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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF

THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING


TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM
REMOTE SENSING SOURCES

Lesslie A

Hydrodynamic modelling of the 2003 Nuna river flood


using terrain information obtained from remote sensing
sources
by
Lesslie A

Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science
and Earth Observation, Specialisation: (Geo-Hazards)

Thesis Assessment Board

Supervisors

Chairman:

Dr V Hari Prasad (IIRS)


Drs. D. (Dinand) Alkema (ITC)

External
Examiner :
IIRS Member :
Supervisor :

Prof. Dr. V.G. (Victor) Jetten (ITC)


Dr. C.J. (Cees) van Westen (ITC)
Dr. S.K Jain (NIH)
Dr. S.P Agarwal (IIRS)
Dr. V. Hari Prasad (IIRS)

iirs
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF REMOTE SENSING, DEHRADUN, INDIA
&
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH
OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS

I certify that although I may have conferred with others in preparing for this assignment and
drawn upon a range of sources cited in this work, the content of this thesis is my original
work.
Signed

Disclaimer
This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International
Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein
remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

ii

Dedicated to

My Parents

iii

Abstract
In India, flood is the most devastating and frequently occurring natural hazardous event. In 1976
Government of India, has constituted Rashtriya Barh Ayog (RBA - National Flood Commission). It
was reported that 400,000 km2 geographical area is prone to floods, constituting about 12% of the
countrys geographical area. Severe floods occurred in 1978 affecting 175,000 km2 area. Hence it is
important and necessary to take up flood studies and improve the techniques to understand flood
dynamics so as to facilitate planning appropriate remedial measures.
The floodplain mapping for riverine floods using geoinformation has many limitations. It is difficult to
use optical remote sensing data, due to cloud cover and digital classification is difficult with
microwave remote sensing data. To overcome these limitations, the simulation of flood event using
MIKE FLOOD hydrodynamic 1D / 2D model is carried out in this study. From the available literature
and field data, it became clear that the digital representation of the terrain with high level of accuracy
is a primary input for hydrodynamic model. Hence different methods were investigated in this study to
generate accurate surface model using RS imagery from CartoSat-1/TERRA-ASTER satellites. The
study mainly focus on defining optimum resolution of Digital surface model (DSM) derived using
CartoSat-1 / TERRA-ASTER datasets to run the Hydrodynamic (HD) model, describe methodology to
downgrade the high resolution elevation information without loosing the exact elevation of critical
flow-influencing objects like dikes, embankments, etc. and identify the most reliable data source to
calibrate the flood model in Indian conditions.
Kendrapara district in Orissa state, located close to Bay of Bengal coast experiences floods every
year. During August September 2003 one of the major flood events occurred in the district for Nuna
- Barandia Rivers. The same event was taken up for simulation of HD model. In this region, in spite
of flood protection works (dikes) severe floods occur, mainly due to excess flow of water in the river.
Hence accurate surface model of the region becomes the basic requirement for this study.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) survey was conducted in differential mode to generate a library
of Ground Control Points (GCPs) to be used in surface model generation. Using CartoSat-1 satellite
data DSMs were derived using automatic DSM extraction tools of Leica Photogrammetry Suite (LPS)
at different resolutions (10m, 12.5m, 15m, 17.5, & 20m). DSMs of 15m, 30m and 45m resolution were
generated from ASTER using Topographic tools of ENVI. For a better representation of features that
influence flow of water, break line in stereo point measurement tool is used to generate DSM. The
study also tried to address the problems of using derived DSM for hydrodynamic model, since WGS
84 datum (used for DSM generation) is 60m above mean sea level (MSL) in the study area.
Using the elevation statistics, validation and examining the flow influencing feature representation in
different resolutions of derived DSM, defining the optimum CartoSat-1/TERRA-ASTER surface
model resolution to run HD model becomes a distinct possibility. By using array of points in GIS, the
high-resolution elevation information was downgraded from 10m to 30m and 300m resolutions
iv

without losing the exact information of critical flow-influencing objects like dikes, embankments, etc.
The Flood event was simulated using MIKE FLOOD for river and floodplain with the downgraded
surface models of 30m and 300m resolutions. The calibration of HD model was carried out by
comparison of the flood extent derived using the MIKE FLOOD model with Radarsat-1 satellite data
and filed data.
From this study it was concluded that the DSM derived from CartoSat-1 satellite data was much better
surface model when compared to TERRA-ASTER surface model. The optimum resolution of
CartoSat-1 surface model was found to be 10m derived using break lines in stereo point measurement
tool and 15m using classical point measurement tool of LPS. The 30m and 300m downgraded
resolution DSMs were compared to source 10m DSM for representation of Shape and elevation for
flow influencing objects on surface models. The result showed that the 30m resolution DSM
represents better shape and elevation compared to 300m resolution. The simulation of flood model on
300m resolution for the entire event was simulated for floodplain. In case of rivers, simulation was
carried out using 26 cross sections at every 1.5km along the river system. The overtopping of river
levees (MIKE 11) and flood extent on floodplain (MIKE 21) were validated with RadarSat-1 satellite
data of 4th and 11th September, 2003 and found to be representing 63% and 50% inundation extent
respectively. The variation of flood depth using the MIKE FLOOD model and ground data collected in
6 villages in the study area was analyzed. The comparison of flood depth on 30m and 300m-flood
simulation with field data was carried out for Bachharai Village. The calibrated peak flood depth of
the event was found to be 1.5m less than that of field data on 300m grid. For 30m resolution
simulation, flood depth was found to be 1.5m more than that recorded in the field data.
Keywords: Hydrodynamic modeling, DSM, CartoSat-1, GPS, MIKE FLOOD, MIKE 11, MIKE 21.

Acknowledgements
There are lots of people I would like to thank for a huge variety of reasons. I would like to express my deep debt
of gratitude to my IIRS Supervisor Dr. V. Hari Prasad, I/C Water Resource Division, Indian Institute of
Remote Sensing, Dehradun, for his motivation to do this work, I also have to appreciate for his caring nature
which helped me to approach him for suggestion that made to complete the task at easy. I would like to thank
my ITC Supervisor Drs. D. (Dinand) Alkema, who gave a free hand to implement my ideas, guide me to give
shape to the thesis work.
My sincere thanks to Dr. K. Radhakrisnan, Director, NRSA, for allowed me to take up this course at IIRS,
former director NRSA Dr. R.R. Navalgund who has shown keen interest in me and suggested to join this
programme at IIRS, I sincerely thank Dr. P.S. Roy Dy. Director-AA, NRSA for his support, encouragement and
guidance to do this course. Dr. A. Perumal, GH NRSA for his support and Dr. M.V. Ravi Kumar for support
and guidance during the course. Dr. V.K. Dadhwal, Dean IIRS who has guided me to join the MSc programme
at IIRS. His sound technical comments helped me in building the concepts during the course period, Dr. George
Joseph Director CSSTEAP, Dr. S.K. Saha and Dr. Yogesh kant who permitted me to work at research
laboratory, extend their possible help and guidance for the thesis work. My Sincere thanks to Mr. Ashutosh
Bhardwaj for help and guidance in GPS data collection during my absence and Mr. Praveen Thakur for his
technical support during my course work. Both scientists shown a lot of interest in my thesis work, without
which it would havent possible to complete in short course of time, Dr. S.P. Agarwal, who always encouraged
me in my course study. My thanks are due to Mr. I.C. Das, course coordinator for his support during this course
period. My thanks are due to Dr. SVC Kameswar Rao for guiding me to take-up this programme and moral
support to my parents during my stay at IIRS and ITC. My thanks are due to Mr. K. Kalyanaraman. GM
(AS&DM), NRSA and Mr. V. Raghu Venkataraman, Head, AS&DPD, NRSA for permit me to carryout task
at AS&DM, NRSA. My thanks to Mr. P. Sreenivas and Mr. Narendran, scientists from NRSA, who helped
me in complete task at NRSA, Mr. G.V. Hari Kishore and Mr. Vijay Kumar for their help on DSM
generation, during my short stay at NRSA.
My thanks are due to ITC for providing me fellowship to undergo part of the programme at ITC, The
Netherlands. I would like express deepest gratitude to Dr. C.J. (Cees) van Westen, Dr. P.M. (Paul) van Dijk,
Ms. Drs. N.C. (Nanette) Kingma, Dr. E.M. (Ernst) Schetselaar, Drs. R.P.G.A. (Robert) Voskuil; Prof. Dr.
F.D. (Freek) van der Meer; Prof. Dr. V.G. (Victor) Jetten and many more who made my stay at ITC nice and
fruitful. My special thanks to Dr. D.G. (David) Rossiter and Drs. M.C.J. (Michiel) Damen for support and
suggestion during mid-term evaluation at IIRS.
My thanks are due to Mr. Ajay Pradhan and Mr. Rashmi Ranjan Patra of DHI, India for their support in
providing the software and valuable suggestion made easy to execute the model.
It feels great to have such nice colleagues and friends, also greatly honoured to be among them, Mr. Prashanth
Kawishwar, Mr. Shivraj Ghorpade, Mr. Virat Sukla, Mr. Rajeev RK Nair, Mr. Pankaj Sharma, Mr.
Rajesh Bhakar, Miss. Divyani Kohli, Mrs. Sreyasi Maiti, Miss. Chandrama Dey, Miss. Surabhi Kuthari,
Miss. Anandita Sengupta, Mr. Vinod Nautiyal and Mr. Bernard Majani for their support during my stay at
IIRS. My thanks are due to supporting staff at IIRS, Mr. Vijay Pal Singh, Mr. B.K. Payal, Mr. Param Jeet
Singh, Mr. Kailash and many more have supported me during my stay at IIRS.
vi

List of CONTENTS:
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................. vi
List of CONTENTS:.......................................................................................................................... vii
List of TABLES .................................................................................................................................. ix
List of FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................x
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1
1.1.
Research background ............................................................................................................1
1.1.1. Hydrodynamic model .......................................................................................................2
1.1.2. Elevation data ...................................................................................................................2
1.1.3. Satellite stereo pair ...........................................................................................................2
1.1.4. Global Positioning system (GPS):....................................................................................3
1.2.
Floods in India: .....................................................................................................................4
1.3.
Flood events in the Mahanadi delta: .....................................................................................5
1.4.
Problem Statement ................................................................................................................7
1.5.
Hypothesis ............................................................................................................................7
1.6.
Objectives .............................................................................................................................7
1.7.
Research Questions...............................................................................................................8
1.8.
Thesis outline ........................................................................................................................8
2. Literature Review.........................................................................................................................9
2.1.
Concepts of Geohazards .......................................................................................................9
2.2.
Floods....................................................................................................................................9
2.3.
Floods in India ....................................................................................................................10
2.4.
Geoinformation in flood studies .........................................................................................10
2.4.1. Role of Remote Sensing .................................................................................................11
2.5.
Hydrodynamic modeling for Flood studies ........................................................................14
2.5.1. 1D Hydrodynamic modelling .........................................................................................15
2.5.2. 2D Hydrodynamic modelling .........................................................................................16
2.5.3. Integrated 1D / 2D Hydrodynamic modelling ................................................................16
3. Study Area ..................................................................................................................................18
3.1.
Introduction to study area ...................................................................................................18
3.2.
Mahanadi basin ...................................................................................................................19
3.3.
Location of study area.........................................................................................................20
3.4.
Salient features of the study area ........................................................................................20
3.5.
Water Level and Location of Gauging station on Study area .............................................21
4. Methods and Material................................................................................................................22
4.1.
Introduction to the research methodolgy ............................................................................22
4.2.
DSM generation using stereo satellite imagery ..................................................................23
4.2.1. Field Visit related: ..........................................................................................................24
4.2.2. Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation: .....................................................................26
4.2.3. Datum transfer (Common datum)...................................................................................28
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4.2.4. Generation of River Cross sections ................................................................................31


4.2.5. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation for river course .........................................32
4.2.6. Downgrading the resolution of Digital surface model ...................................................33
4.2.7. Generation of Land use / Land cover map......................................................................33
4.2.8. Generation of Flood Inundation map..............................................................................33
4.3.
Hydrodynamic Modeling ....................................................................................................33
4.3.1. MIKE 11.........................................................................................................................34
4.3.2. MIKE 21.........................................................................................................................35
4.3.3. MIKE FLOOD (Integrated MIKE 11 & MIKE 21) .......................................................36
5. Results and Discussion ...............................................................................................................37
5.1.
Introduction.........................................................................................................................37
5.2.
Geoinformation (DEM reconstruction)............................................................................37
5.2.1. Field Visit .......................................................................................................................37
5.2.2. Datum transfer (Common datum)...................................................................................47
5.2.3. Generation of River cross sections .................................................................................51
5.2.4. Digital Elevation Model generation River...................................................................54
5.2.5. Downgrading the resolution of Digital surface model ...................................................54
5.2.6. Generation of Mannings n using Land use / Land cover map....................................57
5.2.7. Generation of Flood Inundation map..............................................................................59
5.3.
Hydrodynamic modelling ...................................................................................................59
5.3.1. MIKE 11.........................................................................................................................60
5.3.2. MIKE 21.........................................................................................................................77
5.3.3. MIKE FLOOD (Integrated MIKE 11 & MIKE 21) .......................................................79
5.3.4. Flood inundation results of MIKE FLOOD model.........................................................79
5.3.5. Calibration of Field (interview) data with Flood model results......................................80
5.3.6. Comparison of flood model with visually interpreted data and Satellite data................82
6. Conclusion and Recommandation ............................................................................................89
Reference.............................................................................................................................................91

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List of TABLES
Table 1-1: The details of the floods in 2003 in Orissa state ...................................................................... 6
Table 1-2: Table showing the Damage to Government Property.................................................................... 6
Table 2-1: Summary of ASTER DEM generation and accuracy assessment for the study area .. 14
Table 3-1: Gauge Stations on the Mahanadi river ................................................................................... 20
Table 3-2: Details of the Gauging station on Nuna River ....................................................................... 21
Table 5-1: Ambiguity resolved Ground Control Points................................................................................. 38
Table 5-2: Results of Post-processing .............................................................................................................. 39
Table 5-3: Accuracy of Post-processed points ................................................................................................ 40
Table 5-4: Elevation validation of TERRA ASTER DSM using GCPs..................................................... 42
Table 5-5: Elevation validation of CartoSat-1 DSM using GCPs ................................................................. 43
Table 5-6: Statistics of the validated points .................................................................................................... 43
Table 5-7: Statistics of the elevation profiles of DSMs ................................................................................. 45
Table 5-8: Values of converted heights............................................................................................................ 47
Table 5-9: Mean difference table for the GCPs used to generate Digital surface model ............................ 48
Table 5-10: Height from MSL vis--vis GPS ellipsoidal (WGS 84) .............................................................. 50
Table 5-11: Height difference between the levees.......................................................................................... 50
Table 5-12: Comparison of the different methods for datum transfer......................................................... 51
Table 5-13: Table showing allotted manning coefficient................................................................................ 58
Table 5-14: Discharge in the river system ....................................................................................................... 69
Table 5-15: Water depth and flood depth in the simulated river system on 4th September, 2003 and 11th
September, 2003 ........................................................................................................................... 70
Table 5-16: Extreme water depth in the river for the event .......................................................................... 74
Table 5-17: Extreme discharge in the river for the event .............................................................................. 75
Table 5-18: Extreme flood depth in the river for the event ........................................................................... 76
Table 5-19: Overtopping of the floodwater at the cross sections over the levees......................................... 77
Table 5-20: Effect of floodwater depth with resolution ................................................................................. 88

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List of FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Diagram of the imaging geometry for ASTER along-track stereo ............................................. 3
Figure 1-2: Diagram of the imaging geometry for CartoSat-1 along-track stereo........................................ 3
Figure 2-1: Orientation of PAN cameras on Cartosat 1 satellite ............................................................... 13
Figure 3-1: Location map of the Study area .............................................................................................. 18
Figure 3-2: Mahanadi river basin ................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 3-3: CartoSat-1 data of the study area .......................................................................................... 20
Figure 3-4: Location of the Gauging Stations on the Study area.......................................................... 21
Figure 4-1: Showing flowchart of the methodology ....................................................................................... 22
Figure 4-2: Map showing proposed Ground Control Point used during the Field Survey ........................ 24
Figure 4-3: Locations of the Ground Control Point on the cartoSat-1 Satellite data and some respective
photographs of the stationed Rover ............................................................................................. 25
Figure 4-4: Profile line divided into 50m Length............................................................................................ 28
Figure 4-5: Point layer along the Profile line -1.............................................................................................. 28
Figure 4-6: Datum transfer for the study area ............................................................................................... 29
Figure 4-7: Offset method to transfer the datum ........................................................................................... 30
Figure 4-8: Feature identification method to bring the databases to a common datum............................. 31
Figure 4-9: Elevation information for editing................................................................................................. 32
Figure 4-10: Spatial databases generated to derive river DEM for MIKE 21 model ................................. 33
Figure 5-1: Digital Surface Model generated using 15m resolution of TERRA - ASTER ......................... 41
Figure 5-2: Digital surface model of 10m, 12.5m, 15m, 17.5m & 20m resolution using Classical point
measurement tool........................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 5-3: Map showing the Digital Surface Model generated using LPS terrain editor ...................... 42
Figure 5-4: Profile comparison of Digital Surface Models between CartoSat-1, TERRA ASTER and
SRTM model .................................................................................................................................. 44
Figure 5-5: Correlation among the flow influencing structures in HRS data and different Surface models
........................................................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 5-6: Polynomial equation for best curve fit......................................................................................... 49
Figure 5-7: Extracted elevation information from the Digital Surface Model ............................................ 52
Figure 5-8: The Attribute data generated to apply in Hydrodynamic model.............................................. 53
Figure 5-9: Cross section information in MIKE 11........................................................................................ 54
Figure 5-10: Digital elevation model generated using river cross-section.................................................... 54
Figure 5-11: Grid point method of downgrading the surface model resolution .......................................... 55
Figure 5-12: Map of Downgraded DSM in the form of bathymetry grid on 300m cell size of the MIKE 21
file format ....................................................................................................................................... 56
Figure 5-13: Map of Downgraded DSM in the form of bathymetry grid on 30m cell size of the MIKE 21
file format ....................................................................................................................................... 56
Figure 5-14: Effect of Spatial resolution of the downgraded DSM of 30m and 300m from sources DSM
10m .................................................................................................................................................. 57
Figure 5-15: Manning n value map for river generated as resistance map ............................................. 58
Figure 5-16: Manning n value map for flood plain generated as Resistance map .................................. 58
Figure 5-17: Map showing Flood inundation on the 4th September, 2003.................................................... 59
Figure 5-18: Map showing Flood inundation on the 11th September, 2003.................................................. 59
Figure 5-19: Locations of H-point (Cross section) and Q-point (H-Q relation can be obtained)............... 60
x

