CHAPTER 16

EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM

and TDMA/136 Evolution
STEFAN JAVERBRING

16.1

INTRODUCTION

Standardization of third-generation mobile communication systems is now rapidly

progressing in all regions of the world. The International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) has been developing recommendations for the third-generation systems IMT-2000
(International Mobile Telecommunications 2000) since the late 1980s. In line with the ITU
work, various standardization bodies are now in the process of standardizing IMT-2000:
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in Europe, Association of Radio
Industries and Business (ARIB) in Japan, Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
and TIPI in the United States and TTA in South Korea [1].
In line with the efforts of the ITU to provide global recommendations for IMT-2000, a
spectrum identification has been made, identifying parts of the 2-GHz band for IMT-2000
usage. Deploying IMT-2000-capable systems is, however, not limited to this spectrum
band. This chapter describes the enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE) concept,
a new time division multiple access (TDMA) radio access technology for increased data
rates and efficient data access in both TDMA/136 (the North American digital TDMA
standard) and Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM) systems. EDGE will
provide third-generation capabilities in the existing (800, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz)
frequency bands.

16.2

BACKGROUND

GSM and TDMA/136 are two second-generation cellular standards with worldwide
success. Although speech is still the main service in these systems, support for data
communication over the radio interface is being rapidly improved. The current GSM
standard provides data services with user bit rates up to 14.4 kbps for circuit-switched data
and up to 22.8 kbps for packet data. Higher bit rates can be achieved with multislot
Wireless Communications in the Zl" Century, Edited by Shaft, Ogose, and Hattori.
ISBN 0-471-155041-X 2002 by the IEEE.

319

320

EDGE: ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM AND TDMA/136 EVOLUTION

operation, but since both high speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) and General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS) are based on the original Gaussian-filtered minimum shift keying
(GMSK) modulation, the increase of bit rates is modest [2-4]. For TDMA/136 evolution,
similar standardization activities are ongoing. In IS 136+ the combination of multislot
operation and the introduction of 8PSK based on the 30-kHz carrier bandwidth enables
data rates approximately four times higher than today [5].
EDGE provides an evolutionary path from existing standards for delivering thirdgeneration services in existing spectrum bands. The advantages of EDGE include fast
availability, reuse of existing GSM and TDMA/136 infrastructure, as well as support for
gradual introduction. For example, as a frequency reuse overlay to TDMA/136, EDGE
can be deployed using as little as 600 kHz of total bandwidth. In GSM, EDGE can be
introduced using a minimum of only one time slot per base station. EDGE was first
proposed to ETSI as an evolution of GSM in the beginning of 1997. During 1997, a
feasibility study was completed and approved by ETSI, making way for the currently
ongoing standardization [6]. Although EDGE reuses the GSM carrier bandwidth and time
slot structure, it is by no means restricted to use within GSM cellular systems. Instead it
can be seen as a generic air interface for efficiently providing high bit rates, facilitating an
evolution of existing cellular systems toward third-generation capabilities.
After evaluating a number of different proposals, EDGE was adopted by the Universal
Wireless Communications Consortium (UWCC) in January 1998 as the outdoor component of 136 High Speed (136HS) to provide 384-kbps data services. One of the arguments
in favor of this approach was leveraging the technology evolution for both GSM and
TDMA/136 systems, also leading to opportunities for global roaming. Consequently,
EDGE was included in the UWC-136 IMT-2000 proposal. UWC-136 was adopted by TR45 in February 1998 and submitted by the U.S. delegation to ITU as a Radio Transmission
Technology candidate for IMT-2000 [7]. Since then, EDGE development has been
concurrently carried out in ETSI and UWCC to guarantee a high degree of synergy
with both GSM and TDMA/136. The standardization roadmap for EDGE is based on two
phases. In the first phase the emphasis has been placed on EGPRS (enhanced GPRS) and
ECSD (enhanced circuit-switched data). Both were targeted in ETSI for standards release
1999 with products to follow shortly afterwards. The second phase of EDGE is concerned
with the improvements for multimedia and real-time services.
In speech planned TDMA/136 or GSM network there is typically a distribution of user
signal to interference ratio (SIR), where almost all users have an SIR above an operating
point. Speech users do not normally gain from being above this threshold. The principle of
EDGE is to utilize this excessive SIR to increase bit rates and spectral efficiency. This is
accomplished by the use of higher order modulation (8PSK) in combination with a control
mechanism for adapting the bit rate to the channel conditions. This control mechanism is
called link quality control (LQC).
The EDGE concept and various aspects of its link and system performance have been
described in the literature [8-16]. Although EDGE phase 1 supports both circuit-switched
and packet-switched services, this chapter focuses on the packet-switched part, enhanced
GPRS (EGPRS), which is based as much as possible on GPRS.

