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INCO Precast Engineering, Industrial Contractors Co. Ltd., Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
Department of Civil Engineering, King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia
3
Research Institute, King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
chlorides ingress in concrete under field service conditions
is often ignored for formulation and analytical difficulty
reasons. Underlying effort of this paper is therefore to
demonstrate the use of COMSOL Multiphysics Software
[2], an interactive 3D-partial differential equation
development and simulation environment previously
known as FEMLAB, in effectively solving the diffusive
transport of chloride in concrete. In this regard, treatment
of the time-to-corrosion initiation problem is decisively
done in a manner averse to unrealistic assumptions of
constant diffusivity associated with null binding often
enforced for solution expediency.
Introduction
( .S .C f )
C a
= Dce
t
x
x
(1)
COMSOL Multiphysics User's Conference 2009, January 12-13, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
x
C f ( x, t ) = C s 1 Erf
4
D
t
ce
2Cl
CH +10 H 2O
+ C 3 A
C 3 A.CaCl 2 .10 H 2 O + 2OH
(4)
(2)
(3)
Cb =
C f
1 + C f
(5)
C a = C f + Cb
(6)
C f
t
( .S .C f )
Dc
x
x
(7)
Fcb =
+ (C b / C f )
(8)
C b
=
C f (1 + C f
(9)
COMSOL Multiphysics User's Conference 2009, January 12-13, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Fcb =
+ / (1 + C f )2
(10)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Name
eta
alpha
beta
Cs
Ci
Dco
9.
Expression
0.31
1.67
4.08
1
0
1.85
Expression
alpha/(1+beta*c)^2
1/(1 + dbdf/eta)
Problem in COMSOL
Based on the governing differential-algebraic equations,
Equations (7) and (9), modeling the chloride transport and
chloride binding problem involves three unknown
variables, namely Cf, Cb, and Ca, but with only Cf seen to
be independent prime mover to the problem formulation.
When Equation (3) defining the dependency of the
diffusivity coefficient on the binding parameters (, ) and
the free chlorides (Cf) are included in Equation (7), the
resulting governing equation involved becomes strongly
nonlinear and difficult to solve. In this regard, recourse to
numerical solution technique offered by COMSOL
Multiphysics has been sought and adopted to completely
cope with complexity and nonlinearity of the onedimensional problem in a pragmatic manner.
ts
c
+ .( Dc) = R
t
(11)
Value/Expression
1
Dco*Fcb
0
COMSOL Multiphysics User's Conference 2009, January 12-13, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Value
Ci
Value/Expression
Cs
1.0
Time = 100 days :
Sergi et al. [10]
0.8
content, [mol/L]
COMSOL model
Analytical Eq.(2)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
depth [mm]
50
COMSOL Multiphysics User's Conference 2009, January 12-13, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Conclusions
A model of chloride transport in concrete considering
chloride diffusion and chloride binding has been presented.
Concordance of experimental data with results obtained
from the COMSOL Multiphysics solutions illustrates the
suitability and robustness of the COMSOL simulations
approach to completely cope with complexity and
nonlinearity of the problem. Modeling to account for
chloride binding in diffusive transport of chlorides in such
a pragmatic manner would have otherwise proved
cumbersome and far much difficult to accomplish. The
contrasting behavior observed between the free and bound
chlorides levels underscores the importance of including
chloride binding as a pre-requisite to realistic modeling of
chloride transport in concrete. Further efforts are under way
to promote exploration and evaluation of the software in
terms of higher space dimension, established material
properties, and synergetic coupling of other physics crucial
to holistic rather than isolated study of the problem within
the realm of concrete durability mechanics.
[6] M.A.
Shazali,
"Computational
Chemodamage
Transport Modeling of Durability Synergies in
Concrete", Ph.D. Dissertation, Civil Engineering
Dept., King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum & Minerals,
Saudi Arabia, 2004: 524pp.
[7] Rasheeduzzafar, S.E. Hussain, and S.S. Al-Saadoun,
"Effect of tricalcium aluminate content of cement on
chloride binding and corrosion of reinforcing steel in
concrete," ACI Material Journal, 1992:3-12.
[8] Rasheeduzzafar, S.S Al-Saadoun, A.S. Al-Gahtani, and
F.H. Dakhil, "Effect of tricalcium aluminate content of
cement on corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete,"
Cement and Concrete Research, 20(5), 1990: 723-738.
[9] Rasheeduzzafar, S.E. Hussain, and S.S. Al-Saadoun,
"Effect of cement composition on chloride binding and
corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete," Cement and
Concrete Research, 21(1), 1991: 777-794.
References