Figure 5-20: Time series data for Pubansa Gauging station ......................................................................... 60
Figure 5-21: Time series data for Marshaghai Gauging station ................................................................... 61
Figure 5-22: Nuna River system for model simulation .................................................................................. 62
Figure 5-23: GUI showing the verities of each point to generate a spatial network database ................... 62
Figure 5-24: GUI showing branch definition in the river system ................................................................. 63
Figure 5-25: GUI showing the cross section details for building the database ............................................ 64
Figure 5-26: GUI showing the definition of boundary condition for the simulation................................... 64
Figure 5-27: GUI to define the initial water level & discharge (Global / Local) in a and Bed resistance in
Mannings - n................................................................................................................................ 65
Figure 5-28: GUI showing the MIKE 11 set-up files for model simulation.................................................. 66
Figure 5-29: Longitudinal profile of MIKE 11 simulated result of Nuna river on 4th September, 2003 ... 66
Figure 5-30: Longitudinal profile of MIKE 11 simulated result of Barandia river on 4th September, 2003
.................................................................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 5-31: Longitudinal profile of MIKE 11 simulated result of Nuna river on 11th September, 2003. 67
Figure 5-32: Longitudinal profile of MIKE 11 simulated result of Barandia river on 11th September, 2003
....................................................................................................................................................... 68
Figure 5-33: Time series water level before bifurcation of Nuna river ........................................................ 71
Figure 5-34: Time series water level after bifurcation of Nuna river ........................................................... 71
Figure 5-35: Time series water level of Barandia river.................................................................................. 72
Figure 5-36: Time series water level after union of Baandia river into Nuna river .................................... 72
Figure 5-37: Time series discharge in Nuna river for the event.................................................................... 73
Figure 5-38: Time series discharge in Barandia river.................................................................................... 73
Figure 5-39: Bathymetry data generated using simple integration method into MIKE............................. 78
Figure 5-40: GUI showing definition of Lateral Links .................................................................................. 79
Figure 5-41: Flood simulation using MIKE FLOOD model (Figure showing flood inundation situation on
4th September, 2003 @ 12:00 noon) ............................................................................................ 80
Figure 5-42: Flood simulation using MIKE FLOOD model (Figure showing flood inundation situation on
11th September, 2003 @ 12:00 noon) .......................................................................................... 80
Figure 5-43: Overlay of settlement locations on the inundated grid in MIKE results file.......................... 81
Figure 5-44: Comparison of Results with datasets for the event in Bachharai Village............................... 83
Figure 5-45: Comparison of interpreted information to the model output for 4th September, 2003 ......... 83
Figure 5-46: Comparison of interpret information over the model output for 11th September, 2003....... 84
Figure 5-47: Model output overlaid on the RadarSat-1 satellite data for 4th September, 2003 @ 12:00 noon
....................................................................................................................................................... 84
Figure 5-48: Model output overlaid on the RadarSat-1 satellite data for 11th September, 2003 @ 12:00
noon ............................................................................................................................................... 84
Figure 5-49: Velocity along X- direction on 4th of September 2003 at 12:00 noon ...................................... 85
Figure 5-50: Velocity along Y- direction on 4th of September 2003 at 12:00 noon ...................................... 85
Figure 5-51: Velocity along X- direction on 11th of September 2003 at 12:00 noon .................................... 86
Figure 5-52: Velocity along Y- direction on 11th of September 2003 at 12:00 noon .................................... 86
Figure 5-53: Effect of resolution on the Flood inundation in Hydrodynamic model .................................. 87
Figure 5-54: Flood depth for the event on 30m grid size ............................................................................... 88

xi

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

1. Introduction
1.1.

Research background

Geo-Hazards is a potential damaging phenomena or human activity that may cause the loss of life or
injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation on the earths
surface. The natural hazards are in form of flood, landslide, volcano, earthquake, tsunami, cyclone,
drought, etc. In the Asia-Pacific, from 1990 to 2003 there was a economic loss of about US$ 380
billion due to cyclones/floods (57%) and earthquake (37%) (Guoxiang, 2005). During the decade
1993-2002, natural disasters resulted in 531,000 human deaths, 2.5 billion affected people, and US $
654 billion property damage (IOE, 2004).
Flooding is water where it is not wanted and occurs most commonly due to heavy rainfall when
natural watercourses do not have the capacity to convey the excess water. Floods need not necessarily
be caused by heavy rainfall alone. In coastal areas, inundation may occur because of a storm surge,
tsunami, or a high tide coinciding with higher than normal river levels. Storm surges are most
commonly caused by tropical cyclones. A sudden movement in the ocean floor triggers tsunamis, such
as a landslide on the ocean floor or earthquake. Snow melt may also cause flooding in many countries.
Dam failure, triggered for example by an earthquake or poor dam construction, will result in flooding
of the area downstream of a dam. Flooding can occur even in dry weather conditions with the factors
high intensity and long duration of rainfall over the upper part of the catchments / basin; catchments
and weather conditions prior to the rainfall event; ground cover; the capacity of the watercourse or
stream network to convey the runoff and tidal influence.
Riverine flooding occurs in relatively low-lying areas adjacent to streams and rivers. In the flat inland
regions, floods may spread hundreds of square kilometers and last for several weeks, with flood
warnings sometimes issued weeks in advance. In the mountainous and coastal regions, flooding can
occur rapidly and warning times are short, perhaps only a few hours. Flash floods can occur almost
anywhere where there is a relatively short intense burst of rainfall such as during a thunderstorm.
During these events the capacity of the drainage system has insufficient time to cope with the
downpour. Although flash floods are generally localized, they pose a significant threat to the loss of
human life, property, etc because of their unpredictability and the short duration of the event.
The relatively broad and smooth valley floor is formed by an active river system and periodically
covered with floodwater from that river during intervals of over-bank flows. Engineers consider the
floodplain to be any part of the valley floor subject to occasional floods. Various channel
improvements or impoundments may be used to restrict the natural process of over-bank flow.
Geomorphologists consider the floodplain to be a surface that develops by the active erosion and
depositional processes of a river. Floodplains are underlain by a variety of sediments, reflecting the
fluvial history of the valley.

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

Floodplains in many catchments have been extensively encroached upon, thereby increasing the
vulnerability of a number of structures to flooding. In addition, the construction of new structures on
the floodplain in one location can increased flood levels at another location by increasing in the
amount of runoff in the floodplain. Because an area has not been flooded in the past does not
necessarily exclude the possibility of the area being flooded in future. Such scenario studies can be
carried out using hydrodynamic models in combination with geo-information.
1.1.1.

Hydrodynamic model

In the last decade there has been an increase in flood modelling studies, i.e., to simulate the flood
events and study its nature in the laboratory. The Hydrodynamic model in flood simulation is
extensively used and these models provide a library of computational methods for steady and unsteady
flow in branched and looped channel networks as well as flow simulation on flood plains. Today there
is an increase in requirements for accuracy and level of details of flood modelling, which resulted in
the introduction of two-dimensional models, which represent the spatial variations that are resolved
using a two dimensional grid or mesh of flooding on the flood plain. The two-dimensional models do
not always give an accurate and efficient result at narrow rivers, culverts, weirs, etc. So, to over come
this problem a combination of one-dimensional and two-dimensional flood models is used. The
dynamic coupling of one-dimensional and two-dimensional model is run simultaneously with
exchange flow between the models being calculated at each time step.
1.1.2.

Elevation data

The Elevation data of the study area is one of the primary data inputs that describe the variation in
floodplain topography. The hydrodynamic model needs elevation data with very high vertical
accuracy. The sources of elevation information will be the prime concern. The present available
sources of acquiring elevation data are:
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR)
Stereo pair (Satellite/Aerial)
Radio detection and ranging (RADAR)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Total station (an optical instrument used in modern surveying)
1.1.3.

Satellite stereo pair

The elevation data can be acquired from satellite stereo images. The acquisition of images is of two
types. i) The across-track stereoscopy, which acquires data from two different orbits. In this system,
single camera is used, the sensor captures the image of an area and the same area is captured from the
next adjacent orbit with the camera tilted across the orbit. In the second system, i.e., in-track or alongtrack stereoscopy, the images are acquired from the same orbit using, fore and aft cameras fixed in
positions. The latest Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite CartoSat-1 and TERRA-ASTER stereo
images are examples of this type. The image geometry of TERRA-ASTER and also IRS CARTOSAT
1 are shown in Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2 respectively.

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 1-1: Diagram of the imaging geometry for ASTER along-track stereo
Source: (Hiranoa et al., 2002)

Figure 1-2: Diagram of the imaging geometry for CartoSat-1 along-track stereo
Source: Parameters obtained from (Krishnaswamy et al., 2004)
1.1.4.

Global Positioning system (GPS):

The traditional methods of surveying and navigation resorted to field and astronomical observation for
obtaining positional and directional information. The astronomical observation of celestial bodies is
one of the standard methods of obtaining coordinates of a position, which depended on the weather
3

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condition, visibility and expertise of the observer. In early 1960s attempt were made to use space
based artificial satellites. The navigation system along with global positioning system (NAVSTAR
GPS) is a satellite based radio navigation system that provides a three dimensional position and time
information. The NAVSTAR consists of 21 satellites with 3 active spare satellites arranged in orbits to
have at least four satellites visible above the horizon anywhere on the earth at the altitude of 20200 km
from earths surface. GPS satellites transmit two types of code P-code and C/A code with frequencies
of L1=1575.42 MHz and L2=1227.6 MHz. These satellites act as reference points from which the
receivers on the ground reset their position. The navigation principle is based on the measurement of
pseudo ranges between the user and the four satellites. Ground stations precisely monitor the orbit of
every satellite and by measuring the travel time of the signals transmitted from the satellite. The four
distances between receiver and satellites will yield accurate position, direction and speed. Though
three ranging measurements are sufficient for knowing the position, the fourth observation is required
to solve the clock synchronization error between satellite and receiver. The high frequencies L1 and
L2 signal can easily penetrate ionosphere, dual frequency observations are important for large station
separation and for eliminating most of the error parameters. GPS has been designed to provide
navigational accuracy of 10m to 15m and sub-meter can be achieved by using differential mode
(Mathur et al., 2002).

1.2.

Floods in India:

In India, floods constitute the major natural hazard that is most devastating and frequently occurring.
In 1976 Government of India, has constituted Rashtriya Barh Ayog (RBA - National Flood
Commission). It was reported that 400,000 km2 geographical area was prone to flood. The maximum
was in 1978 when 175,000 km2 was affected (Ministry of Water Resources, 2006). From this, it
becomes necessary to work on reducing the loss due to floods and efforts are required to communicate
about the flood to the people. The efforts are also in progress towards developing flood models so as to
predict the occurrence of floods in the floodplain for taking up precautionary measures.
Heavy rains that pour huge quantities of water into rivers and other waterways, making natural
channels unable to carry all the water, usually cause floods. Water flowing over banks or breaching the
banks of water bodies result in the surrounding land to be inundated or flooded. Other causes of floods
include masses of snow melting, high tidal waves, dam break, etc.
The rivers of India can be divided into four groups based on the meteorological, geological and
topographical conditions. These are the Brahmaputra river system, the Ganga river system, the
northwest river system and the central India & Deccan river system (Dhar et al., 2003). Himalayan
rivers are snow fed and maintain a high to medium rate of water flow throughout the year. The heavy
annual average rainfall levels in the Himalayan catchments areas further add to their rates of flow.
During the monsoon months of June to September, the catchments areas are prone to flooding. The
volume of the rain-fed peninsular rivers also increases. Coastal streams, especially in the west, are
short and episodic. Rivers of the inland system, centered in western Rajasthan state, are few and
frequently disappear in years of scant rainfall. The Mahanadi, rising in the state of Chhattisgarh, is an
important river in the state of Orissa. In the upper drainage basin of the Mahanadi, which is centered
on the Chhattisgarh Plain, periodic droughts contrast with the floods in the delta region leading to
damage of crops. Hirakud Dam, constructed in the middle reaches of the Mahanadi, has helped in
alleviating these adverse effects by creating a reservoir.
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1.3.

Flood events in the Mahanadi delta:

In 2001 July, Orissa state had devastating floods with more water being released from the Hirakud
reservoir on the Mahanadi, and heavy rains lashing the catchment areas of the river. Almost 40,000
cumecs of water was discharged from the Naraj gauge station near Cuttack, the figure exceeded the
45,000 cumecs mark in just 6 hours. This has worsened the situation in the coastal districts of Cuttack,
Puri, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara and Jajpur. Over 5 million people have been affected and 9,000
villages were marooned (Das, 2001).
In 2003 September, Orissa state was again affected by floods in the Mahanadi and other rivers, 15
districts have been affected, from 27th of August to 28th of September 2003 with continuous rains in
the upper and lower catchments areas causing flooding of the Mahanadi river system. The situation
was bad in the coastal districts of Cuttack, Puri, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara and Jajpur. The death toll
in the floods has gone up to 13 by September 2nd, 2003. The flood waters have caused breaches on
roads at more than 609 points, affecting communication. Although there had been a slight decrease in
the volume of water passing at Naraj gauge station near Cuttack, the situation did not improve for the
next two days. About 35,000 m3/sec of water was passing at Naraj barrage. Of the total 3,824 affected
villages, 789 were marooned. With the prediction of more rainfall in the State and in Chhattisgarh,
more than 75,000 people have been evacuated. The details about the floods in 2003 in the state of
Orissa are given in Table 1-1. The details of damage to government building / tanks / irrigation
projects in Kendrapara district were shown in the Table 1-2.

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Table 1-1: The details of the floods in 2003 in Orissa state

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Total no. of Districts affected


Total no. of Blocks affected
Total no. of GPs affected
Total no. of villages affected
Villages Marooned
Population affected
Casualties: Human lives lost
Livestock lost
No. of houses damaged
Crop Area affected
No. of people evacuated
No. of Temporary shelters

23
131
1588
6754
1429
35,07,785
56
2226
1,22,641
4388 km2
84,823
299

Table 1-2: Table showing the Damage to Government Property

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

No. of GPs
2
No. of Villages Affected
14
Population Affected
12439
2
Area affected in Km
22.41
No. of School Building
14
Revenue Building
14
Block Building GP
2
Other Department Building
2
Value of Loss in INR
5 Million
Source: (Distrcit Collectorate, 2003)
Note: The hierarchy of the administrative boundaries of India is as follows Country is divided into
states, each state is divided into districts, each district is divided into thesils, each thesil is divided into
blocks, each block is divided into gram panchyats (GP) and each gram panchyat is divided into
villages.
Satellite Remote sensing systems from their vantage position can unambiguously demonstrate the
capability of providing vital information; They provide comprehensive and multi-temporal coverage of
large area in real time and at frequent intervals (Bedient et al., 2003). This technology combined with
real time ground information can be used to monitor, assess and predict the floods.
Remote sensing or Earth Observation System (EOS) and GIS are among many tools available to
disaster management professionals today making effective project planning very much possible and
more accurate now than ever before. Although none of the existing satellites and their sensors has been
designed solely for the purpose of observing natural hazards, the variety of spectral bands in visible
(VIS), near infrared (NIR), infrared (IR), short wave infrared (SWIR), thermal infrared (TIR) and
microwave region. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provide adequate range of wave length (3.75
to 7.5cm) with frequency (5.3GHz) (Lillesand et al., 2000) and allow digital analysis of the data for

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this purpose. Repetitive or multi-temporal coverage is justified on the basis of the need to study
various dynamic phenomena where changes can be identified over time (Nirupama et al., 2002).
Various techniques and methodologies have been developed to capture flood extent and to map the
flooded extent using various data source before, during and after disaster event. These outputs are used
for response and mitigation works. Growing availability of multi-temporal satellite data has increased
opportunities for monitoring large rivers from space. Various passive and active sensors are being used
to identify inundation areas and delineate flood boundaries (Subramanya, 2002).
In the present study, flood event occurred during August September 2003 in Orissa is considered.
Actual flood event started on 28-08-2003 and continued up to 30 days (26-09-2003). This study is an
attempt to use Hydrodynamic model to derive flood inundation extent and its depth. The validations of
the results were done with flood inundation extent derived using remote sensed datasets.

