ME2302 Dynamics of Machinery QB PA 2014-15

ME2302 Dynamics of Machinery
THENI KAMMAVAR SANGAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

KODUVILARPATTI, THENI - 625 534
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ME2302 DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
PART- A (Questions and Answers)
UNIT I - FORCE ANALYSIS AND FLYWHEELS
1.
What is free body diagram?

A free body diagram is a sketch of the isolated or free body which shows all the pertinent weight force,
the externally applied loads, and the reaction from its supports & connections acting upon it by the removed
elements.
2.
Define static force analysis.

If components of a machine accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses. However, the
magnitudes of these forces are small compared to the externally applied loads. Hence inertia effects due to
masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as static force analysis.
3.
Differentiate between static & dynamic equilibrium. (Or) What are the conditions for Static and Dynamic
equilibrium?
Necessary and sufficient conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium are:
Vector sum of all the forces acting on a body is zero.
The vector sum of all the moments of all the forces acting about any arbitrary point or axis is zero.
First conditions are sufficient conditions for static equilibrium together with second condition is
necessary for dynamic equilibrium.
4.
Define applied and constraint forces.

The external force acting on a system of body from outside the system is called applied force. The
constraint forces are the forces existing internally within the body.
5.
Differentiate between static force analysis and dynamic force analysis.

If components of a machine accelerate, inertia forces are produced due to their masses.
If the magnitude of these forces are small compared to the externally applied loads, they can be neglected
while analysis the mechanism. Such an analysis is known as static force analysis.
If the inertia effect due to the mass of the component is also considered, then it is called as dynamic force
analysis.
6.
Define inertia force.

The inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings it in an equilibrium
position. Inertia force = -Accelerating force = - m. a
7.
State DAlemberts principle. And mention its significance.

D'Alembert's principle states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external forces and torques
acting on a body together give statical equilibrium. F m.a= 0
Where F is the resultant force acting on the body and (m. a) is the inertia force due to mass m with
acceleration a.
Significance: This principle is used to reduce a dynamical problem into an equivalent static problem.
Theni Kammavar Sangam College of Technology, Dept of Mechanical Engineering
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8.
State principle of superposition.

The principle of superposition states that for liner systems the individual responses to several
disturbances or driving functions can be superposed on each other to obtain the total response of the system. (Or)
In linear systems, if a number of forces act on a system, the net effect is equal to the superposition of the effects
of the individual forces taken one at a time.
9.
State the principle of virtual work.

The principle of virtual (imaginary) work can be states as the work done during a virtual displacement
from the equilibrium is equal to zero.
10.
What are the requirements of dynamically equivalent system? (Or) Write down the conditions for any distributed
mass have the same dynamical properties.
The distributed mass can be replaced by two point masses to have the same dynamical properties if the
following conditions are fulfilled:
The sum of the two masses is equal to the total mass.
The combined center of mass coincides with that of the rod.
The Moment of inertia of the two point masses about the perpendicular axis through their combined
center of mass is equal to that of the rod.
11.
What are the conditions for a body to be in equilibrium under the action of two forces?
A body will be in equilibrium under the action of two forces only when the two forces are of same
magnitude but in opposite direction and the forces act along the same line. (Refer figure 10)
Figure 10
12.
Figure 11
Figure 12
What are the conditions for a body to be in equilibrium under the action of two forces and a torque?
A body will be in equilibrium under the action of two forces and a torque only when the forces are
equal in magnitude, parallel in direction and opposite in sense, and the force from a couple, which is equal and
opposite to the applied torque. (Refer figure 11)
14.
What are the conditions for a body to be in equilibrium under the action of three forces?
A body will be in equilibrium under the action of three forces if the resultant of the forces is zero and
the line of action of the forces intersects at a point. (Refer figure 12)
15.
What is engine shaking force?

The force produces in an engine due to the mass of the piston, and mass of the connecting rod on the
main bearings is called engine shaking force.
16.
Define the significance of inertia force analysis.

Inertia force analysis reduces the dynamic analysis problem into an equivalent static analysis problem
by determining the required torque and the direction.
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17.
Distinguish between piston effort and crank effort.

Piston effort is defined as the net or effective force applied on the piston or cross head pin, along the
line of stroke. It is also known as effective driving force or net load on the gudgeon pin.
Piston effort, Fp= Net load on the piston Inertia force
Fp= FL FI (Neglecting frictional resistance)
Fp=FL FI -RF (considering friction resistance)
Where RF- Frictional resistance
Crank effort is the net effort applied at the crank pin perpendicular to the crank, which gives the
required turning moment on the crank shaft.
, = =
18.
sin +
cos
Define crank effort and crank pin effort.

Crank effort is the net effort applied at the crank pin perpendicular to the crank, which gives the
required turning moment on the crank shaft.
The component of force acting along connecting rod perpendicular to the crank is known as crank-pin
effort.
19.
What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?