16.3

PHYSICAL LAYER

The EDGE air interface is based on the air interface of GSM. Higher order modulation,
8PSK, is introduced with as few changes of the parameters as possible.

16.3 PHYSICAL LAYER

16.3.1

321

TDMA Format and Modulation

The GSM carrier spacing is 200 kHz, and each carrier is divided into eight time slots,
according to Figure 16.1. Within each time slot a burst is transmitted, consisting of payload
symbols, training symbols, and tail symbols according to Figure 16.2. The symbol rate is
13/48 MHz ~ 271 kHz. The bursts in GSM are modulated with binary GMSK, and hence
one symbol corresponds to one bit. Each burst contains 2 x 58 bits, and the gross bit rate is
23.2kbps.
In EDGE linear 8PSK is introduced using the same burst format, thus giving
3 x 2 x 58 = 348 payload bits per burst. The gross bit rate becomes 69.6kbps, which
is three times the gross bit rate of GSM. Since 8PSK is less robust than GMSK, EDGE
adapts the modulation (GMSK or 8PSK) to the current radio and interference situation. As
will be shown later, the amount of channel coding applied is also adapted to suit the
channel conditions . The 8PSK symbol constellation is shown in Figure 16.3. Three bits are
Gray mapped to one symbol.
To keep the 200-kHz carrier spacing the modulation is partial response, that is,
intersymbol interference (lSI) is introduced on the transmitter side. The pulse shape
used is a linearized GMSK pulse [12] (see Figure 16.4), which gives approximately the
same spectrum and lSI in a receiver as normal GMSK.
However, nonideal power amplifiers will distort the spectrum more for 8PSK than for
GMSK, and hence the spectrum requirements are slightly relaxed compared to the GMSK

_1...-......I.---:,..L-_..J....:=--I...-......I._...J...._One carrier

r-<=--.--r----r--r---r-,---,....:::::.., TDMA frame

'--...J...._.L..--+_~---L._..L...---'---'4.615

ms

Time slot
0.577 ms

FIGURE 16.1 TDMA frame structure of GSM and EDGE.

3

58

lJL.....

Data

26

58

~---"""f]l
Data

--1lJ

FIGURE 16.2 Burst format of GSM and EDGE.

(d 3i , d 3i+ } . d 3i+ 2 ) =
(0,0,0)

(0, 1,0)

(0,0, 1)

FIGURE 16.3 8PSK symbol constellation with Gray mapping of bits to symbols as in EDGE.