1.4.

Problem Statement

Riverine flood occurs in monsoon season due to heavy rainfall in the upper catchments in the study
area. Since they occur very frequently and disaster event is most devastating, quick mitigation and
response are very much required. In August 2003 there was heavy rainfall in the upper catchment of
Mahanadi river system, which resulted an increase in water level on upstream side of Hirakund dam.
Hence floodgates were opened which resulted in sudden rise in water level in the downstream that in
turn flooded the Mahandi delta area.
Potential floodplain mapping for Riverine flood using Geoinformation during Indian monsoon period
have many limitations such as unsuitable climatic condition for optical remote sensing and
classification becomes difficult because of complex ground and system variables for microwave
remote sensing, etc.
To understand the dynamics of the flow of floodwater in the river and floodplain for the event, it is
necessary to model event using advanced hydraulic 1D / 2D model. The model requires different input
data from different sources to simulate the flood event. It is required to understand the possibility of
using geoinformation data to derive elevation models and calibrate the hydraulic model.

1.5.

1.6.

Hypothesis
The terrain information obtained from remote sensing sources can be used as the input for
Hydrodynamic modelling
Simulation of Hydrodynamic model with limited available ground data.
Optimum resolution of Digital Surface Model to represent flow influencing objects like dikes,
embankments, etc. can be derived for the study area to run MIKE FLOOD.
Objectives
General objectives: Simulation of the 2003 Nuna River flood using Remote Sensing
derived data to construct terrain models and model calibration
The Specific objectives identified are as follows
Generation of Digital elevation model for Hydrodynamic modelling using Satellite Stereo pair
(Cartosat-1 / ASTER)
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1.7.

1.8.

Simulation of Hydro-dynamic modeling for the 2003 flood event - Part of Nuna river, Orissa,
India (MIKE FLOOD)
Research Questions
Can terrain information obtained from remote sensing sources be used as basis for 1D/2D
flood modeling?
Sub Research Question:
How to downgrade high-resolution elevation data, without losing the exact elevation of critical
flow-influencing objects like dikes, embankments, etc.?
What is the optimum digital surface model resolution to run Mike Flood in the study area?
What is the most reliable data source to calibrate the flood model in Indian conditions?
(Satellite imagery or field interview data or the combination of the two)

Thesis outline

In Chapter 1 the rationale behind the research and basic information that underpins the background of
the research with problem statement, research questions and objectives are covered. Also Chapter 1
presents a review of fundamentals of flooding and about digital elevation model generation and
hydrodynamic modeling. Chapter 2 presents a review of the work done till date in digital elevation
model generation using satellite stereo pair and hydrodynamic modeling. It outlines the research work
carried out till date and the recent trends in generation of elevation data. Chapter 3 describes the study
area along with general information about Orissa state, the study area and Nuna river system, a
tributary of Mahanadi. Chapter 4 describes in detail the data generated and used in the present study as
well as the methods followed to achieve the objectives of the research. Chapter 5 gives the results
obtained by the application of the techniques described in Chapter 4 and also discussion on research
findings in detail. The conclusions drawn from this research are presented in Chapter 6 along with the
recommendations for future research direction and a bibliography of the references cited in this thesis.

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2. Literature Review
2.1.

Concepts of Geohazards

A hazard is the probability of occurrence of a potentially damaging phenomenon within a specific


period of time in a given area on the surface of the Earth. The general types of hazards are floods,
earth quakes, landslides, droughts, wildfire, industrial hazards, technological hazards, etc. The
devastating impacts of hazard events can prevent communities from achieving the most basic of
human goals i.e., human survival.
Hazards can be subdivided into natural, human-made and human-induced. Natural hazards are those
that are caused by natural phenomena like floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, etc. The
human-made are caused by human activities like industrial accidents, armed conflicts, oil spills,
nuclear accidents, etc. Human-induced hazards are accelerated and aggravated by human influence
like crop disease, forest fire, acid rain, ozone depletion, etc (Westen et al., 2000).
Natural hazards can be divided into two categories, i) Rapid onset events and ii) Slow onset events. In
rapid onset events are floods, earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, sinkholes collapse,
hurricanes, etc. Slow onset events are drought, subsidence, sea level change, soil erosion,
desertification, expansive or swelling soils, salt intrusion, siltation, reduction in biodiversity, etc
(Organization of American States, 2006). The hazards are defined as part of the ground investigation
process, the principles of which are well established. Nevertheless uncertainty remains and
communication between the professionals and the public is not always effective. Unfamiliar
terminology and a lack of a forum for education and exchange of views create barriers. It is argued
that the public must be continuously involved-not only as recipients, but also as contributors
(Rosenbaum et al., 2003).

2.2.

Floods

A flood is the overflow of a river or other body of water that causes threat or damage to the floodplain
or any relatively high stream flow overtopping the natural or artificial banks in any reach of a stream.
They are the most common and widespread of all natural disasters. Floods are one of the most
common hazards in the world. Its effects can be local, impacting a neighborhood or community, or
very large, affecting entire river basins and multiple countries and states.
All floods are not alike. Some floods develop slowly, sometimes over a period of days. But flash
floods can develop quickly, sometimes in just a few minutes and without any visible signs of rain.
Flash floods often carry rocks, mud, and other debris and can sweep away most things in their path.
Flooding can also occur when a dam or levee breaks, producing effects similar to flash floods.
Flooding actually occurs from a range of causes and conditions like heavy rains or rapid snowmelt on
upstream watersheds Coastal flooding is also very common. In many places, coastal land is very close
to sea level, and therefore vulnerable. During hurricanes or other large storms, waves may be much
higher than normal, and super-low atmospheric pressure often forces sea level to rise above normal in

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a storm surge. When violent surf and storm surge coincide with normal high tides, the results can be
catastrophic.
Less often thought of are the floods that can result from the failure of dams, impoundments, or other
regulatory systems. Another cause of flooding in some areas is ice jams. In colder polar region, ice
sheets form on the surface of a river during cold winter months of low flow. Warmer weather and
higher flows cause the ice to break up into huge slabs that the current pushes downstream. When these
slabs pile up against some obstacle, they form a dam that causes water to pool upstream and flooding
results, when these obstacle breaks.

2.3.

Floods in India

The heavy rainfall is the main cause of floods in Indian rivers during summer and monsoon months.
Based on their occurrences India is divided into four zones, which are Brahmapura river basin, Ganga
river basin, North-west rivers basin and Central Indian and Deccan rivers basin. The causes of
incidences of heavy and very heavy rains, which are associated with any one or combination of more
than one of the following synoptic systems, are tropical disturbances like monsoon depressions and
cyclonic storms moving through the country from the neighboring seas of Bay of Bengal and Arabian
Sea which travel in a northwesterly to westerly direction over the Indo-Gangetic plain and its
neighborhood after crossing the coast and further move into the interior of the country. These
disturbances recurve and move towards north or northeast and break over the foothills of the
Himalayas. Low-pressure systems are less intense than monsoon depressions but they form quite
frequently during monsoon months. In certain years the lows travel one after another in quick
succession through north India, causing a continuous heavy spell of rainfall for a good number of
days, sudden break of monsoon situations generally prevails during July and August months, midlatitude westerly systems moving from west to east and mid-tropospheric cyclonic circulations over
western region of the country. In addition to this, inadequate capacity within river banks to contain
high flows, river bank erosion, silting of river beds, the other factors like land slides obstruct the flow
of water in river / stream, cause changes in river course. (Dhar et al., 1998). The central Indian and
Deccan river basins in which the present study is being carried out, have many rivers are such as
Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery rivers. These rivers flow in the states of
Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Orissa, Maharashtra, Gujarat and parts
of Madhya Pradesh. In Orissa, Mahanadi, Brahmani and Baitarani share a common delta. Water from
higher reaches intermingles in the delta region resulting in very high rise in water level in the rivers, so
the rivers in these regions often overflow their banks or break through new channel causing damage
(Mohapatra et al., 2003).

2.4.

Geoinformation in flood studies

In the context of geoinformation, flood studies are carried out as an integrated approach of Remote
Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) from which flood maps are generated. It has a
great role in analyzing the risk due to floods. In geo-hazards management, a multi-dimensional activity
with a spatial variable to it, GIS can be good tool for visualization. By means of spatial analysis, flood
extent, velocity, flood depth, etc in the floodplain and river can be updated for different periods of
flood event. It involves operation like overlay, neighborhood and connectivity analysis. The spatial
extent of the flood can give the route for relief activities during a flood event.

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In the field of geoinformatics, flood related studies have received considerable attention during the last
decade. Many agencies around the world are working on timely flood monitoring and impact
assessment. In India, National Disaster Management Authority under ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India is working on major natural hazards. National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
under Department of Space and Government of India has been identified as the nodal agency to
monitor various hazards. Potential uses of remote sensing technology in flood disaster management are
flood inundation mapping, flood monitoring, rapid and scientific damage assessment, monitoring and
mapping of changes in river course, identification of river bank erosion, identification of chronic flood
prone areas (DSC - NRSA, 2004).
2.4.1.

Role of Remote Sensing

In developing countries, remote-sensing applications in flood studies is an upcoming research area.


Extreme flood event with high return periods and low density of gauging stations in the affected areas
make it difficult to understand the floods spatially. In such situations, remote sensing technology
provides a synoptic coverage over a large area for the event at the time of data acquisition, which is
reliable and cost effective. The technology overcomes the limitation of the ground stations to acquire
the data for hydrological events. The advancements in the technology in this aspect are measurements
of rainfall (Foufoula-Georgio et al., 1995), soil moisture (Hoeben et al., 2000), water surface width,
elevation and velocity with accuracies sufficient to provide discharge (Bjerklie et al., 2003). Remote
sensing technology can also be used to derive digital elevation model using stereo pair or LIDAR data.
2.4.1.1.

Optical Remote Sensing

The uses of optical remote sensing datasets for classification are relatively simple when compared to
the microwave remote sensing datasets. The investigations of flood mitigation were predominantly
confined to use remote sensing as a tool of flooded area delineation. Landsat MSS data (band 7 of
wavelength of 800 to 1100 nm) was found suitable for distinguishing water or moist soil from dry
surface. The NIR band of Landsat TM cannot be used in the urban area because of little energy
reflection, hence resulting in dark pixel in the image (Smith, 1997). This has been solved by adding
Landsat TM band 7 to the NIR band 4 to delineate the inundation area (Wang et al., 2002).
2.4.1.2.

Microwave Remote Sensing

The advantage of using microwave remote sensing data in flood studies is its ability to penetrate cloud
cover, to capture the progress of floods in bad weather condition, apart from its ability to sharply
distinguish between land and water (Sanyal et al., 2004).
Threshold is one of the most frequently used techniques to segregate flooded areas from non-flooded
area. The threshold values are determined by a number of parameters depending on the study area and
overall spectral signatures in the image. The separation of the flooded and non-flooded area in the
urban scenario is difficult because the high back scatter of the buildings overlays the back scatter of
flood water within the settlement (Sanyal et al., 2004, Brivio et al., 2002).
The use of Radar altimeter would help in direct measurement of stage variation in large rivers. It is
also possible, to estimate discharge of water in rivers from space, using ground measurements and
satellite data through developing empirical relationships that relate water surface area to discharge.
However, multiple frequencies and polarizations are required for optimal discrimination of various
inundated vegetation cover types. Existing single-polarization, fixed-frequency SARs are not
sufficient for mapping inundation area in all riverine environments. In the absence of a space-borne
multi-parameter SAR, a synergistic approach using single-frequency, fixed-polarization SAR and
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visible/infrared data will provide the best results over densely vegetated river floodplains (Smith,
1997). The feasibility of microwave imagery to detect flooded areas has been investigated in coastal
Louisiana after Hurricane Lili, which occurred during October 2002. In this context, Radarsat-1 SAR
data has been used and further investigated to develop a relationship between backscatter and water
level changes. Strong positive correlations were observed between water level (obtained from ground
stations) and SAR backscatter within coastal marsh areas limited to Atchafalaya Bay. Although
variations complicated the radar signature at individual sites, multi-date differences in backscatter
largely reflected the patterns of flooding in the study area. The analysis revealed that marsh flooding
was best revealed by differencing the flood image from the mean of two reference images (Kiage et
al., 2005).

2.4.1.3.

Remote Sensing for DEM generation

DEMs play an important role in flood studies because topography, for a large part, defines the flow of
water. There are two general ways in which RS contributes to the generation of digital terrain model:
1) stereo pair analysis and 2) LIDAR.
Stereo-Pair: Derivation of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from satellite stereo pair had
been an important field from last few decades. However, the generation of an accurate DEM without
much loss of time had been challenging, especially using satellite stereo data. Some satellites are
capable of acquiring the stereo data from across track and some have a capability of obtaining across
and as well as along tack. However, in both the cases since the data is acquired in different orbits and
with time difference, difficulties arise while transferring ground control points (GCPs) in the model as
well as during automatic image matching for extraction of DEM (Kornus et al., 2005; Reinartz et al.,
2005; Toutin, 2006). The above problems could be overcome by using IRS-P5 (Cartosat-1) stereo data
where data is obtained from two panchromatic sensors on the platform with fore (+26o) and aft (-5o)
tilt without time difference. Kumar (2006) highlighted the processing of stereo data acquired from
Cartosat-1 data to derive DEM as well as an Ortho-image. When the DEMs were generated using only
RPC (Rational polynomial coefficients), information for cartosat-1 stereo data, the errors in height
were in the range 100 to 200m. When 8 GCPs were used, the errors ranged from 2 to 13m. The 4m
contours were found to be close to ground height. In case of data obtained with time difference (IRS1C stereo data), it was found that there were lots of conjugate points hanging and giving spicks
impression on the DEM. From this study it was found that Digital Elevation Model generated from
Cartosat-1 Stereo data could be improved with using more accurate and well-distributed GCPs for
refining the coefficients. Millimetre accurate GCPs can be collected while using Geodetic Dual
Frequency GPS in relative mode, which can improve accuracy of stereo model (Kumar, 2006). Fraser
(2005) has studied use of rational functions in ground point determination from high-resolution
satellite imagery through the model of terrain independent rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs).
The concept of RPCs block adjustments with compensation for exterior orientation biases is discussed,
as the means to enhance the original RPCs through a bias correction procedure. The potential of RPC
block adjustment for getting sub-pixel ground position accuracy for the imagery are also been reported
(Fraser et al., 2005).

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Table 2-1: Comparative evaluation of height from DEM generated using Cartosat-1 Stereo data
vis--vis ground observations

Source: (Kumar, 2006)

Figure 2-1: Orientation of PAN cameras on Cartosat 1 satellite

Source: (Interface, 2005)


Hiranoa, (2002) carried out study, to generate DEM with ASTER (Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer on-board NASAs satellite Terra) stereo pair. The study
investigated the possibilities of generation of DEMs for four test areas. The DEMs were generated
using PCI Geomatica OrthoEngine and R-WEL packages with images of good quality and adequate
ground control points. The automated stereo-correlation has become a standard method of generating
DEMs from digital stereo images. Stereo-correlation is a computational and statistical procedure
utilized to derive a DEM automatically from a stereo-pair of registered images (Ackermann, 1984;
Ehlers et al., 1987). The procedure for stereo-correlation involves, the collection of GCPs and
determination of parallax values on a per pixel DEM post-basis using automatic image matching
techniques and post-processing to remove anomalies from the DEM. The DEM can be generated in
two ways, 1) relative DEM where the elevations are not tied to the ground or map datum and 2)
absolute DEM using GCPs with map coordinate system (Hiranoa et al., 2002).

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Table 2-1: Summary of ASTER DEM generation and accuracy assessment for the study area

Source: (Hiranoa et al., 2002)

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR): Light Detection and Ranging has become a wellrecognized technology in the geoinformatics community since a decade. LiDAR has advantages in
measuring surfaces in terms of accuracy, density, automation, and fast delivery time and has a large
market in geo-data acquisition and object recognition technology. The instrument consists of several
sensors like laser scanner, GPS, INS, all integrated to yield the coordinates of the ground points where
the laser pulses fired from laser transmitter strike the ground. The direct product that can be derived is
the DSM (Digital Surface Model), which depicts the topography of the earth's surface, including
objects above the terrain. Further processing can be carried out to generate DTM (Digital Terrain
Model) i.e., bare surface elevation and object models like buildings, which is very useful information
in telecommunication, city planning, disaster management, and tourism. (Lohani et al., 2004).

2.5.