It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various position of the crank.
In turning moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate and crank angle as abscissa.
20.
Explain the term maximum fluctuation of energy in flywheels.

The difference between the maximum and the minimum kinetic energies of the flywheel is known as
maximum fluctuation of energy.
Maximum fluctuation = Maximum energy - Minimum energy.
21.
Draw turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram for single cylinder 4 stroke IC engine.
22.
Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy.

It is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of energy to the
Maximum fluctuation of energy
E
Coefficient of fluctuation of energy, CE =
=
Workdone per cycle
23.
work
done
per
cycle.
Define maximum fluctuation of speed and coefficient of fluctuation of speed.

The difference between the maximum and the minimum speeds during a cycle is known as maximum
fluctuation of speed. Coefficient of fluctuation of speed is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean
speed is called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed. Cs= (N1-N2)/N
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Where, N1= maximum speed, N2= minimum speed, N = mean speed = (N1+N2)/2.
24.
Draw turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram for multi cylinder engines.
25.
Draw turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram for single cylinder double acting steam engine.
26.
Define coefficient of steadiness.

The reciprocal of the fluctuation of speed is known as coefficient of steadiness.
M=1/Cs =N/ (N1-N2).
Where, N1= maximum speed, N2= minimum speed, N = mean speed = (N1+N2)/2.
27.
Flywheels are needed in forging and pressing operations. Why?

In both forging and pressing operation, flywheels are required to control the variations in speed during
each cycle of an engine.
28.
What is the need for providing a flywheel in a punching machine?

In punching machines, flywheel reduces the fluctuations in speed, when the torque on the crankshaft is
constant and the load varies during each cycle.
29.
Small flywheels are used in multi-cylinder engine. Why?

In a multi-cylinder engine, there is one or more number of power strokes per revolution of the crank
shaft. So, lesser energy is to be stored in the flywheel. Hence a smaller flywheel is sufficient.
30.
Why single cylinder needs large size flywheel?

In single cylinder, there is only one power stroke per revolution of the crank shaft. Hence, large amount
of energy is to be stored in the flywheel. Thus, a larger size flywheel is needed.
31.
What is the function of flywheel?

The function of flywheel is to reduce the fluctuations of speed caused by the fluctuation of the engine
turning moment during each cycle of operation.
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UNIT II BALANCING
1.
What is meant by balancing of rotating masses?

The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force
of the unbalanced first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.
2.
Why rotating masses are to be dynamically balanced?

If the rotating masses are not dynamically balanced, the unbalanced dynamic force will cause worse
effect such as wear and tear on bearing and excessive vibrations on the machines. It is very common in cam
shafts, steam turbine rotors, engine crank shafts, and centrifugal pumps, etc.
3.
Define static balancing?

A system of rotating mass is said to be static balance if the combined mass centre of the system lies on
the axis of rotation.
4.
Define dynamic balancing?

A system of rotating masses is in dynamic balance when there doesnt exist any resultant centrifugal
force as well as resultant couple.
5.
State the conditions for static and dynamic balancing?

The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is zero. This is called as conditions for static balancing.
The net couple due to dynamic force acting on the shaft is zero.
6.
State the conditions for complete balance of several masses revolving in different planes of a shaft?
The resultant centrifugal force must be zero, and
The resultant couple must be zero.
7.
Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engine?

Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass opposite to the
crank. The vertical component of the dynamic force of this balancing mass give rise to hammer blow. In
order to reduce the hammer blow, a part of the reciprocating mass is balanced. Hence complete balancing is not
possible in reciprocating engine.
8.
Can a single cylinder engine be fully balanced? Why? (Or) Why complete balancing of reciprocating masses is
not possible in a single cylinder engine?
No. A single cylinder engine cant be fully balanced. Because the unbalanced forces due to
reciprocating masses remains constant in magnitude (because of variation in ).
9.
Differentiate between the unbalanced force caused due to rotating and reciprocating masses?
Complete b ala nc i n g o f r evo lving ma s s can b e p o ssib le . But fraction of reciprocating masses
are only balanced
The unbalanced force due to reciprocating masses varies in magnitude but constant in direction. But
in the case of revolving masses, the unbalanced force is constant in magnitude but varies in direction.
10.
Why are the cranks of a locomotive, with two cylinders, placed in 90 to each other?
In order to facilitate the starting of locomotive in any position (i.e., in order to have uniformity in
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turning moment. the cranks of a locomotive are generally at 90 to one another.
11.
List the effect of partial balancing of locomotives.

Variation in tractive force along the line of stroke, Swaying couple, and Hammer blow.
12.
Define swaying couple.

The unbalanced force acting at a distance between the lines of stroke of two cylinders, constitute a
couple in horizontal direction. This couple is called as swaying couple.
13.
Define hammer blow and tractive force with respect to locomotives?

The maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the line of stroke is known
as hammer blow.
Variation of tractive force (effort) of the engine is caused by the unbalanced portion of the primary force
which acts along the line of stroke of the locomotive engine.
14.
What are the effect of hammer blow and swaying couple?

