Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Classification of Organizations :
1. Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations is organizations which formed to
provide various kinds or health, welfare, and community services financed
primarily by voluntary contributions from the public (for no fee or low fee) to
various segments of society.
VHWOs are tax exempt, organized for the public benefit, supported
largely by public contributions, and operated on a not for profit basis
The features that distinguish VHOWs (from ONPOs) are :
i. Their purpose : to meet a community health, welfare, or other social
service need
ii. Their voluntary nature : no fee is charged, or only a very small fee in
proportion to the service provided is charged
iii. Their relationship to response provides : providers of resources are
not the primary reciptent of services of benefits of a VHWO
Some ONPOs may provide services similar to those provided by
certain VHWOs but ONPOs more often finance the services with user
charges or membership fee charges to the primary recipients of the
services
2. Other Not for Profit Organizations : organizations that operate essentially as
business enterprises for the direct economics benefit which do not include :
hospital, colleges, universities and voluntary health and welfare organizations
The term ONPOs is used for the following types of organizations and
other truly not for profit organizations :
i. Cemetery
organizations
ii. Civic organizations
iii. Franternal
organizations
iv. Libraries
v. Museums
vi. Etc.
xix. Fixed Assets : Fixed (capital) assets of all NPOs are recorded at
cost of if donated at fair market value at donation
xx. Collections : Some NPOs have assets that qualify as collections.
Collections are defined in SFAS No. 116 as : Works of art,
historical treasures, or similar assets that are held for public
exhibition, education, or research in furtherance of public
service rather than financial gain, proctected, and cared
xxi. NPO must capitalize works of art, historical treasures, and
similar assets that do not meet the criteria to a collection. For
collections, three accounting options are permitted :
1. Not capitalizing any collections
2. Capitalizing collections acqruired after adoptions of SFAS No. 116 but not
those acquired prior to that date.
3. Capitalizing all collections regardless of when acquired
xxii.
xxiii. Trusts and Similar Agreements
xxiv. Revocable trusts and similar agreements are treated as
conditional promises to give. Irrevocable perpetual trusts
established for the sole benefit of a non-for-profit organizations
increase permanently restricted net assets. Revenue and gains
are reported by source. Expenses classified between program
services and supporting services, are reported by function.
xxv. Increase (decrease) in unrestricted net assets regardless of
the format or intermediate operating measures that are used. All
expenses are reported as changes in unrestricted net assets
xxvi. Revenues and Expenses Reported at Gross Amounts
xxvii. Revenues and expenses of NPOs must be reported at gross
(rather than net) amounts. Gains and losses may be reported
net of related amounts. Revenues and expenses result from
transactions that are part of an organizations ongoing major or
central activities
xxviii. Contributions
xxix. Contributions are a significant revenue source for most NPOs,
contribution as follow : an unconditional transfer of cash or
other assets to an entity or a settlement or cancellation of its
liabilities in a voluntary non reciprocal transfer by another entiry
acting other than as owner.
Unconditional
Nonreciproclal
Voluntary
Not an ownership investment
Direct costs of holding special fund-raising events that are reported gross
may be reported as an expense deduction from the revenues-just as cost
of goods sold is deducted from sales.
Expenses
Program services program services expenses are those that relate directly
to the primary missions of the organization. Such expenses should be
classified by functions, using terms that best convey the primary thrust of
the programs of the organization.
At least one purpose of the joint activity must be to accomplish some program
function that is part of the NPOs mission or to fulfill management and general
responsibilities of the organization.
The audience for the activity must not be selected based on the ability or the
likelihood to make contributions.
The activity must motivate the audience to take specific actions that support
program goals or that fulfill a management and general responsibility.
When all three conditions are met, the cots of joint activities that are
identifiable with specific program or management and general functions
are allocated to those functions so that each is reflected appropriately in
the organization's operating statement.
Balance sheet
The financial resources restricted for plant purposes in the trial balanced
are reported as "assets restricted for plant purpose." In the balance sheet.
Likewise, the financial resources restricted for endowment in the trial
balance are reported as " assets restricted for endowment" in balnce
sheet.
Operating statement
Special events are reported as revenues, with direct costs of the event
deducted immediately alternatively, the direct costs could have been reported
under expenses.
All expenses are reported as changes in unrestricted net assets.
Program services and supporting services expenses are reported by function.
"Net assets released from restrictions" are reported as an increase in
unrestricted net assets and as a corresponding decrease in temporarily
restricted net assets. The net effect is zero on changes in (total) net assets.
presents the total amount of revenue from each revenue source in addition to
the detail by category of net assets changed.
emphasizes that expenses are reported as changes in unrestricted net assetsnot as changes in temporarily restricted or permanently restricted net assets.
highlights the offsetting relationship between (1) the increase in unrestricted
net assets and (2) the decrease in temporarily restricted net assets for net
assets released from restrictions.
contributions and earnings that are restricted for plant or endowment purposes
are classified as financing activities.
the decrease in cash restricted for long-term purposes is classified as an
investing activity.
operating cash flows are reconciled with the change in net assets instead of
with net income.
Concluding comments
VHWOs and ONPOs encompass a myriad of diverse types of NPOs. Nongoverment VHWOs and ONPOs. Goverment VHWOs and ONPOs are
required to apply the same reporting principles and pactices as all other
goverment entities.