Hydrodynamic modeling for Flood studies

The Hydrological modeling has various aspects of combination of computer application in hydraulics;
the hydrodynamic modeling is application of mass and momentum equation on the basis of
observation in laboratory and field to simulate the fluid flow or movement of fluids. These fluids
movements can be simulated in one dimension, two dimensions or three dimensions. Floods are
considered the most significant natural disaster affecting tropical world from the perspective of their
frequency, financial cost and most importantly the impact on the population and the disruption to
socio-economic activities. Since it is clearly evident that it is neither possible nor desirable to stop
floods completely, the state of preparedness and mitigation should be improved with an operational
flood early warning system so that the amount of damage caused due to it could be reduced. The
development of flood early warning system by combining the remote sensing for quantitative
precipitation forecasting (QPF) and GIS with hydrodynamic modeling for deriving flood inundation
extent will be very useful for planning appropriate mitigation and response activities. Real-time remote
sensing data is processed for rainfall estimates using cloud indexing and model based techniques.
Digital hydrological and cadastral data are used to generate DEM and river geometry, hydrodynamic
model for the operational hydraulic modeling of runoff and simulation of flooding scenarios. Expected
flood inundation area map are developed. The operational coupling of remote sensing techniques with
a 'hydrologically oriented' Geographical Information System is done with particular emphasis on the
suitability of distributed hydrological modeling for the implementation of reliable and fully automated
flood simulations and early warning.

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There are some commercial softwares like MIKE FLOOD developed at Danish Hydraulic Institute
(DHI), Denmark and SOBEK developed at DELFT Hydraulics, The Netherlands.
2.5.1.

1D Hydrodynamic modelling

The one-dimensional model is based on the cross-sectional averaged Saint-Venant equations,


describing the development of the water level and the discharge or the mean flow velocity. It is best
simulation model to simulate the river / stream / channel conditions. These river / stream / channels are
described in cross section along the chainage from upstream to downstream with boundary condition
in the from of water level database in the observed time step in the field (Gauging station). The
advantages of the one-dimensional model are its fast computation and relatively less field data
requirement to build the model set-up. It is powerful in describing the structures for flood predictions.
However, it does not describe the horizontal and vertical velocity components. It cannot simulate
water bodies like lakes, pond, etc very effectively.
Mike 11 is the modeling software package for simulation of Hydrodynamic modeling (HD), rainfallrunoff modeling (RR), sediment transport modeling (ST), Advection-Dispersion (AD), water quality
modeling (ECO Lab), Ice river modeling, Flood forecast model (FF), etc. In MIKE 11 Hydrodynamic
modeling, there are four components incorporated in the simulation file (*.sim11) such as simulation
mode, input, simulation parameters and HD Results file (*.res11). The unsteady or quasi-steady flow
condition can be defined in the simulation mode; it requires input files to build the HD model set-up
(Network file, Cross-section file, Boundary file and HD parameters file). The MIKE 11 hydrodynamic
model combines advance time series simulation and automated water level, discharge and rainfallrunoff process. The simulation period and initial conditions are to be defined and for results the path
and location of the results file are to be defined. The Network file (*.nwk11) contains spatial and
tabular database of the river / stream / channel system with defined projection parameters, in addition
to these chainage at described cross-section location with width in projected coordinates and
connection of branches are to be well defined. The Cross-section file (*.xns11) contains a series of
cross sections defined with information such as river name, cross section ID, chainage in the network
file, location of the ends (left/right) of the cross section in projected coordinates, datum of the cross
section, chainage of the cross section with elevation, Resistance number and Markers (defining left /
right levees / low point). The Boundary file (*.bnd11) contains Boundary description, type, ID, branch
name, chainage in the network file and Time series file (*.dfs0) which describes the time series data
(Water level / Discharge at observed time step in the field). The Hydrodynamic parameters file
(*.HD11) contains Initial condition of water level and discharge at defined chainage in the network
file and Bed Resistance (Global / Local value) (DHI, 2003 (a); DHI, 2003 (b))
Lawal Billa (2004) has carried out a study to investigate flood early warning system for Langat river
basin through the combination of remote sensing and GIS hydrodynamic modeling using MIKE 11
software. The remote sensing is used to quantify the quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) using
near real-time NOAA-AVHRR data. The data is processed for rainfall estimates using cloud indexing
and model based techniques. The model is calibrated based on expected pre-flood rainfall data
computed from the QPF and the historical time series hydrological data of rainfall. Rainfall runoff is
computed based on the NAM distributed model of MIKE 11. By using the digital hydrological and
cadastral data DEM and expected flood inundation area map were developed using hydrodynamic
model of MIKE 11 and MIKE 11 GIS respectively (Billa et al., 2004).

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2.5.2.

2D Hydrodynamic modelling

MIKE 21 is the software commercially available for 2D hydrodynamic modeling. This is based on the
depth averaged Saint-Venant equation, describing the elevation of the water level and two Cartesian
velocity components along x and y direction. The basic requirement to set-up the model in MIKE 21
is by setting up the Bathymetry and defining boundary conditions. The Bathymetry data file (*.dfs2) is
the array of grids with elevation information in each grid. It is generated by defining the origin in the
projected coordinates, the size of the study area in width and height. The bathymetry data in the form
of xyz or Arc Info grid format can be imported into *.dfs2 format. The boundary file which is a called
as profilet document (*.dfs1) has to be generated. This profilet document contains water level
information for each cell, which is to be defined in boundary condition. The Mannings number in the
form of Resistances map (*.dfs2) format to be defined or a constant value for the entire study area can
be applied in the Resistance portion of the 2D HD model set up. The results file can be obtained in the
form of point, line or area series data file in hydrodynamic model simulation for required sub-area or
sub-sets with defined time column. The output files contain information on Water level, P flux, Q flux,
Surface elevation, U velocity, Vvelocity and Still water depths. The biggest disadvantage in twodimensional hydrodynamic model is intensive computational time. The CPU time required by a 2D
hydrodynamic simulation depends on the size of the model, number of time steps in the simulation,
features specified in the simulation and general computational speed of the computer (DHI, 2005).
McCowan described developments made in MIKE 21. The developments have been aimed to increase
the robustness of flooding and drying routines, extending the capability of high Froude number flows.
The author has suggested to eliminate any potential for mass balance errors through the use of very
small water depths (<0.001m) in the initial flooding cycle, eliminate sticking problem with flows of
very shallow grid points. With the improvements, it has been possible to carryout realistic simulations
of flood wave propagation over an initally dry bed and high froude number flow conditions. The
changes were made, to ensure the high accuracy and computationaal efficiency of the MIKE 21 model
(McCowan et al., 2001).
2.5.3.

Integrated 1D / 2D Hydrodynamic modelling

The MIKE FLOOD is a tool that integrates the one-dimensional and two-dimensional model into a
coupled dynamic modeling system. The two separate models are to be linked well so as to
interactively run the coupled model. There are four types of links in which the two models can be
linked 1) Standard link, 2) Lateral link, 3) Structure link and Zero flow link (X and Y direction).
The Standard links one or more MIKE 21 cells to MIKE 11 branch. The Lateral link allows a string of
MIKE 21 cells to be laterally linked to a MIKE 11 reach. This link could be used for a section or for
an entire branch of the river / channel; the flow through the lateral link is calculated by a structure
equation (weir equation) or by QH table. This link is particularly useful for floodplain studies where
the floodwater tops the river or channel levees. The structure link takes the flow terms from a structure
in MIKE 11 and fits them into the momentum equation of MIKE 21 that does not affect the time step
in MIKE 21. The links consist of three point MIKE 11 branch i.e. upstream cross section, structure and
down stream cross section. The flow terms are applied to the face of MIKE 21 cells. The Zero flow
link in x - direction passes across the right side of the cell and in across / over the top of the cell y
direction. It is developed to complement the lateral flow link and does cross the river to the other side
(opposite side) without passing through MIKE 11; these are inserted to block MIKE 21 cells which are
lying within the river width, to ensure the water body within the river is not included twice.

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McCowan has made efforts to improve the model and to describe flood events using MIKE FLOOD.
The description of links between one-dimensional and two-dimensional models with flooding and
drying properties does provide a feasible way to describe the complication in the flow during the flood
event. The use of Froude number dependent upwinding scheme enables the model to propagate the
wave over dry land (McCowan et al., 2001).
Rungo (2003) has studied the possibilities for flood mitigation along the Gumti River in Bangladesh
using MIKE Flood model. The study area is the Gumti River and floodplains along a 40 km reach.
(Rungo et al., 2003).

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3. Study Area
3.1.

Introduction to study area

Orissa state in India is located on the eastern part of India extending from 17 49 N to 22 34 N and
81 27 E to 87 29 E. The state is bounded by Bay of Bengal coast in the east with a coastline of
about 450 km, Chhattisgarh state in the West, Andhra Pradesh state in the South, Jhardkhand state in
the North and West Bengal state in North-east. The state has a geographical area of about 155,707km2 covering 4.87% of Indias geographical area. The coastal plains are the gift of six major rivers,
which bring silt from their catchments, have reclaimed this area from the depths of the Bay of Bengal.
The rivers from North to South are the Subarnarekha, the Budha Balanga, the Baitarani, the Brahmani,
the Mahanadi and the Rushikulya. The Chilka lake of Orissa is largest lagoon along the east coast of
India, situated on the South-East part of Orissa state. It covers an geographical area of about 1165 km2
in the Monsoon to 906 km2 in the Winter/summer seasons of the year. The lagoon has 32 km long
narrow outer channel connects the lagoon to the Bay of Bengal. The population of the Orissa state is
31,512,070 that are around 3.73% of Indias population.
The study area is located in the Kendrapara district of Orissa state with geographical area of about
2,644 km2. The river Gobari flows through this district. The district has 9 blocks, 203 Gram
panchayats and 1,389 inhabit villages and forest of 9.8% of the geographical area of the district. The
population of Kendrapara district is 1,301,856 with a population density of 492 per square kilometre.
The percentage of urban population to the total population is about 5.69% according to 2001 census.
The location map showing the study area (Figure 3-1)

LOCATION MAP

Figure 3-1: Location map of the Study area


Source: (Maps of India, 2004)

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3.2.

Mahanadi basin

The Mahanadi basin has a catchment area of about 141,134 km2. The Mahanadi basin catchment area
falls in the states with an area of 65,628 km2 in Orissa, 132 km2 in Jharkhand, 75,136 km2 in
Chhtisgarh and 238 km2 in Maharashtra, further an area of 23,020 km2 of forest falls within the
Mahanadi basin catchment. The length of 494 km falls in Orissa and 357 km in Chhatisgarh states.
The Major tributaries of Mahanadi in Orissa are Ib, Jeera, Ong, Tel, Brutang, Manjore, Karandijore,
Hariharjore, Surubalijore, etc as shown in the Figure 3-2. The Hirakud reservoir is in the Mahanadi
basin that has a dead storage level of 179.832 m, Full reservoir level (FRL) of 192.024 m, Reservoir
area at FRL is 743 km2, and the Maximum water level is 192.024 m. The Hirakud dam is Gravity
earthen dam constructed for Irrigation purposes on Mahanadi River. It was constructed in the year
1957 near Sambalpur town, height of the dam above the lowest foundation is 60.96 m, length of 4.8
km, and Volume of the dam is 19,330 Million m3, Gross storage capacity of 81360 Million m3,
Effective storage capacity of 5818 Million m3, and Design spillway capacity of 42,450 cumecs. The
Dam is designed for Irrigation, Hydro-electricity, Flood control and Water supply.

STUDY AREA

Figure 3-2: Mahanadi river basin

Source: (Department of Water Resources, Govt. of Orissa, 2004)


The major gauging station on the Mahanadi River with warning level, Danger and highest gauge level
recorded till 2004 as shown in the Table 3-1.

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Table 3-1: Gauge Stations on the Mahanadi river

S. No

Gauge Station

Warning Level

Danger Level

Highest Level

Khairmal

108.00m

109.00m

107.46m on 28-Jul-92 at 2400hrs

Tikerpara

74.98m on 30-Aug-82 at 1800hrs

Naraj (IB)

25.41m

26.41m

27.60m on 31-Aug-82 at 1700hrs

Jobra (U/S)

21.94m

23.58m on 31-Aug-82

Source: (Department of Water Resources, 2004)

3.3.

Location of study area

The study area is located in south-west part of Kendrapara district of Orissa state with 86 14 44.257
to 86 28 30.03 East Longitude and 20 22 12.43 to 20 28 38.65 North Latitude. The study area
with river network for the research is shown (Figure 3-3).

Nu n
a Ri v
er
Bara
ndia

Rive

MAHANADI DELTA
Figure 3-3: CartoSat-1 data of the study area

Source: (NRSA Data Centre, 2006)

3.4.

Salient features of the study area

The study area is situated on the South-west part of the Kendrapara district in Mahanadi delta region.
Nuna River a tributary of Mahanadi flowing from west to east. Nuna River gets bifurcated near
Danpur village and known as Barandia River (bifurcated river) further gets connected to the Nuna
River at Kalaparha village. The length of the Barandia River is approximately 16.1 km. The left side
floodplain (south) of Barandia and right side floodplain (north) of the Nuna River are protected by
Dikes. There is a canal along the north side of the dike that is used for irrigation in summer and as
escape channel during floods. The Island within the two rivers has an area of about 8.6 km2 with
around 11 small villages. Dikes do not protect this island. These villages are situated in high-elevated
area because of the dynamic water level in rivers during flood seasons. Villages in the study area are in
small clusters populated in few hundreds and main occupation is agriculture where Rice and Pulses are
grown. Almost every year during flood season the communication between the villages gets
disconnected due to floodwater inundation. National highway NH 5A passes through the study area.

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3.5.

Water Level and Location of Gauging station on Study area

The River system in the study area extent with its location of the gauging station is shown in the Table
3-2 and Figure 1-1.
Table 3-2: Details of the Gauging station on Nuna River

S.No

Name of
River

Gauge
Station

Toposheet
Reference

Danger Level in
meters

Nuna

Pubansa

73L/7

Kendrapara Irr Div

10.74

Nuna

Danpur

73L/7

Kendrapara Irr Div

9.92

Nuna

Marsaghai

73L/7

Kendrapara Irr Div

6.71

Name of Division

Source: (Irrigation Department, Govt. of Orrisa, 2003)

Figure 3-4: Location of the Gauging Stations on the Study area

Source: (Irrigation Department, Govt. of Orrisa, 2003; NRSA Data Centre, 2006)

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4. Methods and Material


4.1.

Introduction to the research methodolgy

The methodology adopted in this research is based on the formulation of the research question,
literature study and concept built during the course period. The inventory was made for the data
requirements to carryout the hydrodynamic modelling. Another inventory was made based on the
relevant data available for the study. Based on the literature study and available data it has been felt
that proper digital representation of the terrain certainly limitation, to overcome this problem like
spatial resolution of DSM, accuracy of DSM, etc methods were sought to generate accurate surface
model using remote sensing imagery from CartoSat-1 stereo pair and additional ground control points
that were to be collected during the field visit.
For the above said reasons, the research is mainly divided into two components 1) Generation of a
detailed and accurate surface model and 2) Hydrodynamic modelling to simulate floodwater moving
over the surface topography as shown in the flow chart, Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-1: Showing flowchart of the methodology

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The first part of the research deals with the generation of detailed and accurate surface model. The
CartoSat-1 stereo data was used to derive the DSM. Ground control points were used in generation of
DSM for high-level of accuracy. So GPS field survey was conducted. Digital surface models were
generated in different resolutions and validated. The profiles were generated to compare the surface
profiles of CartoSat-1, ASTER and SRTM DSM. WGS 84 datum is approximately 60m above MSL;
the datum transfer of surface model from WGS 84 to MSL was essential. Downgrading of DSM was
carried out without losing flow-influencing features on the surface, since it is the input for
Hydrodynamic model. The spatially varying Manning coefficient n was derived with Land use /
Land cover information from satellite data interpretation. The flood inundation maps for the event
were interpreted using RadarSat-1 satellite data.
The MIKE FLOOD software package is used for Hydrodynamic modelling. This part of the study
deals with the generation of dataset for simulation MIKE 11 and MIKE 21 separately. These
simulation set-up files are used to simulate MIKE FLOOD. In MIKE 11 set-up file, the required inputs
were River network, times series data as boundary condition, river cross section, initial water level and
Manning roughness as hydrodynamic parameters. In the case of MIKE 21 set-up file, the required
inputs were Bathymetry (DSM for floodplain and simulated DEM for the river), Mannings coefficient
as surface roughness, initial surface elevation, limits of flooding and drying. In the case of MIKE
FLOOD set-up file, the required inputs were lateral links (linkage between MIKE 11 and MIKE 21
simulation). Further model results were calibrated with satellite data and Field (interview) data.
The following datasets were obtained and applied to carry out the research.
Remote sensing data:
CartoSat-1 (IRS-P5) stereo-data (2.5m spatial resolution) captured on 19th Feb. 2006.
Purpose: Generation of Digital Surface Model. Source: National Remote Sensing Agency
Data Centre (NDC)
TERRA ASTER (15m spatial resolution) data captured on 5th Dec 2004. Purpose:
Generation of Digital Surface Model. Source: RSG, ITC
IRS 1D PAN (5.8m spatial resolution) data captured on 19th Nov. 2003 Purpose: Generation
of Land cover map. Source: National Remote Sensing Agency Data Centre (NDC)
RadarSat-1 (50m spatial resolution - dB) data captured on 4th Sep 2003 and 11th Sep 2003.
Purpose: Generation of Flood inundation map. Source: National Remote Sensing Agency
Data Centre (NDC)
Ground data:
River Cross section data at Gauge station Purpose: Generation of Cross section set-up and
build Bathymetry of river. Source: Irrigation Department, Govt. of Orissa.
Gauge level time series data at Gauge station Purpose: Generation of Time series data and
further to use as boundary condition. Source: Irrigation Department, Govt. of Orissa.