The effect of hammer blow is to cause the variation in pressure between the wheel and the rail, such that
vehicle vibrates vigorously.
The effect of swaying couple is to make the leading wheels sway from side to side.
15.
What for the balancing machines are used?

Determine whether the rotating parts of a machine is completely balanced or not;
Check the static and dynamic balancing of rotating parts; and
Determine the extent to which the balancing is done (in case of unbalanced system).
16.
What are different types of balancing machines?

Static balancing machines,
Dynamic balancing machines, and
Universal balancing machines.
17.
When is a system said to be completely balanced? (Or) What are the conditions required for complete balancing
of reciprocating parts?
For complete balancing of the reciprocating parts, the following conditions must be fulfilled:
18.
Primary forces must balance, i.e. primary force polygon is enclosed.

Primary couples must balance, i.e. primary couple polygon is enclosed.
Secondary forces must balance, i.e. secondary force polygon is enclosed.
Secondary couples must balance i.e. Secondary couple polygon is enclosed
What is meant by Inline engine?

Multi-cylinder engines with the cylinder centre lines in the same plane and on the same side of the
centre line of the crank shaft are known as in-line engines.
19.
Explain Primary and secondary balancing:

Primary balancing is the balancing a fraction of primary unbalanced forces of an engine.
Secondary balancing is the balancing a fraction of secondary unbalanced forces of an engine.
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20.
Two masses in different planes are necessary to correct the dynamic unbalance -Justify.
The rotating masses may be either in a single plane or in different planes. The reciprocating masses give
rise to the primary forces and couples and secondary forces and couples. There could be unbalance due to the
combined effect of rotating and reciprocating masses. By balancing, the effects due to the resultant inertia forces
and couples, are eliminated either partially or completely to avoid vibration of a machine or device.
21.
Write a note on the effects of firing order on balancing of reciprocating mass in multi-cylinder IC engines.
The reciprocating masses in multicylinder IC engines are placed at a particular angle based on the firing
order. If the firing order doesnt taken into account, the reciprocating mass at a particular location may induce
some unbalance force and couples due to unbalanced forces caused due to the reciprocating mass and during the
power strokes.
22.
Write the expressions for primary and secondary unbalanced forces of reciprocating masses.
Primary unbalanced forces of reciprocating mass Fp=m2rcos
Secondary unbalanced forces of reciprocating mass FR=m2rcos2/n
Where m- mass of the reciprocating parts; - angular velocity of the reciprocating parts; r crank radius; angle turned by the crank from the TDC; n=l/r; l- length of the connecting rod.
23.
Unbalanced effects of shafts in high speed machines are to be closely looked into why?
Unbalance in machine components arises either due to the eccentric rotating or reciprocating masses.
These masses introduce severe stresses and results in undesirable vibrations in the machine. So, unbalanced
effects of shafts in high speed machines are looked closely.
24.
What is tractive force? State when the magnitude of tractive force for two cylinder locomotive engine is
maximum and minimum.
The resultant unbalanced force due to the two cylinders, along the line of stroke, is known as tractive
force.
The magnitude of tractive force for two cylinder locomotive engines is maximum and minimum when
the crank angle, is 135 and 315. And its value is
tractive force = 2 (1-c) m.r.2
25.
Name the efforts caused by the unbalanced primary force acting along the line of stroke due to partial balancing
of locomotives.
The efforts caused by the unbalanced primary force acting along the line of stroke due to partial
balancing of locomotives are tractive force and swaying couple.
26.
What is partial balancing?

Partial balancing means balancing partially the reciprocating masses.
27.
Define direct and reverse cranks.

Consider a reciprocating engine mechanism as shown in fig. In the figure, the crank OA is the mirror
image of the direct crank OA. It can be stated that when OA rotates in clockwise direction, OA rotates in
anticlockwise direction. Then OA and OA are called direct and reverse crank respectively.
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28.
Why locomotives wheels need be coupled?

In order to increase the adhesive force between wheels and track, one pair of driving wheels are
connected to one or more pairs of trailing wheels.
29.
What do you meant by field balancing?

In heavy machinery like turbines and generators, it is not possible to balance the rotors by mounting
them in the balancing machines. In such cases, the balancing has to be done under normal conditions on its own
bearings. Such a balancing is called as field balancing.
30.
Why is balancing of rotating parts necessary for high speed engines?

When the rotating masses are not balanced, they produce centrifugal forces. In case of high speed
engines, these centrifugal forces will be high due to high speed of rotation of unbalanced masses and cause
undesirable forced vibration of the machines.
UNIT III FREE VIBRATION
1.
What are the causes and effect of vibration?

The causes of vibration are unbalanced forces, elastic nature of the system, self excitation, wind and
earthquakes.
The existence of vibration elements in any mechanical system produces unwanted noise, high stress,
poor reliability and premature failure of one or more of the parts.
2.
Define frequency, cycle, period and free vibration.