322

EDGE: ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM AND TDMA/ 136 EVOLUTION

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
OJ

"0
:J

=E. 0.5
E

<{

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2 .5

Symbol per iods

FIGURE 16.4 Pulse used for 8PSK in EDGE. The power spectrum and the amount of lSI are
approximately the same as for GMSK.

requirements. GMSK is a constant-amplitude modulation, which enables efficient power

amplifiers . 8PSK on the other hand has amplitude variations, the peak to average is 3.2 dB.
For a given power amplifier this means that the maximum average output power for 8PSK
is lower than the maximum average output power of GMSK. The difference is called
average power decrease (APD) and could be in the order of 2 to 4 dB. Note, however, that
this only is valid for the maximum power. If power control is used and the used power is
less than the maximum possible, there should not be any difference between 8PSK and
GMSK power.
To avoid zero crossings in the 8PSK symbol constellation , and thereby reducing the
requirements on the power amplifier, a continuous rotation of 3rr/8 radians is applied.
Actually any odd times rr/8 rotation would have achieved the same thing, but for reasons
explained below, 3rr/8 rotation gives better blind detection performance.

16.3.2

Blind Detection of Modulation

The eight binary training sequences of GSM (each 26 bits long) are reused for 8PSK in
terms of symbols , that is, only two symbols of the eight are used during the training
sequence , according to Figure 16.5.
Since EDGE utilizes both GMSK and 8PSK, the receiver needs to be able to handle
both. In a radio environment with rapid quality changes, the modulation can be changed

16.4 LINK LAYER

GMSK
Train ing
Symbols

8PSK
Train ing
Symbols

323

FIGURE 16.5 Training symbols for 8PSK.

dynamically and often. To signal such a change to the receiver in advance is undesired .
Instead the receiver can exploit the fact that the same training sequences are used, but with
a different constellation rotation. If the receiver makes a conventional linearized approximation of the GMSK modulation, the corresponding binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
constellation will be rotated with n/2 radians, while the 8PSK constellation is rotated with
3n /8 radians. This rotation factor can be identified during channel estimation, and thus the
modulation format is detected by the receiver before the actual equalization. This is called
blind detection of modulation, and the performance of this procedure depends on the cross
correlation between a training sequence with the different rotations . For the specific GSM
training sequences 3n /8 rotation for 8PSK gives better performance than any other kn/8
rotation where k is odd.

16.3.3 Channel Coding

Although channel coding is a part of the physical layer, it is also related to the link layer for
EDGE, and therefore it is described in the link layer section below. Basically the channel
coding for EGPRS is based on punctured convolutional codes, where the puncturing is
used to adapt the code rate to the channel quality. Enhanced circuit-switched data (ECSD)
also utilizes Reed Solomon codes.

16.3.4 Physical Layer Performance

For GMSK it is common to use a full state equalizer, that is, a MLSE or a MAP receiver.
However, for 8PSK this is unfeasible . Instead suboptimal receivers must be used. Since
8PSK is more sensitive to residual interference due to lSI not covered by the equalizer, the
equalizing window for 8PSK needs to be larger than for GMSK, even if the symbol rate is
the same. In Figure 16.6 the performance for the two different modulations, with an
exemplary receiver for 8PSK, is shown. The receiver used in these simulations is lowcomplex and straightforward, and the performance of commercial receivers is expected to
be significantly better.

16.4 LINK LAYER

The link layer contains automatic repeat request (ARQ) procedures and ways of adapting
the bit rate to the channel quality, that is, link quality control (LQc). Both functions
depend on the service type (e.g., packet-switched bearers or circuit-switched bearers) and

324

EDGE: ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM AND TDMA/136 EVOLUTION

100 r--

----r--

- ,-

-,--

- --

-,--

GMSK
- - 8PSK , simple receiver

OJ

Cil

-:......... .

a:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~

10.4

L-

----'

10

'"

r-;

-'-

---L

--'-_::>..-_ _-----.J

15

20

25

C/I [dB]

30

FIGURE 16.6 Performance for GMSK and 8PSK. The figures show the uncoded bit error rate for
a low dispersive channel (typical urban profile).

are therefore described separately for these two cases. The channel coding is furthermore
connected to the LQC, especially for EGPRS, and is therefore also described in the
following sections.