4.2.

DSM generation using stereo satellite imagery

The CartoSat-1 stereo data was used to derive the DSM. The ground control points are used in
generation of DSM to obtain high level of accuracy. So GPS field survey was conducted in differential
mode. Digital surface model were generated in different resolutions and validated. The profiles were
generated to compare the surface profiles of CartoSat-1, ASTER and SRTM DSM.

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4.2.1.

Field Visit related:

The field visit was carried out to conduct Global Positioning System (GPS) survey in differential mode
to generate a library of Ground Control Point (GCP) and this dataset was used to improve the quality
of the DSM generated from the CartoSat-1 data.
4.2.1.1.

Pre-field survey planning

As a part of pre-field visit task, the proposed GCP locations were identified on the satellite data, The
factors considered for the identification of points are clearly identifiable points on the satellite data (on
Cartosat-1, IRS 1D PAN and TERRA ASTER) and topographical map. Care was taken to use
these points as ground control points to generate Digital surface model (DSM) as well as georeferencing these datasets. These points were placed in such a way that one set of points would be used
for generation of DSM and other for validation of DSM. The maps were prepared as shown in Figure
4-2 and taken to the field.

Figure 4-2: Map showing proposed Ground Control Point used during the Field Survey

4.2.1.2.

Processing - survey

The Global Positioning System survey conducted in differential mode using single frequency GPS
instrument (Leica GPS 500, System). It consists of one pair of instruments, which has one base station
and other Rover station. First the base station is set-up followed by Rover with unique point id. The
unit was stationed for approximately 45 minutes to 1 hour at every proposed ground control point
location. Care was taken such that, the distance between the base station and the Rover falls within 25
km. The systems were set-up to read the signal for every 10 seconds. There were 21 locations, where
Rover was stationed. In the field, some proposed GCP locations were found unsuitable to station the
instrument, so alternate points were identified, surveyed and plotted on the satellite data. The map
showing the locations of ground control points is given in Figure 4-3.

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M A P S H O W I N G G R O U N D C O N T R O L P O I N T L O C AT I O N
#
#
4
9
8
#
#
3
19

GCP:14

GCP:8

#
#

20
GCP:17

#
23

14

13

12

# 10

10

22

21

11

GCP:6

15

#
17

#
GCP: 13

16

#
18

GCP:10

Figure 4-3: Locations of the Ground Control Point on the cartoSat-1 Satellite data and some respective
photographs of the stationed Rover

4.2.1.3.

Post-processing of field data

The following steps were involved in the post-processing of the GPS data using SKI Pro software
package.
Defining the time zone to GMT
Defining projection parameters
Importing raw data to the native format of the software
Defining the Base point as control point and Rover as navigation point
Defining the vertical offset of the Base station (each day) and Rover station (each point /
location)
Running the process for all the base point in Single point processing mode.
Running the process to remove the ambiguity for all the Rover points with the following in
Configuration GPS-Processing Parameters:

Cut-off angle - 10

Active Satellites ALL

Minimum time for common data 200 seconds

Maximum Baseline length 28 km


The ambiguity resolved points are measured points in the point class, unresolved points are
navigated point and Base points are Control points.

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Running the process to remove the ambiguity for each point that is not measured. By changing
the parameters of Configuration GPS Processing. (Parameter modification only in Cut-off
angle and selection of active satellite, i.e. for unmeasured points, decision has to be taken to
deactivate unwanted satellites by understanding, dilution of precision (DOP) value which
should be less than 8 for single frequency static measurements, Elevation (angle of elevation
of each satellite in coverage from the stationed point) and Azimuth of each satellite from the
stationed point(Leica-Geosystems, 2003 (a); Leica-Geosystems, 2003 (b); Schwieger et al.,
2005)

4.2.2.

Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation:

The digital surface model is generated using stereo pair of CartoSat-1 and TERRA ASTER data.
DSM was generated in different resolutions and validated for their vertical accuracy. DSM was also
generated with CartoSat-1 stereo pair in Stereo method using Stereo workstation system.
4.2.2.1.

DSM generation with TERRA - ASTER stereo data (with and without
GCPs)

The 3N and 3B bands were used to generate the surface model with and without GCPs. Topographic
tool of ENVI was used.
The method adopted in generating surface model in topographic tool of ENVI software, is as follows.
Open the Band 3N image in the left image frame and Band 3B in the right image frame
Define minimum and maximum elevation (default considered)
No GCPs (Relative DEM values only)
Generation of Tie points (automatic): No. of Tie points - 75, Search window size 81 (9x9),
Moving window size - 81 (9x9), Region elevation default
Define extent of the stereo image (left/right) default
Define output file path/name to generate Epi-polar image (left / right)
Output projection parameter, map extent, false easting / northing and Cell size
No of Cells in the output
DEM extraction parameters: Minimum correlation 0.7, back ground value - -999, edge trim
0, moving window size 5 x 5, Terrain details level 4, output data type float and output
file path/name.
Note: Tools identify the Relational Polynomial Coefficients (RPC) file and sensor
parameters. To generate an absolute DEM, GCPs are to be given with X, Y coordinates and
elevation. Terrain Detail is a major controlling factor determining the processing time
needed to extract a DEM and accuracy of the output DEM. The higher the level, the longer
the processing time and more terrain details are represented.
4.2.2.2.

DSM generation with Cartosat-1 stereo data (Classical Point


Measurement tool with GCPs)

The Digital surface model is generated using CartoSat-1 stereo data. The BandA (Aft image) and
BandF (Fore image) were used to generate the surface model with GCPs. The orientation of the PAN
cameras on Cartosat-1 is shown in Figure 2-1. Leica Photogrammetry Suite (LPS) in classical Point
Measurement tool was used. To generate Automated DSM using CartoSat-1 RPC file, it is prerequisite
to install CartoSat-1 RPC patch developed by Lieca geosystems. The following steps are involved:
Create the New block file (*.blk) by defining model set-up (i.e.) Geometric model category
Rational Functions, Geometric model Cartosat-1 RPC, define the reference coordinate
system (Horizontal & Vertical) in Block property set-up. Reference coordinate system:
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Horizontal: Projection type UTM, Spheroid/Datum WGS 84, UTM Zone 45 and North
& Vertical: Spheroid/Datum WGS 84 and units meters.
In add frame, define path of stereo pair in TIFF format supplied by NRSA data centre
In frame editor, define the path of RPC file
Compute the pyramid layers
Select the classical point measurement tool
Set the Aft image to the left and fore image to the right
Add the ground control points on both the images and define the UTM coordinate of X and Y
in X & Y reference and WGS 84 elevation information in Z reference, define the type as Full
and usage as Control, repeat the process for all the GCPs, use 10 points as control points and
remaining as check points. (Checkpoints are not used in the triangulation).
Run the triangulation process
Automatic generation of Tie points 150 points
Note: Care was taken to eliminate the Tie which fall on the shadow part in the image
Run triangulation Total RMSE should not be more than 1 pixel when second order
polynomial was used
Generate DSM by defining the file path/name and cell size in the raster output.
Note: To generate a relative DSM without GCPs, the step Add GCPs should be skipped.

4.2.2.3.

DSM generation with Cartosat-1 stereo data (Stereo point


measurement tool)

The DSM generation with CartoSat-1 stereo data using Stereo point measurement tool in Stereo
workstation was carried out. The process involved is the same as described in Section 4.2.2.2, except
that GCPs are added in stereo mode and the break lines were digitised for flow influencing features
like dikes, river course, terraces (where there is sudden change in elevation) in stereo mode. These
break lines were used in generation of DSM.
4.2.2.4.

Validation of Digital Surface Model

The Validation of Digital Surface Model was the crucial part of study because of the unavailability of
good quality reference DSM. To validate the relative accuracy of DSM, surface profiles are to be
matched with reference DSM. Surface model was also validated for vertical accuracy. The following
procedure was adopted to validate vertical accuracy. The ground control points that were used as
check points in generation of DSM and for validation.
The steps involved are
Point layer was generated using X and Y coordinates and UTM projection parameters were
defined.
Extract value to point tool is used to extract the elevation information from the generated
DSM.
Validation was carried out for the Extracted information with reference to the DGPS elevation
data.
The procedure adopted to validate relative accuracy of DSM included matching the cross sectional
profile of the study area. The following steps were carried out.
Layer with profile lines in the study area are generated; these profile lines were divided into
line length of 50m as shown in the Figure 4-4.
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Profile Line: 1

g
Le n

m
f 50
th o

Figure 4-4: Profile line divided into 50m Length

This layer with profile lines are converted into point layer as shown in the Figure 4-5

n
wee
b et
s
nce 50 m
i sta

po i

nts

Profile: 1

Figure 4-5: Point layer along the Profile line -1

Value of elevation from the Surface models are extracted at these points and its attribute tables
further exported to excel sheet and these profile lines are plotted in the form of charts, which
are compared with the field survey profiles.

4.2.2.5.

Removal of Artefacts:

The Artefacts are the topographic depressions or elevations in the digital surface model. The Artefacts
in digital surface model are frequently a combination of artefacts and actual features. It is necessary to
remove them, if the surface model is an input for simulation in hydrological modeling. Identification
of the artefacts itself is difficult. In the present study, identification of these artefacts was done by
image slicing operation followed by correlation with high-resolution satellite data, surface correlation
with topographical map and visual identification in the stereo window (stereo mode). Editing was
carried using LPS - terrain editor.
The step-by-step procedure as follows:
Open the stereo-pair in stereo window and set-up the device.
Set the terrain correlation properties
Load the images (the imagery are displayed, a separate left / right / stereo image)
Load the terrain dataset and set the terrain display setting to point
Stereo window is ready for the editing of the floating points.

4.2.3.

Datum transfer (Common datum)

The spatial database generated should have a common datum to use in hydrodynamic modelling. The
hydrodynamic boundary condition and gauge station cross section database obtained for the study area
are in mean sea level (MSL) datum while the derived surface models are in WGS 84. From the study,
28

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

it was found that in the study area, the earths surface in the WGS 84 datum is 60m above the actual
surface, when compared to mean sea level shown in the Figure 4-6. Hence it is necessary to bring all
the databases to common datum. If there is a known point (pertaining to MSL) in the study area, by
taking a GPS reading and obtaining vertical height at that point can be used as an offset to transfer the
datum to MSL. But, there was no survey of India - benchmarks in the study area. Hence this option of
datum transfer in above said mode is not possible. The following methods were attempted for datum
transfer.

Figure 4-6: Datum transfer for the study area

4.2.3.1.

Datum transfer using EGM 96 Geoid model

To convert GPS height to Mean Sea Level height, a program is used that is designed for the
calculation of a geoid undulation at a point whose latitude and longitude were specified. The program
was designed to use the potential coefficient model EGM96 and a set of spherical harmonic
coefficients of a correction term. The correction term is composed of several different components,
the primary one being the conversion of height anomaly to a geoid undulation. It is designed to be
used with the constants of EGM96 and those of the WGS84 (G873) System (Rapp, 1997). The derived
Mean Sea level heights are used to derive digital surface model.
In the present study, transfer of datum using EGM96 geoid model has been carried out by three
methods.
Using EGM 96 height (MSL heights) in generation of DSM itself
Offset method, by averaging the EGM 96 heights and GPS heights of the study area and used
as offset (Figure 4-7).
Best-fit curve method, Plot the elevation information of EGM 96 heights in the X-axis and
GPS heights in the Y-axis to derive the best-fit curve, derive an equation to transform the
DSM using Raster calculator of GIS software.

29

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

Figure 4-7: Offset method to transfer the datum

4.2.3.2.

Datum transfer using Topo-spot heights (average offset / best fit


curve)

In this method, spot heights from topographical maps were extracted into a spatial database with X, Y,
Z values. By using same points, Z values from the derived surface model (WGS 84 datum) were
extracted. The standard deviations (SD) were derived for elevations of each point and difference of SD
is calculated for each point. The elevation point that has less than 0.5 of difference of SD was
considered. The datum transfer was carried out using Offset method and best-fit curve method as
described in section 4.2.3.1.
4.2.3.3.

Datum transfer using feature identification

An attempt was made to derive an offset to transfer the datum by feature identification method.
Features like dikes at the known cross section of the river (at river gauge station) were used. Since the
gauge station is an identifiable feature on the high-resolution satellite data, it is easy to locate the
location of gauge station in the DSM. Hence the elevation information of surface in the WGS 84 and
for the dike of the known river cross section was obtained and further used to derive the offset (Figure
4-8).

30

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Height in meters from


Datum

RIVER CROSS SECTION @ DANPUR GAUGE STATION


(at reduced distance of 42.27 km from Jagatpur gauge station)
16
12
8
4
0
-100

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Distance along the cross section of river in merters

Identification of Gauge station:


* During the field survey
* Latitude & Longitude obtained
from Govt. Department

Dikes

Figure 4-8: Feature identification method to bring the databases to a common datum

4.2.4.

Generation of River Cross sections

For generation of river cross sections at location other than field survey points, the following
procedure was adopted.
a) Location of cross section (c/s) should be approximately 1.5 km from each other and should be
at the overtopping of floodwater as identified in RadarSat-1 satellite data of September 4th and
11th, 2003.
b) A segment (line) spatial database was generated to represent the extent of the cross section
spatially from right side to left side of the dike (bund). The cross section segments were
divided into parts of 20m starting from right side to left side of the dike as described in section
4.2.2.4 and Figure 4-4.
c) The segment layer was converted into point layer (tool used feature to point of Arc GIS
software) as described in section 4.2.2.4 and Figure 4-5
d) Feature ID are preserved in a field and cross section ID are given to each point
e) Digital surface model is used to extract the elevation information for each point (tool used
Extract values to points of Arc GIS software)
f) The longitude and latitude in UTM are added to the attribute table in form of fields
g) This database (attribute table) is exported to Excel worksheet
h) Using X-coordinate and Y-coordinate values, the chainage for each point in each cross section
was derived for further use in MIKE 11 model.
31

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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i)

The points that are falling over the water surface in the river are edited for elevation correction
using the CartoSat-1 PAN data as shown in the Figure 4-9. Considering the low points of
field-surveyed cross-section, the low point of derived cross section are linearly interpolated
depending up chainage of the cross section location.

Elevation Information of
Points to be edited

Figure 4-9: Elevation information for editing

4.2.5.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation for river course

The generation of digital elevation model for the river course to be used in the MIKE 21 model is as
follows.
a) Point layer-A, point located along the dikes, levees of the rivers, over the sandbars, etc as
shown in the Figure 4-10.
b) Point layer-B, cross section of the river that has elevation information extracted from DSM
(inclusive of edited elevation details over water surface) and field surveyed cross sections.
c) Point layer-C, centre line of the river, this layer is generated to give low point elevation
information (interpolated database along the chainage as described in section 4.2.4-i) in DEM
generated. Pictorially the same is shown in Figure 4-10.
d) Line layer, Centre line of the river, this layer is used as stream information to generate DEM
Note: Care taken to digitise the line from upstream to downstream
e) Polygon layer, river boundary which is used as the DEM generation boundary
The DEM is generated using Topo to Raster tool of Arc GIS software; the generated DEM is
hydrologically corrected surface from point, line and polygon information. The point layers (point
elevation defined in the tool) are the elevation layers, line layer (stream) that guides the tool to
hydrologically correct the surface from upstream to downstream and polygon (boundary) is layer used
to generate surface within the polygon.

32

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

Figure 4-10: Spatial databases generated to derive river DEM for MIKE 21 model

4.2.6.

Downgrading the resolution of Digital surface model

The downgrading of DSM resolution was attempted by using GIS technique; the grid mesh in vector is
generated (Arc Info Coverage polygon is represented by combination of point and line). The points
were moved to interested location within the grid mesh. The values of the point are extracted from the
fine resolution DSM. The values are transformed to the points of new grid mesh (unmoved points).
These point locations (X, Y coordinates) and elevations are stored in text file, further converted into
xyz file for use into MIKE model.
4.2.7.

Generation of Land use / Land cover map

The Land use / Land cover map was generated to derive manning coefficient M which is used as
resistance map in MIKE 21Model. The IRS 1D PAN (5.8m spatial resolution) data captured on 19th
Nov. 2003 is been used to visually interpret land use / land cover map. This polygon map is further
converted to raster to generate for Manning roughness map based on land use / land cover.
4.2.8.

Generation of Flood Inundation map

The Flood inundation maps were generated to validate the output from MIKE Flood model. The
RadarSat-1 data captured on 4th and 11th September 2003, which were acquired during the flood
period, are visually interpreted to generate flood inundation maps on 4th and 11th September, 2003.

4.3.

Hydrodynamic Modeling

The MIKE FLOOD software package is used for Hydrodynamic modelling. The generation of dataset
for MIKE 11 and MIKE 21 simulation were done separately, only to conform that there is no error in
simulation set-up files. These set-up files are used to simulate MIKE FLOOD. In MIKE 11 set-up file,
the required inputs are river network, times series data as boundary condition, river cross section,
Initial water level and Manning roughness as hydrodynamic parameters. In MIKE 21 set-up file, the
33

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

required inputs are Bathymetry (DSM for floodplain and simulated DEM for the river), Mannings
coefficient as surface roughness, initial surface elevation, limits of flooding and drying. In the case of
MIKE FLOOD set-up file, the required inputs are lateral links (linkage between MIKE 11 and MIKE
21 simulation). Further validations of simulated inundation results were done with satellite data and
Field (interview) data.
4.3.1.

