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About
Stanislas
of Skarbimierz,
consult Miroslaw
Korolko,
"Wprowadzenie"
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408
tamen, Domine,
matrem,
ipsam etsi non propter pauperes,
dimitte
debiles
ut generet,
et claudos,
dimitte matrem
caecos
et surdos.
pauperum,
Stanislas
,p.212.
4. . . christianissima
principe
domina
HEDVIGI.
. . , Stanislas
of Skarbimierz,
Cracoviensia,
5
Hoc
interventrix a facie
domini
opressorum,
refugium
enim quandoque
domini
nostri regis et sua
formido
interventu laetificavit.
et cognovimus
Vidimus
quam
sed nobilior moribus,
qffatu, quam nobilis genere,
quam
orphanorum,
clipeus pauperum,
nostri regis expulsorum.
Quod
iustitia exterruit, hos ipsa suo
decora
vultu, quam
ajfabilis
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profunde
regem
p. 24.
quam
in exequiis
Francis
of Brzeg,
"Sermo
aliarum
dominarum.
vivendi respectu
regula
in Wolny
and Zawadzki,
See also
Poloniae"
Dominae
p. 68.
Hedvigis,
Reginae
inWolny
and Zawadzki,
"Sermonis
p. 84.
pro defunctis fragmentum"
and Zawadzki,
7. . . nobilis genere sed fide nobilior, Wolny
p. 84.
p. 24.
9
Paul ofZator, p. 82; Francis of Brzeg, p. 68, Stanislas of Skarbimierz,"Sermo ad
p. 42.
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410
at her
canonization.12
1500,"
and
Sovereignty,
edited
by Louis
O.
Fradenburg,
(Edinburgh:
non mediocriter
in hiis omnibus
sanctissimae
Profuit
praefatae
reginae
conversatio.
Cum enim mulier
at mirae sanctitatis
esset, nihil aliud
ipsa devotissima
et ea, quae ad animae
sibi tantae curae fuit, quam
viri et aliorum
salutem atque ad
. . .Nam
in
bonis
moribus
et mortuos
eruditionem
ipsorum
pertinerent,
procuraret.
et infirmos plerosque
susitatos
sanitati restitutos ad ipsius tumulum certissimum
est.
For the full text of the oration, consult:Karolina Grodziska, "Mikolaja Lasockiego
pochwala Wladyslawa Jagieltyi krolowej Jadwigina soborze bazylejskim" [Nicholas
Lasocki's Praise of Ladislas Jagiello and Queen Jadwiga at theCouncil of Basle],
Analecta
more
Cracoviensia,
vol. 20
381-399.
(1988), pp.
13
When he mentions Jadwigafor thefirsttime, the chroniclerstates thatshewas
beautiful
than her
sister:
sed prestanciorem
Jan
forma,
Liber X.
edited by
1370-1405,
et al.
See also Gaw?da,
PWN,
Gawejda
(Warsaw:
1985), p. 42 [1375].
p.
142 (pro ilia tempestate
in orbe universo par em informa
non habere
credita sit) and
et contemplans
et decorem
et admirans
enim
p. 152 (Cuius
Gaw^da,
speciem
(neque
in orbe universo par em inpulchritudine
estimata est habuisse)).
pro ea tempestate
Dlugosz,
Stanislaw
Annales
seu Cronicae
14
This becomes obvious fromDlugosz'
exceeded
Gaw^da,
by her moral
pp. 141-142.
purity: Facie
venustissima,
sed moribus
et virtutibus
venustior,
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15
...
in qua
nutrimento
caritam
non
virtutis numerus
Que
et tarn
et baronum
erat erga
Polonie
illiam prelatum
affecio
tarn insigni et virtuose femine putarent
ut viros se esse obliti, parere
nono dato, non procurato
illi
Ea
insuper caritate et affectione devicti,
. . .
marito
sine
Polonie
ad
sola
sufficet
Regnum
gybernandum
ipsa
immensa,
inglorium.
sponso,
omnis
putabatur.
ut quicquide
diceret,
142.
16
autem
Tanta
quasi
in Polonie
reginam diademate
reginali
procurarunt
to Red Rus: Cuius
excursion
See also Jadwiga's
. .,
p. 141.
Gaw^da,
apud milites
affectio et
obedienter
iubebat,
que
et consecrari.
tanta
etar
et singula
ut omnes
illi exta ac viro parerent
p. 182.
Gaw^da,
exequerentur,
17
p. 217. See also p. 226.
Dlugosz,
18
141-142.
pp.
Dlugosz,
19
In her posthumous
pp. 231-232.
portrayal, Dlugosz,
20
232.
p.
Dlugosz,
21
"Krolowa
Maria
and Roman
Zawadzki,
Jerzy Wolny
caritas,
Jadwiga
tradycji
Analecta
Cracoviensia,
vol. 7 (1975),
pp. 88-89.