Frequency: It is the number of cycles described in one second.
Cycle: It is defined as the motion completed during one time period.
Period: It is the time interval after which the motion the motion is repeat itself.
Free vibrations: if the periodic motion continues after the causes of original disturbance is removed,
then the body is said to be under free vibrations.
3.
What are the different types of vibrations?

Based on the vibratory motion: Free vibrations, Forced vibrations, and Damped vibrations.
Based on the axis of shaft: Longitudinal vibration, Transverse Vibrations and Torsional vibration.
4.
State different method of finding natural frequency of a system.

Equilibrium method, Energy method, and Rayleigh method.
5.
What are the types of vibratory motion?

Free vibrations, Forced vibrations, and Damped vibrations
6.
What is meant by free vibration and forced vibration? Give example for each.
Free (or) natural vibration: When external disturbance is required only to initiate vibratory motion but
no external force acts therefore and the system continues to vibrate because of its own elastic properties, the
vibrations are called Free (or) natural vibration. Simple pendulum is one of the examples.
Forced Vibration: The vibrations which the system executes under continuous external force are called
Forced vibration. Machine tools, electric bells etc., are the suitable examples.
7.
Define resonance.
When the frequency of external forces is equal to the frequency of a vibrating body, the amplitude of
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vibration becomes excessively large. This phenomenon is known as resonance.
8.
What is meant by degrees of freedom (or movability) in a vibrating system?

The number of independent coordinate required to completely define the motion of a system is known
as degree of freedom of a vibrating system.
9.
What are the basic elements of lumped parameter vibratory system?

The elements constituting discrete vibratory system are: Mass; Spring; Damper and Excitation force.
10.
What do you meant by Passive and active elements of vibratory system?

The mass, spring and damper are called passive (inactive) elements while the excitation element is the active
element.
11.
Define longitudinal vibration. Refer for Figure below (a)

All the particles of the system may vibrate along paths parallel to the axis of the shaft. Such vibrations
are called longitudinal Vibrations. Due to longitudinal vibration, tensile and compressive stresses are induced in
the shaft.
12.
What is the natural frequency of simple spring mass system?

Natural Frequency,
S=Stiffness of the spring, M= Mass of the body suspended from the spring, = Static deflection of the spring
due to the weight.
13.
14.
Differentiate between transverse and Torsional vibrations. Refer Figure below (b) and ( c)
Transverse Vibrations
Torsional vibrations
All the particles of the system may vibrate along

paths perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. Such
vibrations are called Transverse Vibrations.
When all the particles of a shaft or disc move in a circle

about the axis of the shaft then the vibrations are known
as Torsional vibrations.
In transverse vibration, tensile and compressive

stresses due to bending are induced in the shaft
In Torsional vibration, Torsional shear stresses are

induced in the shaft
Determine the natural frequency of mass of 10kg suspended at the bottom of two springs (of stiffness: 5N/mm
and 8N/mm. in series.
Given: m = 10kg; S1= 5N/mm ; S2= 8 N/mm in series
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Solution:
Equivalent stiffness:
Natural Frequency:
15.
1
1
1
2
=> = S =3.077 N/mm
=> fn= 2.79 Hz
What is the effect of inertia on the shaft in longitudinal and transverse vibrations?
In longitudinal vibrations, the inertia effect of the shaft is equal to that of a mass one third of the mass of
the shaft concentrated at its free end.
=
2 +
3
In transverse vibrations, the inertia effect of the shaft is equal to that of a mass 33/140th of the mass of the shaft
concentrated at its free end.
16.
2 + 33
140
What are the different types of damping?

Viscous damping, Coulomb or dry friction damping, Solid or structural damping, and Slip or interfacial
damping.
17.
What is difference between damping and viscous damping?

The damping can be defined as the resistance offered by a body to the motion of a vibratory system.
One of the damping types is viscous damping.
When the system is allowed to vibrate in a viscous medium, the damping is called as viscous damping.
18.
What is difference between coulomb damping and viscous damping?

When the system is allowed to vibrate in a viscous medium, the damping is called as viscous damping.
When the body is allowed to slide over the other, the surface of the body offers some resistance to the
movement of the other body on it. Such a damping is Coulomb damping.
19.
A spring mass system has spring constant of k and a mass of m. it has a natural frequency of 12 c.p.s If an
additional mass of 2kg is added to m, natural frequency reduces by 2 c.p.s. Find k and m
Given: fn1=12 Hz; m2=m1+2 kg; fn2=10 Hz
Solution: frequency of the spring mass system is given by, =
Where k- spring stiffness and m- mass

From the datas collected, we have 12 =
, 10 =
and m1=m2+2
Solving the above we get, m= 4.55 kg and k= 25.84 kN/m

20.
Define logarithmic decrement.

Logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor. The
amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same side of the mean position.
= ln
+1
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21.
Define damping factor and damping coefficient.