16.4.1

Enhanced GPR5-EGPRS

EGPRS is a natural extension of GPRS, providing the packet switching of GPRS, but with
higher data rates. Since the 8PSK modulation is more susceptible to noise and interference
than GMSK, there is a need to adapt the transmission scheme used to the interference
situation. This is essential for providing to each user the maximum throughput that the
rapidly changing conditions allow at the moment. The LQC is also the main reason why
the EDGE RLC protocol is somewhat different from the corresponding GPRS protocol.
EGPRS uses a combination of two methods : link adaptation (LA) and incremental
redundancy (IR) for link quality. In short IR provides better performance than LA in most
cases but is also more complex to implement, which is more elaborated in Eriksson [11].
The two methods and how they are used for EGPRS are described in the following
sections.

16.4

LINK LAYER

325

Link Adaptation A pure LA scheme [18,19] uses a set of type I hybrid ARQ schemes
with different coding rates R and modulations, in the sequel called modulation and coding
schemes (MCSs). A type I hybrid ARQ uses a forward error correcting (FEC) code to
correct errors in blockwise encoded data, and additionally an ARQ mechanism to
retransmit remaining erroneous blocks, detected by a frame check sequence (FCS). The
channel quality is estimated continuously, and the MCS maximizing the link bit rate at the
moment is chosen. Link adaptation in this way is introduced already in GPRS.
Incremental Redundancy In a pure IR scheme [20], a fixed type II hybrid ARQ
scheme is used. The type II hybrid ARQ scheme first encodes a block of data with some
low rate FEC code. Only a part of this codeword (a subblock) is transmitted initially,
yielding some initial code rate R 1 (possibly, R 1 == 1). For erroneously decoded blocks,
detected by an FCS, transmission of additional redundancy subblocks from the same
codeword is requested, received, and combined with the first subblock, yielding a lower
code rate R 1+2' This procedure is repeated until decoding succeeds, giving a stepwise
increment of the amount of redundancy, or, equivalently, a decrement of the code rate
R I +...+i
Link Quality Control (LQC) for EGPRS A flexible LQC solution has been chosen
for EGPRS, enabling pure LA, but also IR with different initial rates, and dynamic
adaptation between all modes. The scheme enables a range of solutions with different
trade-offs between complexity and performance [11]. The solution is as follows:
Nine MCSs are used, five using 8PSK and four using GMSK, each of which can be
used in both LA and IR mode. The maximum bit rate (i.e., the bit rate after channel
decoding without errors) ranges from 8.4 to 59.2 kbps. Some parameters for the MCSs are
listed in Table 16.1.
For each MCS, an R == convolutionally encoded data block is divided into n subblocks
(where n is .either 2 or 3) by puncturing with n puncturing patterns, PI' ... .P; (Figure
16.7). Initially, the subblock SI corresponding to PI is transmitted. On retransmission, one
additional subblock S, corresponding to PJ is transmitted, where i == 2, ... , n, 1, 2, ....
Since each subblock for a given MCS is by itself a decodeable codeword, with the rate

TABLE 16.1 Parameters for MCS-1 to MCS-9 of the EGPRS LQC Scheme
Scheme

Modulation

MCS-9
MCS-8
MCS-7
MCS-6
MCS-5
MCS-4
MCS-3
MCS-2
MCS-1

8PSK

GMSK

Code rates less than

Maximum
Rate (kbps)

R1

R 1 +R2

R1+R2+R3

59.2
54.4
44.8
29.6
22.4
16.8
14.8
11.2
8.4

1.0
0.92
0.76
0.49
0.37
1.0
0.85
0.66
0.53

0.5
0.46
0.38
0.24G
0.19a
0.5
0.42
0.33
0.26a

0.33
0.31 G
0.25G

t are obtained by repetition.

0.33
0.28G

326

EDGE: ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM AND TDMA/136 EVOLUTION

",'
",'

,,,,.,,,,

-:

-:

.: .:

",'

-:

.:J

",'

"',

"

"

R==1/3 convolutional code

"

-.