MIKE 11

The MIKE 11 is a one-dimensional model, which simulates hydrodynamics within the river system.
The input parameters required are network of the river system for simulation, cross sections at
intervals and boundary conditions with time series data at gauge station, hydrodynamic parameters.
4.3.1.1.

Generation of time series data at gauge station

The Gauge level hydrograph at the gauge station that was obtained from the Irrigation department,
Govt. of Orissa had been used. The data obtained was in hard copy, database was built in excel sheet
for three gauge stations for 2003 flood event starting from 30th August, 2003 to 12th September, 2003
(Figure 5-20 and Figure 5-21).

4.3.1.2.

Generation of network database

In the River system network of MIKE 11 model, the river network is the spatial database information
with geographic information in UTM projection. The river network information is the centreline of the
river system that can be digitised in MIKE software or any GIS software, which further can be
imported into MIKE environment. The digitised network should be from upstream to downstream. The
connectivity between the branches should be well defined.

4.3.1.3.

Generation of cross section database

The cross-section database is generated using Digital Surface Model (DSM). Further these crosssections are edited for the elevations, which are falling on the water surface. The model requires
spatial location of the extreme end of the cross section (left and right), the elevations of the cross
section is defined along the chainage from left to right end or vice-versa of the cross section, cross
section ID, branch name, branch chainage, resistance, defining markers in the cross section such as left
/ right levee bank, left / right low flow bank, left / right coordinate marker, lowest point, section type
such as open, closed irregular, closed rectangular, closed circular. In the present study, the elevation
and its chainage are derived using GIS and exported to dbf format. The database is copied and pasted
in the appropriate location allotted in graphic user interface (GUI). The gauge station cross-sections
that were obtained from the field were also incorporated.
4.3.1.4.

Generation of boundary condition database

The boundary condition database are generated and its basic requirement is the time series database of
flood discharge / gauge level which is defined as the boundary conditions with the description of
boundary, type, name of branch and chainage in the river system, ID. It is required to mention the data
type and file type of the time series data. In the present study, there are two boundary conditions
defined in the river system one at the start of simulation and other at end of the simulation.

34

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

4.3.1.5.

Generation of hydrodynamic parameters

The hydrodynamic parameters like initial local and global water level and discharge in the system
(local is defined with chainage) and bed resistance using Mannings n are set-up for the model.
4.3.1.6.

Simulation set-up

The simulation set-up consists of computation of controlled parameters. The selections of the model,
in the present study are about Hydrodynamic, Input set-up, simulation set-up, Results set-up and
validation status such as run parameters and HD parameters.
4.3.2.

MIKE 21

The MIKE 21 has two models, Flow model and Flow model FM, The flow model is a modelling
system for 2D free-surface flows and Flow model FM is based on a flexible mesh approach. Since the
present study is based on the integrated 1D / 2D model, Flow model was considered. The basic
requirement of the model is bathymetry and resistance database.
4.3.2.1.

Generation of bathymetry database

In this model, the river and the floodplain are considered as bathymetry. No boundary condition was
given. The automatic boundary conditions were generated for floodplain during the simulation of
integrated model. The digital surface model obtained from remote sensing stereo pair and simulated
DEM for the river bathymetry is imported in the form of grid file *.dfs2.
Generation of bathymetry for river in MIKE 21: The generation of river bathymetry is simulated in
grid file as stated in section 4.2.5. The simulation of bathymetry for river is carried out only within the
two dikes along the river and excluding the island portion between two braches of the river.
Generation of bathymetry for floodplain in MIKE 21: The generation of bathymetry for the
floodplain using the DSM obtained from remote sensing sources as discussed in section 4.2.2.3. It is
clipped for only floodplain area and edited for the pixels that have trees and settlements to represent
true elevation.
Generation of bathymetry by grid point in Arc GIS environment: The Grid points were generated
for the pixel size adopted in the model. The extract value to point tool is used to extract elevation
information to the points from simulated river and floodplain DSM. These points were used to
generate a 2D grid in MIKE model.
4.3.2.2.

Generation of resistance database

The resistance database was generated based on the guide for selecting Manning's roughness
coefficient for natural channels and flood plains (Arcement et al., 1984). The resistance map is based
on the Mannings n value of roughness. The Arc GIS grid map is generated for Mannings n value
and converted to Mannings M value, exported to grid ASCII file further imported to MIKE in 2D
grid file *.dfs2.
4.3.2.3.

Setting up of simulation

The simulation set-up for two-dimensional MIKE 21 has basic components like Module selection,
Bathymetry, Simulation period and Flood and Dry.. The initial surface elevation is to be set; Eddy
Viscosity of constant value of 0.5 is set. Result file was set-up. It has additional components like
Boundary condition, Source & Sink and Mass Budget which are not used for 1D / 2D integrated
modelling

35

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

4.3.3.

MIKE FLOOD (Integrated MIKE 11 & MIKE 21)

MIKE FLOOD is a tool that integrates the one-dimensional model MIKE 11 and the two-dimensional
model MIKE 21 into a single, dynamically coupled modelling system. It enables the best features of
both MIKE 11 and MIKE 21 to be utilised.
4.3.3.1.

Setting up input simulation database

The MIKE FLOOD has three basic components definition, options for Standard / Structure Links and
options for lateral Links. The option of standard / Structure link are not used since they are not
considered in the study
In definition: Set the path for the simulation file of MIKE 11 and MIKE 21, define the lateral links for
all the branches for simulation, define the MIKE 21 coordinates for lateral links with chainage and
number of MIKE 21 cells.
In Lateral link option: Right and Left link as to define based on the direction of flow.
4.3.3.2.

Generation of lateral links

The Lateral Links are to be generated along the river. It is sequential line of 2D cell in the river used to
transfer flow of water from 1D model to 2D model. It should be defined for Left as well as for the
Right banks / Levees (in case of overtopping of river levees).
A 2D grid is generated in MIKE 21 and the cells are given a value depending upon the levees. The
database is exported to ASCII file and opened in excel and reformat according to requirement for the
model (i.e. sequential line of 2D cell). The cell coordinates in the form of rows and columns are
incorporated in the model definition.

36

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

5. Results and Discussion


5.1.

Introduction

The results are grouped into two components, namely 1) DEM-reconstruction and 2) Hydrodynamic
modelling. In the DEM-reconstruction, component field survey activities, results of post-processing of
GPS data with quality of GPS survey, results on surface model generation; validation and optimum
resolution of surface model that can be used in Hydrodynamic model, datum transfer and GIS methods
used to transfer the datum, bathymetry of the river, downgrading the spatial resolution of surface
model without losing flow influencing features, generation of Mannings coefficient database and
visual interpretation of flood inundation maps for 4th September, 2003 and 11th September, 2003 have
been discussed. Under hydrodynamic modelling component, the database generation for MIKE 11,
MIKE 21 and MIKE FLOOD models which includes time series data, river system network, river
cross section, bathymetry, resistance layer, lateral links and simulation files of 1D, 2D and integrated
models and validation with inundation maps of 4th September and 11th September 2003 were
discussed.

5.2.
5.2.1.
5.2.1.1.

Geoinformation (DEM reconstruction)


Field Visit
GPS survey

The maps generated for the field visit were used to identify the Ground control points on the field. The
global positioning system (GPS) survey in differential mode was carried out on the identified points
and also noted on the image. In the field, in some proposed points, which were unreachable due to bad
road conditions, alternate points were selected and the survey was carried out.
5.2.1.2.

Post-processing of field data

The surveyed data were post-processed using SKI-Pro software package. The configuration of GPS
processing parameters were used to resolve the ambiguity (chapter 4, section: 4.2.1.3) (Schwieger et
al., 2005). The results are presented in Table 5-1.

37

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Table 5-1: Ambiguity resolved Ground Control Points

S.No

Point-Id

Base
Point

Time of
Operation

Satellite Viewed (satellite ID)

pnt2

base15

1h 01m 30s

1,7,11,14,16,20,22,25

pnt3

base15

0h 20m 30s

1,3,7,13,16,19,20,23,25

pnt4

base15

0h 21m 30s

3,7,13,16,19,20,23,27

pnt5

base17

0h 57m 30s

4,8,11,17,24,27,28

Excluded Satellite
for Proce ssing

Cut-off
angle in
degrees

Minimum
time for
common
data

Maximum
baseline
length

None

15

3 min

28 km

13,25 not manual

25

3 min

28 km

13

15

3 min

28 km

None

15

3 min

28 km

pnt6

base2_17

1h 00m 30s

1,11,14,15,18,22,25,30

None

15

3 min

28 km

pnt8

base2_17

0h 44m 00s

1,7,11,14,16,20,22,25

None

15

3 min

28 km

pnt9

base2_17

0h 14m 30s

1,3,7,14,16,20,23,25

--

--

pnt10

base18

1h 01m 30s

1,11,14,16,20,22,25,30

15

3 min

28 km

-None

--

pnt11

base18

0h 45m 30s

1,3,7,14,16,20,23,25

None

15

3 min

28 km

10

pnt12

base18

0h 52m 30s

1,3,7,13,16,19,20,23,27

None

15

3 min

28 km

11

pnt13

base18

0h 40m 00s

3,8,11,13,17,19,23,27,28

None

15

3 min

28 km

12

pnt14

base18

0h 59m 00s

4,8,11,13,17,24,27,28

None

15

3 min

28 km

13

pnt15

base19

0h 54m 30s

1,3,7,14,16,20,23,25

23

15

3 min

28 km

14

pnt16

base19

1h 03m 00s

1,3,7,13,16,19,20,23,25,27

23

15

3 min

28 km

15

pnt17

base19

0h 54m 30s

3,8,11,13,17,19,23,27,28

27

15

3 min

28 km

16

pnt18

base19

1h 00m 00s

4,8,11,13,17,24,27,28

None

15

3 min

28 km

17

pnt19

base20

1h 04m 30s

1,11,14,16,20,22,25,30

None

15

3 min

28 km

18

pnt20

base20

0h 30m 00s

1,3,7,13,16,19,20,23,25

None

15

3 min

28 km

19

pnt21

base20

0h 31m 30s

3,8,11,13,19,23,27,28

23

15

3 min

28 km

20

pnt22

base20

0h 25m 00s

8,11,13,17,19,27,28

28

25

3 min

28 km

21

pnt23

base20

0h 15m 00s

4,8,11,17,24,27,28

None

15

3 min

28 km

Ambiguity of point id pnt9 could not be resolved; hence, single point processing was carried out. For
the pnt3, the cut-off angle was changed to resolve the ambiguity, for pnt4, pnt15, pnt16, pnt17, pnt21
and pnt22, the ambiguity was resolved individually by deactivating satellites and changing the cut-off
angle (to understand the active satellites for rover points taken on the same day, understanding angle
of elevation, azimuth and DOP). The results obtained after post-processing of the GPS survey data is
shown in Table 5-2. The accuracy obtained for each point is shown in the Table 5-3. The surface of
study area being flat and nearer to the seacoast, the average elevation of the earth surface on the study
area from MSL is 12.62 m and from WGS 84 is 50.04m. Due to the above said reason the elevation
values in the WGS 84 are in negative. The difference between two datums is 62.66m.

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Table 5-2: Results of Post-processing

S. No.

Point ID

Point Type

Date Time

Latitude

Longitude

pnt2

Measured

pnt3

pnt4

Elevation

8/16/2006 10:15

20 33' 42.36241" N

86 28' 33.51460" E

-55.4976

Measured

8/16/2006 12:53

20 35' 39.52379" N

86 27' 38.26956" E

-54.9813

Measured

8/16/2006 13:59

20 36' 35.37953" N

86 29' 40.14067" E

-52.2673

pnt5

Measured

8/16/2006 18:05

20 27' 45.06765" N

86 29' 23.63848" E

-55.5842

pnt6

Measured

8/17/2006 8:11

20 32' 27.66244" N

86 20' 30.12241" E

-53.4601

pnt8

Measured

8/17/2006 10:21

20 36' 35.89862" N

86 23' 56.40651" E

-51.2902

pnt9

Navigated

8/17/2006 11:41

20 36' 38.08378" N

86 19' 26.26636" E

-49.3765

pnt10

Measured

8/18/2006 9:48

20 26' 56.06070" N

86 25' 30.85092" E

-46.7457

pnt11

Measured

8/18/2006 11:25

20 25' 51.96985" N

86 27' 01.09512" E

-52.1535

10

pnt12

Measured

8/18/2006 13:40

20 27' 25.42075" N

86 21' 59.18318" E

-49.0066

11

pnt13

Measured

8/18/2006 15:54

20 27' 41.38699" N

86 18' 40.82925" E

-46.9362

12

pnt14

Measured

8/18/2006 17:26

20 27' 58.33228" N

86 15' 12.31960" E

-44.7637

13

pnt15

Measured

8/19/2006 10:52

20 23' 42.88959" N

86 14' 09.20175" E

-45.4225

14

pnt16

Measured

8/19/2006 12:47

20 21' 52.25464" N

86 17' 38.40652" E

-49.6446

15

pnt17

Measured

8/19/2006 15:32

20 22' 45.43703" N

86 24' 40.05162" E

-51.1455

16

pnt18

Measured

8/19/2006 17:11

20 21' 40.57313" N

86 26' 29.98084" E

-54.1103

17

pnt19

Measured

8/20/2006 9:40

20 35' 26.73840" N

86 16' 37.85672" E

-51.4846

18

pnt20

Measured

8/20/2006 12:32

20 31' 45.31695" N

86 17' 41.05846" E

-52.4449

19

pnt21

Measured

8/20/2006 14:52

20 26' 20.67123" N

86 19' 17.53927" E

-52.4004

20

pnt22

Measured

8/20/2006 16:38

20 26' 24.92092" N

86 24' 18.83666" E

-53.4028

21

pnt23

Measured

8/20/2006 17:56

20 29' 53.45898" N

86 25' 25.39076" E

-51.836

Note: The elevation information in the above table are in WGS 84 datum, hence they are in negative.
The WGS 84 datum in the study area is 60m above the mean sea level (Figure 4-6) and hence in
GPS survey, WGS 84 is used. Hence the elevation information from the GPS survey has negative
values. These surveyed points (Latitude, Longitude and elevation) are used as control points in the
DSM generated to obtain the absolute location information for the DSM. The Hydrodynamic model
requires the DSM as one of the inputs that is in WGS 84 datum and the ground data are in mean sea
level. So all the database should have a common datum and it is necessary for DSM to transfer the
datum to MSL as discussed in the section 4.2.3.

39

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Table 5-3: Accuracy of Post-processed points

Point-ID

5.2.1.3.

Position Quality
in m

Standard
Deviation Height
in m

Pnt2

0.0013

0.0024

Pnt3

0.0021

0.0077

Pnt4

0.0019

0.0025

Pnt5

0.0007

0.0014

Pnt6

0.0008

0.0017

Pnt8

0.0016

0.003

Pnt10

0.0009

0.0018

Pnt11

0.0014

0.0021

Pnt12

0.0011

0.0017

Pnt13

0.0012

0.0028

Pnt14

0.0008

0.0015

Pnt15

0.0033

0.0053

Pnt16

0.0024

0.0067

Pnt17

0.0009

0.0022

Pnt18

0.0015

0.0027

Pnt19

0.0012

0.0023

Pnt20

0.0014

0.0035

Pnt21

0.0028

0.004

Pnt22

0.0018

0.0046

Pnt23

0.0009

0.0017

DSM generation with TERRA - ASTER stereo data (with and without
GCPs):

The Digital surface generated without GCPs was used to understand the terrain as a pre-field study.
The DSMs with GCPs on 15m, 30m & 45m resolution were generated using topographic tool of ENVI
software package. The minimum and maximum elevation extracted from RPC file were -38.07m and
722.7m respectively. After generation of tie points, system generated points using correlation between
stereo imagery. The tie points generated were used to define the epi-polar geometry and create epipolar images, which are used to extract the DSM. If Y-parallax error (The Maximum Y-Parallax value
is the quickest way to check how good the tie point placement is in your images) of any of the tie point
exceeds 10 pixels, error message is prompted, which can be edited by means of shifting the points or
deleting the tie points. As a part of resample technique in the process to generate epi-polar image,
bilinear re-sampling technique was used. The triangulation technique was used to interpolate the
parallax and geo-coding DEM. These surface models are generated with and without using Ground
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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Control Points (GCPs). The generated Surface model using TERRA-ASTER stereo pair with GCPs on
15m cell size is shown in the Figure 5-1 and validation of this model is discussed in section 5.2.1.6.

Figure 5-1: Digital Surface Model generated using 15m resolution of TERRA - ASTER

5.2.1.4.