Damping factor (also known as damping ratio) is the ratio of damping coefficient to the critical
damping coefficient.
Damping factor,() = c/cc = c/(2mn)
Damping coefficient is the ratio of damping force per unit velocity.
Where, c = Damping coefficient; cc = Critical damping coefficient; m= mass suspended; n = Natural or
Undamped frequency.
22.
Give the equation for damping factor and damped frequency.

Damping factor,() = c/cc = c/(2mn)
Damped frequency(d) =n(1- 2)
Where, c = Damping coefficient, cc = Critical damping coefficient, m= mass suspended,
n = Natural or Undamped frequency.
23.
Draw the schematic diagram of a free damped vibration system and write the governing differential equation of
the system
The governing differential equation of a free damped vibration system is given by,
+
+ = 0
2
+ + = 0
Where first term is due to the inertia force, while the second one is damping force and the last one is spring force
or restoring force; m mass suspended; c- damping coefficient; k- spring stiffness; x displacement from the
equilibrium position.
24.
What is the limit beyond which damping is detrimental and why?

When the damping factor =1 the aperiodic motion is resulted .That is aperiodic motion means the
system cannot vibrate due to over damping. Once the system is disturbed, it will take infinite time to come back
to equilibrium.
25.
What is meant by critical damping?

The system is said to be critically damped when the damping factor =1. If then system is critically
damped, the mass moves back very quickly to its equilibrium position within no time.
26.
a) What type of motion is exhibited by a vibrating system when it is critically damped?

A periodic motion is exhibited
b) Which system is non-vibratory in nature and comes to equilibrium in exponential manner?
A over-damped system
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27.
Sketch the Time Vs Displacement for under-damped and over-damped systems.
=1 critical damping; > 1 over damping ; < 1 under damping

28.
What is meant by critically damped system? Give one application of critical damping.
The system is said to be critically damped when the damping factor =1. If the system is critically
damped, the mass moves back very quickly to its equilibrium position within time. Electrical instruments,
hydraulic door closer, large guns are the application of critical damping.
29.
Define critical or whirling or whipping speed of a shaft.

The speed at which resonance occurs is called critical speed of the shaft. In other words, the speed at
which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of the rotation becomes infinite is
known as critical speed.
30.
When does resonance takes place in a system?

Resonance takes place in a system, when the critical or whirling speed of the system () is equal to the
natural frequency (n) of the transverse vibration.
= n=(s/m)
where s is the stiffness of spring and m is the mass of suspended body.
31.
What are the causes of critical speed? (Or) why is critical speed encountered?
The Critical Speed occurs due to the one or more following reasons:
Eccentricity mounting like gear, flywheel, pulleys, etc
Bending of the shaft due to own weight
Non-uniform distribution of the rotor material, etc
32.
What is nodal section in two rotor system? (Or) Define node in the case of vibration.
The section or the point of the shaft which
does not undergo any twist or the amplitude of
Torsional vibration is zero, is called the nodal section
(or) node.
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33.
Define Torsional equivalent shaft.

The shaft having variable diameter for different lengths can be theoretically replaced by an equivalent
shaft of uniform diameter, such that they have the same total angle of twist when equal opposing torques are
applied at their ends. Such a theoretically replaced shaft is known as torsionally equivalent shaft.
34.
What are the conditions to be satisfied for an equivalent system to that of geared system in Torsional vibrations?
There are two conditions to be satisfied for an equivalent system to that of geared system in Torsional
vibrations are:
The kinetic energy of the equivalent system must be equal to the kinetic energy of the original system.
The strain energy of the equivalent system must be equal to the strain energy of the original system.
35.
State natural frequency of torsion vibration of a simple system.

Natural frequency of torsion vibration,
=
1
2
C=Rigidity modulus of shaft, I=Mass M.I of rotor, J=Polar M.I of shaft, l=Length of node from rotor.
36.
Define degree of dampness.

The ratio of (c/2m) 2 to (k/m) is called degree of dampness.
Degree of dampness = (c/2m n)2
37.
Why do you want to find the natural frequency of vibratory system?

Natural frequency (n) of undamped vibration.
n=(s/m)
where s is the stiffness of spring and m is the mass of suspended body including unbalance mass.
When the natural frequency of vibrating system coincides with the frequency of rotation of mass ()
then the forced vibration takes place with very high amplitude. This phenomenon is known as resonance. To
avoid resonance, we have to find the natural frequency of vibrating system.
38.
Mention any four materials that arrest vibration.

Spring, Damper, pads of rubber and cork.
39.
What is the need for finding the critical speed of the shaft?
It is dangerous to continue to run a shaft at its critical speed as the amplitude of vibrations will be
very high such that the system may go to pieces. Hence it is necessary to find the critical speed of the
shaft.
40.
What is the angle between excitation frequency and actual frequency at resonance?
The angle between excitation frequency and actual frequency at resonance is 90.
41.
Give an expression for damping force.