"'"

Code word
\

puncturing

\
\
\
'J

FIGURE 16.7 Encoding and subblock puncturing for the EGPRS LQC scheme.

R 1 == ... == R n , the receiver can either discard or keep old subblocks when requesting
retransmissions, thereby utilizing type I or type II hybrid ARQ.
Always altering in a cyclic manner among the subblocks Si for an MCS enables the
receiver to switch between combining and noncombining mode without notifying the
transmitter. Thus, if the receiver temporarily enters noncombining mode due to lack of
memory, IR operation will be possible as soon as memory is available again.
The network controls the choice of MCS in both uplink and downlink, based on the
channel quality measured by the receivers. If IR combining is used in the receiver, this
choice can be more aggressive, that is, less robust schemes can be used for a given channel
quality.
The quality of the downlink is periodically reported to the network by the mobile. The
short-term variations are typically faster than the reporting period. Therefore, there is a
need to average the measures over time.

16.4.2 Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data

Enhanced circuit-switched data (ECSD) is a continuation of GSM's HSCSD. ECSD
provides higher data rates per timeslot than HSCSD by utilizing the 8PSK modulation. In
EDGE phase I, no extra ECSD service will be introduced compared to HSCSD, but by
utilizing ECSD, the same data rates as in HSCSD could be achieved while using fewer
time slots.
TABLE 16.2 Enhanced circuit-switched schemes
Scheme
ECSD TCS-l
ECSD TCS-2
ECSD TCS-3
a

Modulation
8PSK

Radio Interference
Rate (kbps)

Code Rate

29.0
32.0
43.5

0.419
0.462
0.629

T means transparent service and NT denotes nontransparent service.

Service
TypeQ
NT/T
T

NT

16.5

EGPRS PERFORMANCE

327

The set of new coding schemes (Table 16.2) introduced in ECSD covers both
transparent and nontransparent services. For the nontransparent services, the same ARQ
mechanism as for HSCSD applies also for ECSD.
The new coding schemes introduced in ECSD all utilize the 8PSK modulation and
make use of the same convolutional code polynomials as EGPRS . On top of that, the
lowest ECSD code rates have been provided with a Reed Solomon code on top of the
convolutional code. In a similar way as for GPRS and EGPRS, link adaptation is included
in the ECSD concept to provide for usage of the most efficient coding scheme.

16.5 EGPRS PERFORMANCE

The downlink performance in a multiple cell network with dynamic packet traffic is
evaluated by means of simulations. A standard three-sector frequency reuse pattern is used,
using only three carriers in total. The time step of the simulator is 5 ms (corresponding to
one burst) and the users produce packets according to a measurement-based Worldwide
Web (WWW) traffic model. Queuing in the system is modeled . Finally, multipath fading is
modeled on system level. More assumptions and details about the results can be found in
Furuskar et al. [10]. Three different scenarios have been studied. First, EGPRS using the
incremental redundancy and link adaptation mode is compared. Then, as a reference, a
comparison to standard GPRS is also made.
0.5 r - --

-,--

, -- ----,-

-,----

-,------,--

-,--

- - r r - ----,

0.45

~c 0.35
OJ

OJ

~ 0.3

o0>

Standar
. . . . . . . d. . GPR
. . . . .S. .

~ 0.25

'"

Qi

"0

]j
o

0.2

.. 12 .

'"

C.
"0

24

.~ 0.15
Cii
E

....44 ..

40

0.1

0.05

oL-_ _ -'-0.1
o

16

-'--__--'0.2

0.3

-'--_ _ ---'

-'-

0.4

0.6

0.5

L -_ _-=-'

0.7

0.8

spectra l effic iency [bps/Hz/site]

FIGURE 16.8 System capacity in terms of spectral efficiency vs. packet quality in terms of
normalized delay (the offered load is also given as number of user per sector).