DSM generation with Cartosat-1 stereo data (Classical Point


Measurement tool with GCPs)

The Surface models were generated using Cartosat-1 stereo pair using GCPs. The Surface models were
generated for 10m, 12.5m, 15m, 17.5m and 20m resolutions with Leica Photogrammetry Suite
(ERDAS, 2005) using Classical point measurement tool. After selecting the GCPs on the image,
triangulation is carried out on the GCPs only and report is generated to check the errors in selected
GCPs on the image. Again the same process is repeated after generating Tie points. The generated
surface models using CartoSat-1 stereo-pair with RPCs (rational polynomial coefficients, containing
necessary information about the sensor model) and GCPs on 10m, 12.5m, 15m, 17.5m & 20m
resolution are shown in the Figure 5-2 and its validation part was discussed in section 5.2.1.6.
12.5m cell s

12.5m cell size DEM

10 m cell size DEM

15m cell size DEM

CARTOSAT-1 DSM
Order of Polynomial

Root Mean Square Error (in Pixels)

17.5m cell size DEM

Ground "X"

1.44

Ground "Y"

1.43

Ground "Z"

1.66

Im age "X"

0.62

Im age "Y"

0.616

Total

0.4412

20m cell size DEM

Figure 5-2: Digital surface model of 10m, 12.5m, 15m, 17.5m & 20m resolution using Classical point
measurement tool

5.2.1.5.

DSM generation with Cartosat-1 stereo data (Stereo Point


Measurement tool)

The Surface models were also generated using Cartosat-1 stereo pair at 10m resolution with Leica
Photogrammetry Suite (LPS) using Stereo point measurement tool. The Stereo workstation was used
to digitise break lines to bring out the flow influencing features like dikes, levees, etc and reduce
artefacts. The LPS terrain editor is used to edit DSM to remove artefacts. The generated surface
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model is shown in the Figure 5-3 and validation part is discussed in section 5.2.1.6. In the Figure 5-3,
Dikes along the river are very clear and the water cover area is also linearly interpolated using point
information along on both banks of the river.

Figure 5-3: Map showing the Digital Surface Model generated using LPS terrain editor

5.2.1.6.

Validation of Digital Surface Model:

The Digital Surface Models for ASTER were validated with the GCPs collected from the field. The
generated DSMs using automated DSM extraction tool with GCPs was validated. Table 5-4, shows
points pnt3 and pnt15 have high elevation difference. On investigation it was found that there was miscorrelation between the pixels in the stereo pair. The range in elevation difference of 15m, 30m &
45m DSMs are 25.61m, 26.2m & 28.2m respectively. (Kumar, 2006)
Table 5-4: Elevation validation of TERRA ASTER DSM using GCPs

GCP ID

ELEVATION
OF GCP (a)

ELEVATION
ON 15 m CELL
SIZE DSM (b)

ELEVATION
DIFFERENCE
(a-b)

ELEVATION
ON 30 m CELL
SIZE DSM (b)

ELEVATION
DIFFERENCE
(a-c)

ELEVATION
ON 45 m CELL
SIZE DSM (d)

ELEVATION
DIFFERENCE
(a-d)

22.18

-15.35

21.19

-14.36

pnt3

6.83

20.37

-13.54

pnt6

8.35

12.71

-4.36

6.35

7.63

0.72

pnt11

9.66

9.67

-0.01

11.74

-2.08

11.92

-2.26

pnt13

14.87

12.11

2.77

7.96

6.91

6.9

7.98

pnt15

16.39

39.23

-22.84

35.68

-19.29

36.61

-20.22

pnt17

10.66

18.05

-7.38

15.25

-4.59

15.25

-4.59

pnt21

9.41

10.48

-1.07

17.21

-7.81

16.02

-6.61

pnt23

9.97

7.56

2.41

6.66

3.31

6.61

3.37

In case of CartoSat-1 DSM, artefacts were detected. These occurred due to mis-match between the
pixels in the image and they are not falling on the GPS surveyed points. The range in the elevation
difference of 10m, 12.5m, 15m, 17.5m & 20m DSM are 6.861m, 4.527m, 5.548m, 4.054m & 4.652m
respectively. Since range in elevation difference and DSM resolution does not show any significant
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pattern, it cannot be considered as factor for deriving optimum resolution. The automated generated
DSM contained artefacts, so it was decided to generate semi-automated DSM i.e., generation of DSM
using break lines (Stereo point measurement Tool) as discussed in section 4.2.2.3 and the validation of
CartoSat-1 DSM was shown in Table 5-5.
Table 5-5: Elevation validation of CartoSat-1 DSM using GCPs

S.NO

GCP
ID

ELEVATION
OF GCP (A)

ELEVATION
ON 10m CELL
SIZE DSM (B)

ELEVATION
DIFFERENCES
(A-B)

ELEVATION ON
12.5m CELL
SIZE DSM (C)

ELEVATION
DIFFERENCES
(A-C)

ELEVATION
ON 15m CELL
SIZE DSM (D)

ELEVATION
DIFFERENCES
(A-D)

ELEVATION ON
17.5m CELL
SIZE DSM (E)

ELEVATION
DIFFERENCES
(A-E)

ELEVATION
ON 20m CELL
SIZE DSM (F)

ELEVATION
DIFFERENCES
(A-F)

pnt03

6.829

4.952

1.877

5.240

1.589

5.250

1.579

5.790

1.039

4.580

2.249

pnt06

8.350

8.677

-0.327

10.830

-2.480

10.920

-2.570

9.900

-1.550

10.500

-2.150
1.797

pnt11

9.657

8.511

1.146

8.740

0.917

7.720

1.937

8.610

1.047

7.860

pnt13

14.874

12.670

2.204

12.960

1.914

12.930

1.944

13.580

1.294

13.350

1.524

pnt15

16.388

21.044

-4.657

19.000

-2.613

19.210

-2.823

18.320

-1.933

18.790

-2.403

pnt17

10.665

9.642

1.022

10.080

0.585

7.940

2.725

9.400

1.265

8.570

2.095

pnt21

9.410

10.555

-1.146

11.970

-2.560

11.510

-2.100

12.170

-2.760

11.000

-1.590

pnt23

9.974

9.480

0.494

11.030

-1.056

10.270

-0.296

9.430

0.544

9.390

0.584

Note : Elevation of Ground Control Point (GCP) collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) in differential mode

Table 5-6: Statistics of the validated points


ASTER DSM
Statistics

Minimum

GPS
Elevation
6.830

CartoSat-1 DSM

15m cell
size DSM

30m cell
size DSM

45m cell
size DSM

10m cell
size DSM

12.5m cell
size DSM

15m cell
size DSM

17.5m cell
size DSM

20m cell
size DSM

7.560

6.350

6.610

4.952

5.240

5.250

5.790

4.580

Maximum

16.390

39.230

35.680

36.610

21.044

19.000

19.210

18.320

18.790

Mean

10.768

16.273

15.379

15.266

10.691

11.231

10.719

10.900

10.505

3.241

10.213

9.911

10.040

4.712

3.919

4.217

3.791

4.210

Std Deviation
Coefficient of Variation

0.301

0.628

0.644

0.658

0.441

0.349

0.393

0.348

0.401

Range

9.560

31.670

29.330

30.000

16.092

13.760

13.960

12.530

14.210

Table 5-6 gives the statistics for the validated points of the GPS elevation and that was compared with
statistics of points of derived DSM from two different satellite data. The mean of the GPS elevation is
10.76m, while CartoSat-1 DSM ranged from 10.5m to 11.23m on different resolutions and that of
ASTER DSM ranged from 15.2m to 16.2m. In the case of standard deviation, among GPS elevations
points, it was 3.24m that for CartoSat-1 ranged from 3.7m to 4.7m and for ASTER, it ranged from
9.9m to 10.2m. The percentage of coefficient of variation is 30% for GPS points, 62% to 66% for
points on ASTER and 34% to 44% for the points on CartoSat-1 DSM on different resolutions.
The surface models were validated using profile comparison method for CartoSat-1 DSM (10m
resolution derived from Stereo point measurement tool), ASTER DSM (15m) and SRTM DSM (90m).
The result show that the surface profile of CartoSat-1 DSM is almost the same as the profile derived
from the SRTM DSM. The SRTM profile cannot be considered as the reference profile due to the
reason that its spatial resolution is 90m and accurate GCPs were not used. The three derived surface
profiles show that CartoSat-1 surface model is most suited model for hydrodynamic studies, rather
than TERRA-ASTER surface model. Since, it does not have undulating surface profile, as the terrain
profile of the study area is flat. By investigating the profile, it is clear that the surface profile of
CartoSat-1 toward the coast is lower than that of SRTM.

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Profile: 1
Profile: 4

Profile Comparison of
Digital Surface Models
Profile numbers
2

1
Profile: 2

Profile: 5

3
5

Profile: 3

Profile: 7

Profile: 6

Figure 5-4: Profile comparison of Digital Surface Models between CartoSat-1, TERRA ASTER and
SRTM model

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Table 5-7: Statistics of the elevation profiles of DSMs


SRTM

CARTOSAT

ASTER

SRTM

Statistics

CARTOSAT

ASTER

Statistics
Profile 1

Profile 4

Min

4.00

6.77

2.00

Min

1.00

-0.83

-12.44

max

16.00

17.07

32.22

max

13.00

14.06

34.24

mean

11.30

11.12

17.28

mean

7.39

6.38

10.60

SD

2.12

2.78

4.85

SD

2.51

3.39

8.16

CV

0.19

0.25

0.28

CV

0.34

0.53

0.77

Range

12.00

10.30

30.21

Range

12.00

14.89

46.68

Profile 2

Profile 5

Min

1.00

4.54

-4.74

Min

2.00

-1.41

-14.00

max

13.00

18.10

34.15

max

13.00

11.41

24.79

mean

9.77

10.98

15.49

mean

6.80

5.16

8.21

SD

1.64

2.40

6.59

SD

1.75

2.19

5.05

CV

0.17

0.22

0.43

CV

0.26

0.42

0.61

Range

12.00

13.56

38.89

Range

11.00

12.81

38.79

Profile 3

Profile 6

Min

3.00

3.23

-15.11

Min

-5.00

-2.88

-18.05

max

13.00

14.23

30.81

max

11.00

12.77

31.43

mean

8.56

8.65

11.94

mean

6.13

4.16

9.70

SD

1.69

2.28

7.45

SD

2.00

2.63

5.09

CV

0.20

0.26

0.62

CV

0.33

0.63

0.52

Range

10.00

11.00

45.92

Range

16.00

15.65

49.48

Profile 7
Min

Minimu m

Min

2.00

-3.55

0.11

max

Maximu m

max

9.00

6.63

28.92

mean

Mean

mean

5.27

2.04

12.54

SD

Standard Deviation

SD

1.54

1.80

5.34

CV

Coefficient of Variation

CV

0.29

0.88

0.43

Range

Range

Range

7.00

10.18

28.81

Attempts were made to understand elevation pattern of surface models obtained from different sources
and statistics of seven elevation profiles that were derived covering the study area. The mean values of
profile1 to profile7, for SRTM range from 11.3m to 5.3m, for CartoSat-1 from 11.12m to 2.04m and
for ASTER it is from 17.3m to 12.54m. The percentage of coefficient of variation for CartoSat-1
profile has less variation when compared to ASTER, when profiles 6 and 7 are not considered.
5.2.1.7.

Optimum resolution of DSM for Hydrodynamic model

The hydrodynamic model requires accurate representation of the flow influencing structures in the
surface model. An attempt was made to understand optimum resolution of DSM that can be used for
hydrodynamic modelling. The surface models tested are CartoSat-1 DSM on 10m cell size using
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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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stereo point measurement tools (Carto-10-SPMT), CartoSat-1 DSM on 12.5m, 15m, 17.5m & 20m cell
sizes using classic point measurement tool (Carto-12.5, Carto-15, Carto-17.5 & Carto-20). The
structure representation by means of correlation between the point locations of the structure on the
High Resolution Satellite (HRS) data and its corresponding locations on the surface model were
compared. From the Figure 5-5, it is clear that Carto-10-SPMT represents the best feature
representation among the surface models considered and if the DSMs of classical point measurement
tool (CPMT) are considered then Carto-15.0 is the best DSM. Considering the statistics of surface
models with GCP elevation, the profiles of the surface model and the method / tools used to derive
surface model further narrow down the range of optimum resolution that can be considered for
Hydrodynamic model.

DIKE

DIKE

Figure 5-5: Correlation among the flow influencing structures in HRS data and different Surface models

5.2.1.8.

Removal of artefacts

From the investigation of CartoSat-1 digital surface model, the identified artefacts were in an array of
approximately 20 x 20 pixels. Hence, to remove the artefacts using filter operation could not be
possible. By doing so, it could affect the pixels with true elevation such as flow influencing feature
(dikes, embankment, etc.). The artefacts could be identified in two ways 1) slicing operation and
comparing with the topographical map and viewing in anaglyph and 2) visiting each artefact manually
using anaglyph. The causes of artefacts in the surface model are due to mis-correlation between the
images in the stereo pair, interpolation and inadequate horizontal and vertical resolution. In the present
case, they could be due the mis-correlation between the datasets.

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5.2.2.

Datum transfer (Common datum)

The possibility of different techniques were attempted and the results are discussed based on chapter 4,
section 4.2.3 as follows
5.2.2.1.

Datum transfer using EGM 96 Geoid model

The converted GPS height values converted to mean sea level datum using the program for the
calculation of a geoid undulation at the points are shown in Table 5-8.
Table 5-8: Values of converted heights

Point ID

WGS 84
height

EGM 96
height

Geoid
height

pnt2

-55.49

7.29

62.78

pnt5

-55.58

7.534

63.114

pnt8

-51.29

11.223

62.513

Pnt10

-46.74

16.369

63.109

pnt12

-49.00

14.02

63.02

pnt14

-44.76

18.051

62.811

pnt15

-45.42

17.608

63.028

pnt18

-54.11

9.266

63.376

pnt16

-49.64

13.58

63.22

pnt13

-49.93

12.998

62.928

pnt19

-51.48

10.899

62.379

pnt3

-54.98

7.669

62.649

pnt6

-53.46

9.229

62.689

pnt11

-52.15

11.033

63.183

pnt20

-52.44

10.213

62.653

pnt21

-52.40

10.619

63.019

pnt22

-53.40

9.718

63.118

pnt4

-52.26

10.366

62.626

pnt13

-46.93

15.998

62.928

pnt17

-51.14

12.165

63.305

Input parameters:
Latitude = 20.5617673361111 N = 20 33' 42.36" N
Longitude = 86.4759762777778 E = 86 28' 33.51" E
GPS ellipsoidal height = -55.49 (meters)
Output:
Geoid height = -62.780 (meters)
Orthometric height (height above mean sea level) = 7.29 (meters)
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(Note: orthometric Height = GPS ellipsoidal height - geoid height)


Using height values computed in EGM 96 (Orthometric height), surface model was generated. It was
found that the study area was elevated at east; hence the low values of the terrain are on the west part
of the area and the river is flowing from east to west instead of west to east. The probable reason for
this condition is explained as follows. The mean difference derived from the GCPs used for generating
DSM in EGM 96 was compared to that derived in WGS 84 (mean of EGM96: 12.62 and WGS84: 50.04) are shown in Table 5-9.
Table 5-9: Mean difference table for the GCPs used to generate Digital surface model

Point ID

Standard Deviation
of EGM 96 (a)

Standard Deviation
of WGS 84 (b)

Difference
(a-b)

pnt2

-5.331

-5.454

0.123

pnt5

-5.087

-5.54

0.453

pnt8

-1.398

-1.246

-0.152

pnt10

3.748

3.298

0.45

pnt12

1.399

1.037

0.362

pnt14

5.43

5.28

0.15

pnt15

4.987

4.621

0.366

pnt18

-3.355

-4.066

0.711

pnt16

0.959

0.399

0.56

pnt13

0.377

3.108

-2.731

pnt19

-1.722

-1.441

-0.281

From the above table, the range obtained for the column Difference (a-b) is -3.44m, where the range
should be near to zero. Due to the huge difference in values of pnt18 located in the eastern part of
study area and pnt13 (western part) difference in standard deviation between EGM 96 and WGS 84
were 0.711m and -2.73m respectively. This elevation difference in the GCPs represented the reverse
flow of the river system in DSM for the study area. Hence this study showed that direct use of EGM
96 values to generate DSM is not feasible.
Attempt was also made towards using best-fit curve for DGPS elevation data and EGM 96 derived
height values. The polynomial equation derived was shown in Figure 5-6. This equation was used in
Raster calculator tool of Arc GIS to derive MSL DSM.

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20
18

EGM 96 Heights in m

16
14
12
10
8

y = 0.0007x2 + 1.0814x + 65.162


R2 = 0.993

6
4
2
0
0.00

-10.00

-20.00

-30.00

-40.00

-50.00

-60.00

GPS - WGS 84 Heights in m

Figure 5-6: Polynomial equation for best curve fit

5.2.2.2.

Datum transfer using Topo-spot heights (Average / best fit curve)

In this method, 65 spot heights were extracted from topographical map. Elevation information was
also derived using location values of above spots from DSM (WGS 84). These were plotted in excel
sheet, the geoid height was calculated and statistics for the geoid height was generated from WGS 84
datum.
The parameteric values derived as follows. Minimum height -65.75 m, Maximum height -49.92 m,
Average elevation -60.13 m, Standard deviation 2.83, Coefficient of variation -4.7% and Range
15.83m. For each spot height the Standard deviation was calculated and difference of Standard
deviations (Topographical spot heights and DSM heights) was computed. The points with values less
than 0.5m were considered for calculations to derive the average offset, to be further used for transfer
of datum (60.185 m).
Another method, attempted was to use best fit curve for the short listed points from the above said
process, then after observing the range, it was found that the selected values had less range (-48.43m to
-55.75m) when compared to those derived from DGPS (-44.76m to -55.58m) because of this, further
processing was not attempted.
5.2.2.3.