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412
carnal pleasures but with the purpose of having his country baptised.22 Her
attitude toward the poor finds its illustration in the story of the peasants being
robbed of theirproperty by men of her husband.23 Furthermore,Dhigosz states
that Queen Jadwiga had a prophetic gift, a power that was traditionally
As claimed by Dhigosz, by some divine
attributed to saintly women.
inspiration Queen Jadwiga predicted that after her death the Teutonic Order
would face grave disasters;24 she also foresaw the defeat ofWitold's excursion
against theTatars,25 and, anticipating her own death, she advised her husband
tomarry Anne of Cilli.26 Finally, Dhigosz explicitly confirms these allusions
toQueen Jadwiga's holiness in her posthumous portrayal, inwhich he asserts
that the dead are resurrected and the ill are healed at her shrine27
First of all, he
Yet, Dhigosz'
picture of her is hardly consistent.
the legal nature of Jadwiga's
doubts
concerning
apparently has
The chronicler claims that in
betrothal/marriage toWilhelm of Habsburg.
1375 Louis the Great gave his daughter Jadwiga inmarriage to the Austrian
in 1383 he states that there were doubts concerning
prince.28 Besides,
Jadwiga's marriage: some claimed that she had been married toWilhelm,
while some othermaintained that she had been only betrothed29 Dhigosz does
not feel itnecessary to reconcile these contradictions. Moreover, in 1386 he
explains thatQueen Jadwiga's resistance against themarriage withWladyslaw
22
quiete
et anior pars
Verum maior
Regni
Polonie
pro
Iagellonem
rege
Christiane
condicionibus,
aliisque
aversas
assumendum,
et dilatacione
et
fideifavore
principaliter
a
Lithwano
que
offerebantur, permota
et regine Hedvigis
sentencias
fastidium
ad fidei
atque
populorum
meritum, amplissimamque
amplissimum
evo Regnum
memorandam
Polonie
consequturum
magnarum
decernbat
katholice
barbaras
devote
quoque
causa,
gentium
et puritas
fidei
splendor
naciones
Hec
proluxerit.
katholice
accessione
confutans,
et laudem omni
commendacionem
si per
illius operam
astruens,
et ceteras
aput Lithwanicac
Samagitticasque
cum Hadvigis
sentancia
iam tune
regine, femine
et religiosissime,
ab aliis excepta
sed fidei
consentiret.
p. 153.
Dlugosz,
23
p. 158.
Dlugosz,
24
Etiam
id femina
benedicta
celesti
vivente
et
bellicum,
ob
suppressuram
furorem;
p. 220.
. . . nisi
Hedvigis
et katholici
Lithwanie
Dlugosz,
25
p. 226.
Dlugosz,
26
p. 237.
Dlugosz,
27
p. 234.
Dlugosz,
28
Alter am filiarum
presentes
fatis vero
quodam
inspirata
sensu
iniurias
Polonie
preteritas
scirent maximas
sibi
absumpta,
Polonie
regina,
exercitus
ruinam,
suarum Hedwigim
filio Lupoldi
desponsat. Dlugosz, p. 42.
29
adiecit
se quidem
illatas,
Regno
clades
eventuras.
Alexandri
due is
revelante,
Spiritu
magni
vero
barbarorum
victoriam
previcens.
. . .
Ludovigus
. . .Wilhelmo
duci
Austrie,
. . .alteram
Austrie duci a Lodowogo
(Vilhelmo)
filiam natu minorem Hedwigim
. . .
in coniugium
assercionem
(et iuxta nonnullorum
repromissam
desponsatam)
115-116.
pp.
Dlugosz,
rege
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Jadwiga.
30
cum prefato
noticia
sciebat
enim a plurimorum
ignoratum,
quod
Neque
in thoro,
die
bus
Austrie duce post contracta de presenti
quindecim
sponsalia
. . ,
manserat.
eciam subsequta,
carnali copula
p. 154.
Dlugosz,
31
pp. 176-177.
Dlugosz,
Vilhelmo
32.
. .
sterilitas
ablato
prestitit,
p. 231.
Dlugosz,
fecunditatem
opprobio
33 qui
JoachimBielski, Kronika polska [PolishChronicle], edited by Kazimierz Jozef
Turowski, (Sanok: Karol Pollak, 1856), p. 473. See also Martin Kromer, Kronika
polska [editedand translatedbyMarcin Blazowski, (Sanok: Karol Pollak, 1868), vol. 1,
pp. 706-707.
34
Kromer,
vol.
1, pp. 706-707.