328

EDGE : ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM AND TDMA /136 EVOLUTION

100 i - - - - - - , - - - - ' T - - - - , - - - - - - - - - ,-

---,= ==::""?1

90
80
70
60

u,

ci

50

40
30
20

10
o L.-~-=::::~=t:::::::.:..

L_

----L

L_

----L

10(80)
20(160)
30(240)
40(320)
50(400)
Ave rage packet bitrate per user per timeslot (bitrate per 8 timeslots in brackets) [kbps]

----.J

60(480)

FIGURE 16.9 Average packet bit rate per user distributions at load limits. The bit rate figures are
per time slot, supplemented by corresponding figures per eight time slots.

Used performance measures are normalized delay (i.e., the average packet delay in
seconds per kilobit) and average packet bit rate (i.e., the average bit rate per user).
Furthermore system load in terms of spectral efficiency (bps/Hz/site) is used. The more
spectrum-efficient a system is, the higher system load is possible at a certain user
performance (delay or throughput) or vice versa.
Figure 16.8 shows the spectral efficiency plotted against the 90th percentile of the
normalized delay. It is seen that considerably higher spectral efficiencies are achieved
using the incremental redundancy mode than when using the link adaptation mode.
Assuming a delay requirement of 0.15 s/kbit at the 90th percentile (90% of the packets
having a total delay of less than 0.15 kbps), a spectral efficiency of 0.60 bps /Hz/si te (one
site comprises three sectors) is obtained in the incremental redundancy mode. This
corresponds to a 70% gain over the link adaptation mode achieving 0.35 bps /Hz /si te.
Even higher spectral efficiencies can be achieved if higher normalized delays can be
accepted for the worst packets. At 0.4 kbps a spectral efficiency of 0.70 bps /Hz /si te is
reached, correspond ing to a gain of 55% over the link adaptation mode. Compared to
standard GPRS, the EGPRS spectral efficiency for the same delay requirement is
approximately tripled.
The distribution of average packet bit rate per user per 1 (8) time slots is plotted in
Figure 16.9. First, a case with offered loads that result in normalized delays just around
0.15 kbps is studied. Notice the significant increase in packet bit rate when EDGE is
introduced compared to standard GPRS. For the link adaptation case, at the studied offered

REFERENCES

329

load (LA 24 curve, 24 being the number of users per sector), it is seen that approximately
50/0 of the users achieve a packet bit rate exceeding 48 kbps per time slot (384 kbps per 8
time slots), and that 84% of the users achieve a packet bit rate exceeding 18 kbps per time
slot (144 kbps per 8 time slots). Using incremental redundancy, at the higher load limit of
40 users per sector, it is seen that (IR 40 curve), 10% of the users achieve a packet bit rate
exceeding 48 kbps per time slot (384 kbps per 8 time slots), and that 86% of the users
achieve a packet bit rate exceeding 18 kbps per time slot (144 kbps per 8 time slots).
It is also interesting to investigate how incremental redundancy affects the user data
rates for the same offered load. The IR 24 curve shows the user data rates achieved at the
load limit for the link adaptation case. It is seen that considerably higher rates are achieved:
48 (384)kbps is now reached by 20% of the users, whereas 95% reach 18 (144)kbps. Also
notice the steeper cummulative distribution function (CDF) of the incremental redundancy
operation, indicating a more fair system behavior.

16.6

CONCLUSIONS

EDGE is a common evolution of GSM and IS/136, providing third-generation services.

Both packet-switched services (EGPRS) and circuit-switched services (ECSD) are
provided. Depending on how the link layer protocol is used, the spectral efficiency of
an EDGE packet data service can be twice or three times that of GPRS.

Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank Christer Edholm, Stefan Eriksson,

Anders Furuskar, Sara Mazur, Frank Muller, and Hakan Olofsson for their large
contributions to this chapter.

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EDGE: ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM AND TDMA/136 EVOLUTION

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~

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