Damping force= damping coefficient x velocity.
42.
A 5kg mass attached to the lower end of a spring, whose upper end is fixed, vibrates with a natural period of
0.45 sec. Determine the stiffness of the spring.
Given: m=5kg; tp= 0.45sec
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Solution: Time period =
n= 13.96 r/s
Natural frequency of the system, n=(s/m)
Stiffness of spring, s= m n2 = 5x 13.962 = 974.78 N/m
43.
A vibrating system has the following m=3kg; k=100N/m; and C=2N/m/sec. Determine the damping factor in the
system.
Given: m=3kg; k=100N/m; and C=2N/m/sec
Solution: Damping Factor =
Natural frequency of the system, n=(k/m) = 5.77 r/s

Damping Factor = 0.0578
44.
A 0.25 kg mass is suspended by a spring having a stiffness of 0.1533 N/mm. Determine its natural frequency in
cycles per seconds. Determine its static deflection.
Given: m=0.25kg; s= 0.1533N/mm = 153.3 N/m
Solution: natural frequency in cycles per seconds, =
Also, =
= 3.94 c/s = 3.94 Hz
Where is the static deflection in meter

3.94 =
1 9.81
2
Static Deflection, = 0.016 m = 16 mm

45.
Notes for reminder:

Over damped vibration
c > cc
>1
aperiodic motion
Critical damped vibration
c = cc
=1
aperiodic motion
Under damped vibration
c < cc
<1
periodic motion
c = Damping coefficient, cc = Critical damping coefficient, = damping factor

UNIT IV FROCED VIBRATION
1.
Define step input and harmonic forcing function.

Application of a constant force to the mass of a vibrating system is known as step- input forcing. The
equation of motion will be + = , where F is the constant force.
When the mass of a vibrating system is subjected to an oscillating force F= F 0 sint is known as Harmonic
forcing. The equation of motion will be + = 0 sin , where F is the oscillating force with the time t
sec and frequency rad/s.
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2.
What is meant by harmonic forcing?

The term harmonic forcing refers to a spring-mass system with viscous damping, excited by a sinusoidal
harmonic force. F=F0 sint.
3.
What is meant by magnification factor or dynamic magnifier?

Magnification factor or Dynamic magnifier is defined as the ratio of the steady state amplitude (x max) to the
static deflection (xo).
Magnification factor or Dynamic magnifier = x max/ xo
4.
A vibrating spring having a mass of 1kg is suspended by a spring of stiffness 1000N/m and its put to harmonic
excitation of 10N. Damping factor =0.3. Determine the resonant frequency and the amplitude of vibration at
resonance.
Given: m=1 kg; k=1000N/m; F=10N
Solution:
Resonance frequency:
= =
1000
= . /
1
Amplitude of vibration at resonance (A):

At resonance =n
=
2 2 + 2
(or) =
1
5.
2 2
+ 2
10
=
= .
2 1000 2 0.3
Write down the expression for amplitude of forced vibration. (Or) What do you meant by steady state response
of the system in case of forced vibration?
Amplitude of forced vibration is given by
=
1
2 2
=
+ 2
Where F is the applied force; k is the stiffness of the spring; m- mass suspended; c- damping coefficient and is
the natural frequency.
6.
Define transmissibility. What is the role of transmission ratio?

The transmissibility is defined as the ratio of the force transmitted to the foundation to the force applied. It
is the measure of the effectiveness of the vibration isolating material.
Transmission ratio plays a vital role in turbo machines and machine tools.
7.
Define force transmissibility and motion transmissibility.

The force transmissibility is defined as the ratio of the force transmitted to the foundation to the force
applied.
The motion transmissibility is defined as the ratio of amplitude of displacement transmitted to the
amplitude applied.
8.
Sketch the graph for (/n) Vs Transmissibility for different values of damping factor. (Or) Draw a graph
showing the variation of amplitude transmissibility with respect to the variation in damping factor and frequency
Page 15

ratio.
9.
What is the vibration isolation?

The term vibration isolation refers to the prevention or minimization of vibrations and their transmission
due to the unbalanced machines.
10.
Specify the importance of vibration isolation? (Or) What is the need for vibration isolation?
When an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation, it produces vibration in the foundation. So,
in order to prevent these vibrations or to minimize the transmission of forces to the foundation, vibration
isolation is important.
11.
List the materials used for vibration isolation. Also which material is most suitable for shear and compressive
loads?
The materials used for vibration isolation are a) Rubber b) Felt c) cork d) metallic springs. Rubber
material is most suitable for shear loads and cork material is most suitable for compressive loads
12.
13.
Sketch the graph for (/n) Vs phase angle for different values of damping factor.
What do you meant by active and passive isolators?

Suitable isolators can be used to reduce or eliminate shaking forces transmitted to the ground. Such
isolators are called active isolators.
When the isolators are used to reduce or eliminate the transmission of motion from the floor to the machine, they
are called passive isolators.
Page 16

14.
Sketch the graph for (/n) Vs magnification factor( or dynamic magnifier) for different values of damping
factor.
15.
Define isolation factor Or Transmissibility Factor.

