Vobis enim apertus est 2...
.(6).
tuis inquire gloriam.

......................
E. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]
............]
ascens[..... ] sapientiae [(9) ....] a [v]obis
est infernum [.......
mors et [....]
] est [E...............
]
dolores [(11) ......................................
ab [ ...... ] peritorum.
*..... *...........o................]
1 in margine inferioris manu unius e correctoribus: Deus miserere Gabriel.
2 accommodatus est.
372
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373

(12) Illi enim acceperunt libertatem et spreverunt [..........
(13)]eius E.......]
.......]
magisE.....................
eorum [..........]
(14) primum illum dictum
illos
sitis
cruciatus qui paratus est, (15)
bonum: Sicut propter
et si Excelsus voluit [hominem] perdere, (16) sed [illi qui
cre]ati sunt inquinaverunt nomen creatoris illorum, neque serviebant ei, qui praeparavit eis bonum. (17) Nunc autem propter hoc iudicium meum appropinquavit, quod non multis adnuntiatum est, sed tibi solum et propter similes tuos paucos.
.........]
27. (1) Respondi et dixi: Nunc, domine, (dixisti?) multa

signa quae facturus sis in novissimis [diebus] sed non nuntiasti mihi quo tempore erit. (2) Respondit et dixit mihi:
Mensura metire temetipsum, (3) et erit quando videbis quo-
niam transivit signum1 illud signorum, quia

[E.........
tunc intelleges quia illud est tempus in quo .....
creatos [.......]
..........]
ho c [.........(4)]
Exc[elsus
et quando
in hoc saeculo motus locorum, gentium coniura[......]

tiones, ducum inconstantia, principum turbatio, et tunc intellege hoc quod Excelsus dicebat in diebus illis primis.
SiEcut]
cuncta futura[ ................initi
et [......]
signum[..............]
est
[........]
initium[........]
nun-
tiatum est per signa et potentiam et finis opere et signis. Et
eri[t] qui salvabiturE...................]

qui
I
...........................................]
aut
E............
fort. leg. 650oO7 pars.
374
HARVARDTHEOLOGICAL
REVIEW
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[Desinit codex I defectus ad calcem folii 914v.]

ab hoc [saeculo].
375
(8) Et tunc mirabuntur ille qui nunc reput
fuit longanimitatis via, non intellexerunt. [ ....... .

spreverunt vit[.....................]
hos
[.........]
apud
Tu autem ne [..................
eorum int.................
.......................................
propterhocet prop-
ter quos est saeculum hoc.

28. (1) Respondi et di[xi:
..............................
(3) ta]le quoque semen eius: quantique flores, sic quoque
[semina?] eius. Et quantique opera erunt, sic quoque iudicium
et [........]
laborator[...............
areaeius.
[ ...... (4)] tempora fuerunt ante hoc saeculum quando excogitavi ante creationem huius saeculi, super quod inhabitaverunt, (5) nemoque pervicax fuit erga me tunc, neque quis
fuit: (6) et ecce creati sunt [..... ] super saeculum et [.....]
super [............*
[ ....
et legE..........................].
et
.] (7) Et vidi saeEcu]lum meum et ecce perditum erat:

Desinit codex I defectusad calcemfolii 214v.

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Harvard Divinity School

The Georgian Version of Fourth Esdras from the Jerusalem Manuscript

THE GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

THE last editor of Fourth Esdras, Bruno Violet,' in summing

Bbmycrm2, Cn6. 1888 r., p. 11.

its importance, or of its position in the textual tradition of the

(2) Isaiah (complete).

Violet I, pp. xli-xlii.

7 Violet II, pp. xxviii.

GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

VII, 59 of the Latin enumeration.

U In Violet I, pp. 194 f. = Lat. VII, 105-125.

First described in detail by A. A. IZarapern, CB1Ah HiH, etc., B1Inycwb I,

GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

with the watersheds of the Corokh and the Ajaris-Tsqali rivers

GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

CB. nlHcaHiao Ap.

II, 640-1: cf. 33339?oda, 1. c., p. 140-141.

Grecisms which commonly reveal themselves in versions from

GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

In the second place the large use of passive and periphrastic

scripts without any definite regional circumscription.41 The

Salathiel cett. (Scha-S)

GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

tradita est eis eingenommen

wird ruhen Aeth

und heiraten Aeth idem

The Georgian in no way confirms all the lacunae which the

The close connection between the Ethiopic and the Georgian

GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

for us the title of the lost Coptic version. It reads E1PA N

der vergangen ist Aeth G

per quem transisti

We therefore conclude that L and S form another branch

On the other hand, it is evident that in a number of cases there

G. These sometimes imply the same reading in the original

This reading in G seems to be a conflation of S and Aeth.

This passage is particularly important, as the other versions

Wehen der Winde Aeth

ab Abraham usque ad Abraham von Abraham bis zu Isaak Aeth

GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

G has not the corruption Braut, but in other respects agrees

The Armenian text, however, is a more perplexing problem.

45 See Violet, I, pp. xxxvii-xxxviii.

G Babylonem:hue cett. but MS.L of Latin + in Babylonem.

See Violet II, pp. xxiv-xxxviiiof Introduction.

GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

glorificasti G; gross gemacht S; replesti L Aeth (= rXtjpcoaas).

(2) Interpolated words. In a number of cases the translator

post recumbens + suspiciebant oculi et G.

(3) Omissions. A small number of lacunae, of which some

quoniam festinans - 4 seminatum est enim malum > G.

A comparisonof G with the reconstructedtext which Violet

Cf. Ar. Gild ad loc.

view of the fact that it is not always possible to convey the

Fall: G certainly Wr7TLEs.

lingstliche: G has along with the other versions misapprehendedthe

G points to KaT' 6v6uaTa.

G evidently read wrEpt

4 KaX6s is used as a denominal verb in Syriac and in Rabbinical Hebrew (D Z) in

GEORGIAN VERSION OF FOURTH ESDRAS

after Tropfen + G ro703roV.

The conclusions which we have reached in the course of our

in view of the evident interpolations and omissions, must be