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414
Adopted from the chronicles, the story of Queen Jadwiga was widely
known in the sixteenth century and, with clearly political undercurrents, it
appears again during the electoral debate of the Interregnum.35As themain
line of the Jagiellons became extinct, the senators opted to elect Anna,
daughter of Sigismund I, Infans Regni Poloniae. The political situation within
the realm obviously implied some similarities to that of the late fourteenth
century, when theminor Jadwiga was placed in custody of Polish lords and
crowned King of Poland. Princess Anna was rigorously guarded to prevent
the potential influence her choice of husband could have on the election of the
king.36 Under these circumstances, the story of Jadwiga set a good example of
patriotism and sacrifice rather then as a figure of speech. However, we would
look in vain in these polemical pieces for the precise characteristics of
Jadwiga: she is presented almost entirely in her relation to the nobility and
their claim to choose her a husband who would become King of Poland. Her
significance is defined by her position as heir to the kingdom and the literature
of the Interregnum emphasized that her objections concerning the person of
the prospective groom were overcome by the wisdom of the Poles who
promoted her marriage toWTadyslaw Jagiello, and, accordingly, concluded the
union between Poland and Lithuania and thus the Christianizing of the vast
pagan lands of Lithuania. Here we can observe a significant shift in the Polish
electoral tradition: the early literaryallusions to the story of Jadwiga imply the
role of the lords rather than thewide masses of the nobility. However, during
the Interregnum the factual political status quo was much more diverse. In the
eyes of the nobility, who after the death of Sigismund Augustus took
command of the government in Poland, itwas not only the senators but the
lower gentry as well who were entitled to choose the husband for the
princess.37 This tendency is conspicuous inDe electione novi regis whose
author states explicitly that both the lords and szlachta were entitled to
participate in royal elections and that they, together, selected a groom for
35
Swietoslaw Orzelski, Bezkrolewia ksiqg osmioro [Interregnum,
EightVolumes],
edited byWlodzimierz Spasowicz, (Petersburg
& Mohilew: B. M. Wollf, 1856), vol. 1,
pp. 62-63;
vol.
2, p. 248;
"Sententia
de eligendo
novo
in
entrusted
329, 331.
this controversy
between
by the last will of Sigismund
the nobility
Augustus,
and
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was
328
"De
electione
"Gdyby
napominajaca
novi
panowie
swych
obywatelow,
jakiego
360;
pana maja^
"Rozmowa
sobie
Lecha
i krolewstwu
z Piastem,
temu obrac"
de
eligendo
novo
rege
ex
duce
Moschorum,"
p.
355;
Andrew
Lubieniecki, Poloneutychia, edited by Alina Linda et al, (Warsaw & Lodz: PWN,
1982), p. 66. (The authorcites theorationof JohnZamoyski.)
41
czasow pierwszego bezkrolewia [Political Writings from the Times of the First
editedby JanCzubek, (Cracow:Akademia Umiejetnosci, 1906), p. 441.
Interregnum],
44
About
John Seklucjan
and a discussion
concerning
the authorship
of the work,
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416
author stresses that the exceptional virtues of Jadwiga made Jagiello want to
marry her, embrace Christianity, release Polish captives, and link his land
forever with the Polish Kingdom. He also mentions the story of the robbed
peasants, which was the most commonly quoted illustration of Jadwiga's
charity and the benevolent influence she had on her husband.45 Since the book
was dedicated to Duchess Dorothy of Prussia, the author makes parallels
between her and Queen Jadwiga as alms-giver, supporter of poor students and
founder of a university.46Apparently, in stressing these elements the author of
Oeconomia does not contradict the previous relations about Queen Jadwiga.
However, he shows surprising ignorance, claiming thatGod praised the Polish
royal family for the holy deeds of Queen Jadwiga, since he made her son
Wladislas King of Poland and Hungary, and furthermore, the author of
Oeconomia enumerates among her descendants the Duke of Prussia, King of
Poland and numerous German princes.47 Certainly, the author confuses here
two wives ofWladislas II Jagiello: Queen Jadwiga who did not leave any heir
and Queen Sophia (Sonka) of Holszany
mother,
(Alsenai), Wtadyslaw's
subsequently elected King of Poland and Hungary. Unfortunately, we lack
any information about the intellectual background of the author he mentions
- and we
only that he spent many years at the court of the Duke of Prussia
cannot guess how profound his knowledge of Polish historywas. His mistake,
however, demonstrates that even in this false context Queen Jadwiga still
served as a paragon of a good queen and that as such, she was endowed by the
author of Oeconomia with the royal progeny she, in fact, lacked. This might
be
reflection
of both
the
long-lasting
conviction
that women
are
redeemed
through bearing children and the author's urge to relate his protector, Duchess
Dorothy, with Queen Jadwiga, who in his interpretationbecame a saintly
ancestor of the Prussian ruling house.
To sum up, I believe that the few texts presented in this study demonstrate
that the image of Queen Jadwiga was far more complicated than that of an
ecclesiastic benefactress and the intercessor beside her husband, and that her
image stands apart from typical royal consorts who are virtually invisible in
45
ta cnotliwie
ubogie
zywiac, wiele
zakladala
studenty
dobrego
i zywila,
a ubogim
niedostatecznym
na ostatek
swe
wszystko
Szczeici jeszcze i dzis pan Bog tej slachetnej a krzescijanskiej malzonki swem
blogoslawienstwem potomki i szeroko je rozmnozyl jako sa^ dzisiejsi najjasniejsi
krolowie
A wierza^
Polscy, najoswiececsze
ze ten slachetny dom
ksiaze
albo
Pruskie,
potomek
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418
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