The term vibration isolation refers to the prevention or minimization of vibrations and their transmission
due to the unbalanced machines.
16.
Show that for effective isolation of vibration, frequency ratio r>2.

Frequency ratio r>2, then is less than 1 for all values of . This means that the transmitted force is
always less than the exciting force, when r>2, then increases as the damping is increased.
17.
List out the sources of excitation in forced vibration.

Forcing can be harmonic, periodic, impulsive or random in nature.
Sources of excitation in forced vibration:
(1) The excitation is in the form of motion and so produced by one dynamic system to another.
(2) Another excitation is internal and occurs due to unbalance in the system.
18.
What is the value of the angular velocity () such that natural frequency and time period are equal?
At = 2, the natural frequency (fn) and time period (tp) are equal. [ =
19.
; =
State the reasons for unbalance in a system.

The reasons for the unbalance in the system are thermal effects, resonance, loose or defective mating
part, bent shaft, bearing or journal defect, variation in turning moment of the engine, mass of rotating parts not
distributed uniformly and magnetic effects.
Page 17

UNIT V MECHANISMS FOR CONTROL
1.
2.
How does flywheel differ from that of a governor?

GOVERNOR
FLYWHEEL
It regulates the mean speed of an engine when there are

variations in load on engine increases it acts in such a
way to increase the fuel supply. When the load on engine
decreases, the speed of the engine increases. So, it
restricts the fuel supply.
It does not maintain the constant speed. It simply

reduces the fluctuation of speed caused by the
variation in turning moment.
It is provided on prime movers such as
It is provided on engine and fabricating
engines and turbines
machines rolling mills, punching machines, shear

machines, presses etc.
It works intermittently, i.e., only when there is change in

load.
It works continuously from cycle to cycle.
What are the functions of Governor?

The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified limits whenever there is a
variation of load. Governors control the throttle valve and hence the fuel supply to carter the load variation on
engines.
3.
When is a governor said to be Isochronous? Or What is meant by isochronous condition in governors?

A governor with zero range of speed is known as an isochronous governor. This means that for all
positions of the sleeve or the balls, the governor has the same equilibrium speed.
4.
When is a governor said to be Stable? (Or) Define the meaning of stability of a governor.
A governor is said to be stable over its the working range when, for a given equilibrium speed of
rotation, there is only one radius of rotation of the balls at which the governor is in equilibrium.
5.
How governors are classified?

Governors are classified into two major types.
Centrifugal governors.
Inertia Governor.
6.
Define hunting of a governor.

The phenomenon of continuous fluctuations of the engine speed above and below the mean equilibrium
speed is termed as hunting.
Page 18

7.
What is meant by sensitiveness of governors?

The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum
equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed.
Let N1 and N2 be the minimum and maximum equilibrium speeds,
Then the mean equilibrium speed, =
1 +2
2
8.
2 1
Define power of a governor?

The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed. It is the
product of the mean value of the effort and the distance through which the sleeve moves.
Power=Mean Effort x Lift of sleeve
9.
What do you mean by governor effort?

The mean force acting on the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed for lift of the sleeve is
known as the governor effect.
10.
Draw the controlling force curve for isochronous, stable and Unstable governor.
11.
What is the influence of friction at the sleeve on the performance of a governor? Or what is the effect of
friction on governor?
The friction force at the sleeve gives rise to the insensitiveness in the governor. At any given radius
there will be two different speeds one being when sleeve moves up and other when sleeve moves down.
The corresponding three values of speeds for the same radius OA are:
(a) The speed N when there is no friction.
(b) The speed N when speed is increasing or sleeve is on the verge of moving up, and
(c) The speed N when speed is decreasing or sleeve on the verge of moving down.
Page 19

12.
What is controlling force diagram?

When the graph is drawn between the controlling force as ordinate and radius of rotation of the balls as
abscissa, the graph so obtained is called controlling force diagram.
13.
Define coefficient of insensitiveness.

Considering the effect of friction, for the given radius of rotation, the speed of rotation varies
between N and N. The ratio of (N N) /N is called as the coefficient of insensitiveness of a governor.
Where, N is the mean equilibrium speed.
14.
What are centrifugal governor? How do they differ from inertia governor?
Centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the roatting balls by a
equal and opposite radial force.
In inertia governors, the balls are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an angular acceleration or
retardation of the shaft tend to alter their positions.
15.
What is the significance of controlling force in governors?

When drawing the graph between the controlling force as ordinate and radius of rotation of balls
as abscissa, then the graph is called Controlling force diagram. This diagram enables the stability and
sensitiveness of the governor to be examined and also shows clearly the effect of friction.
16.
Derive an expression for the height in the case of a watt governor.

