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Sound waves travel outward in straight lines from their source until something interferes
with their path. During the refraction of sound waves, the waves enter a different material at
an angle other than 90 degrees, it is bent from its original direction, and there will be a
change in the angle of the direction. Because of the angle, part of the wave enters the new
medium first and changes speed. The difference in speeds causes the wave to bend. The
velocity of sound in each material properties, for example density for that material.
The sinusoidal wave is the most commonly used graphic representation of sound waves.
The properties of sine wave consists of frequency, which is the number of cycles per second,
amplitude (variations in air pressure) measured in decibels, wavelength, which is the length
of 1 period, of a wave, measured in metre per second, and lastly the phase, which is the
starting point of a wave along the y-axis, measured in degrees.
Mathematically, the one-dimensional sine wave (or harmonic wave or sinusoid) with an
amplitude
where,
is the maximum amplitude of the wave, maximum distance from the highest point
of the disturbance in the medium (the crest) to the equilibrium point during one wave cycle.
In the illustration to the right, this is the maximum vertical distance between the baseline and
the wave,
is the wavenumber,
is
The units of the amplitude depend on the type of wave. Transverse mechanical waves
(e.g., a wave on a string) have an amplitude expressed as a distance (e.g., meters),
longitudinal mechanical waves (e.g., sound waves) use units of pressure (e.g., pascals), and
electromagnetic waves (a form of transverse vacuum wave) express the amplitude in terms of
its electric field (e.g., volts/meter).
The wavelength
The period
The frequency
is the number of periods per unit time (per second) and is typically
In other words, the frequency and period of a wave are reciprocals. The angular frequency
represents the frequency in radians per second. It is related to the frequency or period by
The wavelength
where,
is given by:
is called the phase speed (magnitude of the phase velocity) of the wave and
wave's frequency.
is the