Taking moment about the point O, we have
When g is expressed in 9.81 m/s2 and in r/s, then h is in

meters. If N is the speed in r.p.m, then
17.
What is the principle of inertia governors?

In inertia governors, the balls are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an angular acceleration or
retardation of the shaft tend to alter their positions.
18.
Define equilibrium speed.

Equilibrium speed is the speed at which the governor balls, arms etc., are in complete equilibrium and
the sleeve does not tend to move upwards or downwards.
19.
What is meant by height of the governor?

Height of the governor is the vertical distance from the center of the ball to a point where the axes of the
arms intersect on the spindle axis.
20.
What is a gyroscope?
A gyroscope is a spinning body which is free to move in other directions under the action of external forces.
Page 20

21.
What is meant by applied torque and reaction torque? Or What is meant by active gyroscopic couple and reactive
gyroscopic couple?
If the axis of a spinning or rotating body is given an angular motion about an axis perpendicular to the
axis of spin, an angular acceleration acts on the body about the third perpendicular axis. The torque required to
produce this acceleration is known as the active gyroscopic torque.
A reactive gyroscopic torque also acts similar to the concept of centripetal and centrifugal forces on a
rotating body.
22.
What is gyroscopic torque?

Whenever a rotating body changes its axis of rotation, a torque is applied on the rotating body. This
torque is called as Gyroscopic torque.
23.
Give some application of gyroscopic principle.

It is used, in instrument or toy known as gyroscope, ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching
effects of waves, and in aero planes, Monorail cars, gyrocompasses, automobiles, etc.,
24.
Define Gyroscopic Couple.

If a body having MOI, I and rotating about its own axis at rad/sec is also caused to turn at p rad/sec
about axis perpendicular to the axis of spin, then it experiences a gyroscopic couple of magnitude (I p) in an
axis which is perpendicular to both the axis of spin and axis of precessions.
25.
Write down the expression for gyroscopic couple.

Gyroscopic couple = Ip.
Where I- mass moment of inertia, - Angular velocity of disc, p- Angular velocity of precision of the
axis of spin in rad/sec.
26.
What will be the effect of the gyroscopic couple on a disc fixed at a certain angle to a rotating shaft?
The effect of the resultant gyroscopic couple is that the shaft tends to turn in the plane of paper in
counter clockwise direction as seen from top; as a result the horizontal force is exerted on the shaft bearing.
27.
List some of the terms related to motion of ships using gyroscopic principle.
Some of the terms related to motion of naval ships or sea vessels using gyroscopic principle are Bow,
Stern or aft, Starboard, Port, Steering, Pitching and Rolling.
28.
What is the effect of gyroscopic couple on rolling of ship? Why?

We know that, for the effect of gyroscopic couple to occur, the axis of precession should always be
perpendicular to the axis of spin. In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of precession is always parallel to the axis
of spin for all positions. Hence there is no effect of the gyroscopic couple acting on the body of the ship during
rolling.
29.
Define the following terms related to ship motion: (a) Pitching; and (b) Steering.
(a) Steering is the turning of a complete ship in a curve towards left or right, while it moves forward.
(b) Pitching is the movement of a complete ship up and down in a vertical plane about transverse axis.
30.
What is the effect of gyroscopic couple of an automobile taking a turn?

The effect of gyroscopic couple, while taking the turn in an automobile, produces reaction on the road
surface. This reaction is positive on outer wheels and negative on the inner wheels.
Page 21

31.
Define angle of heel.

Whenever a vehicle takes a turn, the vehicle is inclined to the vertical (inwards) for equilibrium. The
angle of inclination of the vehicle to the vertical is known as the angle of heel.
32.
Which part of the automobile is subjected to the gyroscopic couple?

Four wheels or two wheels of an automobile and rotating part of the engine of an automobile are
subjected to gyroscopic couple.
33.
Write down the equation for the stability of a two wheeler when it is taking a turn towards left or right.
Where,
v is the linear velocity of the vehicle,
R is the track radius, m is the mass of the vehicle and rider,
h is the height of the CG of the vehicle and rider,
is the angle of heel, G is the gear ratio,
rw is the radius of the wheels,
Iw is the mass moment of inertia of each wheel,
IE is the mass moment of inertia of the rotating parts of the engine.
34.
Explain the terms: spin and precession. How do they differ from each other?
The axis in which the disc or body is rotating (spinning) is called axis of spin.
The axis about which the axis of spin is to turn is called precession i.e., direction of angular
displacement.
35.
What is gyroscopic effect?

When the rotating body changes its axis of spin, there is a resistance against this motion. This resistance
to change the direction of this axis is called gyroscopic effect.
Page 22

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ME2302 Dynamics of Machinery

THENI KAMMAVAR SANGAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

What is free body diagram?

Define static force analysis.

Define applied and constraint forces.

Differentiate between static force analysis and dynamic force analysis.

Define inertia force.

State DAlemberts principle. And mention its significance.

Theni Kammavar Sangam College of Technology, Dept of Mechanical Engineering