Datum transfer using feature identification

In this method, the field obtained cross sections at the gauge stations were identified linked to those on
satellite data to obtain the height values of mean sea level and WGS 84 height values. The summed-up
value was used as offset for the WGS 84 DSM. The height values obtained from field locations of
river cross-section at the gauge station and same values derived from DSM are given in Table 5-10
and Figure 4-8.

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Table 5-10: Height from MSL vis--vis GPS ellipsoidal (WGS 84)
Gauge station
location

GPS ellipsoidal
Height

MSL height

Height MSL to GPS


ellipsoidal

Pubansa gauge station


Right Levee

45.45

13.3

58.18

Left Levee

46.45

14.17

60.62

Danpur gauge station


Right Levee

47.408

11.55

58.78

Left Levee

47.752

13.98

61.73

Marshaghai gauge station


Right Levee

56.612

8.48

65.092

Left Levee

58.59

7.92

66.51

Note: Units are in meters


By further investigation the height difference between left levee and right levee for obtained crosssection and on DSM was shown in the Table 5-11. Since there was a height difference between the
levees, average height in the mean sea level datum as well as in WGS 84 was obtained and used for
further processing. On summing the average height of MSL and WGS 84, a value of 61.81 m was
obtained and this value used as offset to bring the model surface closer to mean sea level (MSL).
Table 5-11: Height difference between the levees

Gauge station location

GPS ellipsoidal height

Pubansa gauge station

MSL height
1

0.87

Danpur gauge station

0.34

2.43

Marshaghai gauge station

1.97

0.56

Note: Units are in meter


5.2.2.4.

Comparison of the datum transfer methods

DSMs were generated using the above-discussed techniques and compared to identify the best
suitable method to transfer the datum for the study area. The comparisons of the dike heights at the
gauging station (Field Information) were carried out on the derived DSMs (EGM 96 WGS 84 best
fit Curve, Spot Height DSM Offset @ 60.185m and Feature Identification offset @ 61.81m) to
derive best suitable method to adopt for datum transfer. From the Mean and Standard Deviation (SD)
values (Table 5-12), it is clear that feature identification method described in this section is best
method to transfer the datum with limited information and best applicable for Hydrodynamic model in
the present study.
50

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Table 5-12: Comparison of the different methods for datum transfer

Gauge Station

Field
Information

EGM 96 - WGS
84 best fit
Curve

Spot Height DSM Offset @


60.185m

Feature
Identification
Offset @ 61.81m

Right

13.30

17.45

14.73

16.36

Left

14.17

16.44

13.73

15.36

Right

11.55

15.46

12.77

14.40

Left

13.98

15.11

12.43

14.05

Right

8.48

6.18

3.57

5.19

Left

7.92

4.20

1.59

3.22

11.57

12.47

9.80

11.43

2.77

5.73

5.69

5.69

Pubansh

Danpur

Marshaghai
Statistics
Mean
SD

Note: Units are in meter


5.2.3.

Generation of River cross sections

The cross sections were generated as discussed in Chapter 4, section 4.2.4. The extracted elevation
information from the DSM is depicted in Figure 5-7.

51

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-7: Extracted elevation information from the Digital Surface Model

The related attribute information of the spatial database generated to apply in Hydrodynamic model is
shown in Figure 5-8.

52

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Extracted Elevation
information from DSM
S.No. of the point

Cross section ID

X Coordinate of the Point


Y Coordinate of the Point

Figure 5-8: The Attribute data generated to apply in Hydrodynamic model

Note: The X and Y coordinates of the point are in UTM meter .Chainage of the points in the cross
section is derived from right to left levees
The values of points on the water cover location of each cross section are edited as shown in the
Figure 4-9, then applied in the MIKE 11 model as per software requirement (Figure 5-9).

53

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-9: Cross section information in MIKE 11

5.2.4.

Digital Elevation Model generation River

The Digital Elevation model was generated as discussed in chapter 4, section 4.2.5 using Topo to
Raster tool of Arc GIS; the Figure 5-10 shows digital elevation model generated using river cross
section.

Figure 5-10: Digital elevation model generated using river cross-section

5.2.5.

Downgrading the resolution of Digital surface model

The downgrading of 10m resolution DSM (downgraded to 30m and 300m cell size) was carried out
with GIS operations. The polygon layers were generated using Fishnet tool of Arc Info software. The
polygons in the layer (layer-1) are in the form of grid mesh, which represents the bathymetry cells of
MIKE 21 model. In Arc Info coverage, the combinations of line and point are represented as polygons.
So, one point in each grid polygon is represented in this layer (at the centre of the polygon). The new
field was created and the attribute information of feature ID is copied to preserve the unique feature
ID. A duplicate copy of the layer-1 is created (layer-2). Using the High-resolution satellite data in the
54

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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background, the points were moved to the required location (over the flow influencing objects) within
the polygon for preserving the elevation information of that location in the downgraded surface model.
This exercise was carried out only in the grid polygon where flow-influencing features are located.
With the extract value to point tool, elevation values from the DSM were extracted to the point. The
elevation data in the layer-1 was transformed to the layer-2 using unique feature ID as shown in the
Figure 5-11. In the layer-2, Addxy tool was used to add field of the coordinate (X coordinate and
Y coordinate) locations of the points in the point attribute table (PAT). The field of X coordinate,
Y coordinate and Elevation values in the PAT are exported to a text file and text file is renamed into
xyz file. This xyz file database is used to generate Bathymetry grid in MIKE 21 model. The above said
procedure was carried out for both the layers (30m and 300m). Hence the semi-automatic
downgrading of the DSM was possible.

Layer-1

Transfer extracted elevation


value to Layer-2

Layer-2

Move point over flow


influencing objects

Extract elevation
value to point

Figure 5-11: Grid point method of downgrading the surface model resolution

55

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-12: Map of Downgraded DSM in the form of bathymetry grid on 300m cell size of the MIKE 21
file format

Figure 5-13: Map of Downgraded DSM in the form of bathymetry grid on 30m cell size of the MIKE 21
file format

The effects of spatial resolution on the digital surface model using grid point method of downgrading
the spatial resolution from 10m DSM are shown in the Figure 5-14. The spatial resolution pattern of
30m and 300m of the DSM are shown in the Figure 5-13 & Figure 5-12 respectively for the study
area.

56

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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25.00

10m - DSM
30m - DSM
300m - DSM
20.00

Elevation in m

15.00

10.00

5.00

Representation of Flow influencing feature


Distance in m

0.00
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Figure 5-14: Effect of Spatial resolution of the downgraded DSM of 30m and 300m from sources DSM
10m

5.2.6.

Generation of Mannings n using Land use / Land cover map

The Manning n roughness map was derived based on the interpretation carried out for the river and
floodplain from the Land use / Land cover map that is generated through visually interpretation of IRS
1D PAN data.
From the interpretation of the present river reach, four land use / land cover classes have been defined.
They are water covered sand, Sandbar, Dry land with Vegetation and Land with thick vegetation and
for the flood plain, two classes namely 1) Very small settlement with Vegetation and 2) Agriculture
land.
The Mannings n values have been assigned as per guidelines for selecting Manning's Roughness
Coefficient for Natural Channels and Flood Plains. Table 5-13 shows the allotted values of Mannings
coefficient (Arcement et al., 1984) for different land cover classes.

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Table 5-13: Table showing allotted manning coefficient

Mannings Coefficient
(n)

Type of Land cover


Floodplain
Agriculture land

0.03

Settlement (with vegetation)

0.045
River

Wet sand

0.022

Sandbar

0.026

Land with vegetation

0.028

Settlement with Vegetation

0.045

The following are some of the Land use / Land cover features for assigning Mannings n value

Figure 5-15: Manning n value map for river generated as resistance map

Figure 5-16: Manning n value map for flood plain generated as Resistance map
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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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5.2.7.

Generation of Flood Inundation map

The following flood inundation map was generated by visual interpretation using RadarSat-1 data
(Figure 5-17) for 4th September 2003 and 11th September 2003 (Figure 5-18). A general observation
was that for smooth open water bodies without vegetation radar backscattering was low. The Radar
data cannot be used in the case of highly vegetated and settlement area because there is a high
backscattering due to corner reflections. Hence interpretation of inundation extent could be difficult to
determine (Smith, 1997).

Figure 5-17: Map showing Flood inundation on the 4th September, 2003

Figure 5-18: Map showing Flood inundation on the 11th September, 2003

The inundated area on 4th September 2003 is approximately 26.5 km2 and on 11th September 2003 is
approximately 25.84 km2

5.3.

Hydrodynamic modelling

The Hydrodynamic modelling results are discussed in this chapter based on the methodology
described in the chapter 4. The MIKE FLOOD model is used to simulate the dynamics of water during
the flood event and further it was validated with inundation maps interpreted using the 4th and 11th of
September, 2003 RadarSat-1 satellite data.

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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5.3.1.

MIKE 11

The MIKE 11 simulations are based within the river. The floodwater at the cross section is obtained
for the simulation time step for the flood event. Discharges at the Q-point (mid point of two adjacent
cross sections) and H-Q relationship are derived as shown in Figure 5-19 after simulation.

H point
(Blue)
Cross section (c/s)

Q point
(Red)
System generated point
at the mid of two c/s

Figure 5-19: Locations of H-point (Cross section) and Q-point (H-Q relation can be obtained)

5.3.1.1.

Upstream / Downstream boundary conditions

The database has been generated for the upstream and downstream boundaries of the study area based
on recorded gauge levels at the gauge stations Pubansa (upstream) and Marshaghai (downstream) for
the flood event. From 12:00 AM on 30th of August 2003 to 11:00 PM of 12th September 2003.

Figure 5-20: Time series data for Pubansa Gauging station

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-21: Time series data for Marshaghai Gauging station

5.3.1.2.

Generation of network database

The spatial network of the river system is described in this part of the database such as defining the
each vertex spatially (Latitude & Longitude) and chainage is derived from start point to the end point
(Figure 5-22). The river system has 245 points with two branches as defined (Figure 5-23). In this
study the centre line of the river system is defined using the IRS 1D satellite, PAN data captured on
19th November 2003. The network started from the Pubansa gauging station and ends at Marshaghai
gauging station. The bifurcation of the Nuna River into two rivers (Nuna and Barandia rivers) is at
5043m from the Pubansa gauging station and rejoins to Nuna River at 18,487m of the main Nuna
River as shown in Figure 5-24. The Barandia River has a length of 16,356m.

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-22: Nuna River system for model simulation

Figure 5-23: GUI showing the verities of each point to generate a spatial network database

62

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-24: GUI showing branch definition in the river system

5.3.1.3.

Generation of Cross section database

The cross section was generated as discussed in the chapter 4, section 4.3.1.3. There are 15 cross
sections (inclusive of 3 cross sections obtained from Irrigation Department, Govt. of Orissa) derived in
Nuna river section and 13 cross sections derived in Barandia river section. The parameters required to
define the cross sections are spatial location of the extreme end of the cross section (left and right), the
elevations of the cross section is to be defined along the chainage from left to right end or vice-versa
of the cross section, cross section ID, Branch/River Name, Branch chainage, Resistance, defining
markers in the cross section such as left / right levee bank, left / right low flow bank, left / right
coordinate marker, lowest point, section type such as open, closed irregular, closed rectangular, closed
circular as shown in the Figure 5-25.

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-25: GUI showing the cross section details for building the database

5.3.1.4.

Generation of boundary database

The Boundary condition database is generated as discussed in the chapter 4, section 4.3.1.4. The first
condition for the simulation is Pubansa gauge station at 0m chainage where the simulation starts. The
water levels are defined at these points and the second condition is Marshaghai gauge station at
25,073m from starting point where the simulation ends as shown in the Figure 5-26. These conditions
are given to control the flow of water in the simulated river system at inflow (0m chainage) as well as
outflow (25,073m chainage).

Figure 5-26: GUI showing the definition of boundary condition for the simulation

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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5.3.1.5.

Initial water level parameters

The Hydrodynamic parameters are defined as discussed in the chapter 4, section 4.3.1.5. The initial
water level and discharge are to be defined at the simulation start and end points in both the branches
and the global initial water level and discharge can also be given as shown in Figure 5-27. The
riverbed resistance is defined by using Mannings n resistance formula. Since the bed condition in the
Nuna river system is sandy hence 0.030 as global resistance is given (Figure 5-27).

Figure 5-27: GUI to define the initial water level & discharge (Global / Local) in a and Bed resistance in
Mannings - n

5.3.1.6.

Simulation set-up

The Simulation of the Mike 11 model is described section 4.3.1.6. The simulation time step is to be set
keeping in view of MIKE 21 model. In present situation 15 minute time step is defined for simulation
and input files such as Network set-up file, Cross section set-up file, Boundary condition set-up file,
Hydrodynamic parameter set-up file and Time series set-up file defined in boundary condition are
defined. The Results of the simulation are viewed in MIKE view tool of the software package.

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-28: GUI showing the MIKE 11 set-up files for model simulation

The following are results obtained from the MIKE 11 simulation. On the 4th of September, 2003 there
was overtopping of flood water over the dikes in the longitudinal section of the river for Nuna and
Baradia rivers and its was compared to RadarSat-1 satellite data for above said dates as shown in the
Figure 5-29, Figure 5-30 Figure 5-31 and Figure 5-32. The table showing the discharge in the river
system (Table 5-14) and The table showing the water depth and flood depth in the simulated river
system on 4th September, 2003 and 11th September, 2003 (Table 5-15).

Left levee

Right levee

Starting point
of Simulation
Ending point
of Simulation

Map showing locations of overtopping of Nuna river Dikes


on 4th Sep. 2003 @ 12:00 hours

Figure 5-29: Longitudinal profile of MIKE 11 simulated result of Nuna river on 4th September, 2003

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Left levee

Right levee

Starting point
of Simulation
Barandia River extent
Ending point
of Simulation

Map showing locations of overtopping of Barandia river Dikes


on 4th Sep. 2003 @ 12:00 hours

Figure 5-30: Longitudinal profile of MIKE 11 simulated result of Barandia river on 4th September, 2003

Left levee

Right levee

Starting point
of Simulation
Ending point
of Simulation

Map showing locations of overtopping of Nuna river Dikes


on 11th Sep. 2003 @ 12:00 hours

Figure 5-31: Longitudinal profile of MIKE 11 simulated result of Nuna river on 11th September, 2003.

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Left levee

Right levee

Starting point
of Simulation
Barandia River extent
Ending point
of Simulation

Map showing locations of overtopping of Barandia river Dikes


on 11th Sep. 2003 @ 12:00 hours

Figure 5-32: Longitudinal profile of MIKE 11 simulated result of Barandia river on 11th September, 2003

The water depth and flood water depth (water level over the dike) in the river was derived for 4th of
September 2003 and 11th September 2003 at the defined cross sections of simulated river system
(Figure 5-28). The flood depth is the water depth over the top of the dike (margin to the dike crest).
The Negative values represent water below the top of the dike and positive values represent
overtopping.
The discharge was also derived for 4th September 2003 and 11th September 2003 at the mid of the
every two cross sections with chainage. The time series graphs were derived for water levels in river
stretches before bifurcation (Figure 5-33), after bifurcation of Nuna River (Figure 5-34), Barandia
River (Figure 5-35), after union of Barandia river into Nuna river (Figure 5-35 & Figure 5-36). The
time series graphs were derived for discharge in the river stretches of Nuna River and Barandia River
(Figure 5-37 & Figure 5-38). The extreme water depth, extreme discharge and extreme flood depth
were also derived (Table 5-16, Table 5-17, Table 5-18 & Table 5-19).

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Table 5-14: Discharge in the river system

DISCHARGE IN THE RIVER SYSTEM


RIVER NAME @ CHAINAGE

4/9/2003 12:00

11/9/2003 12:00

NUNA @ 781.60

13604.788

12341.511

NUNA @ 2312.25

13600.108

12346.111

NUNA @ 4052.33

13596.035

12350.098

NUNA @ 5780.91

6871.826

6259.693

NUNA @ 7026.20

6869.375

6262.044

NUNA @ 8023.90

6867.771

6263.549

NUNA @ 9755.22

6864.806

6266.297

NUNA @ 12000.48

6859.59

6270.496

NUNA @ 14000.76

6844.35

6281.987

NUNA @ 15994.04

6811.505

6279.012

NUNA @ 17739.45

6804.576

6293.854

NUNA @ 19237.89

13148.876

12283.373

NUNA @ 21480.87

13188.523

12374.441

NUNA @ 24023.72

13392.649

12748.225

BARANDIA @ 697.41

6714.945

6099.472

BARANDIA @ 1958.27

6709.862

6104.365

BARANDIA @ 3096.81

6685.272

6110.457

BARANDIA @ 4573.28

6682.856

6112.723

BARANDIA @ 6024.43

6680.657

6114.73

BARANDIA @ 6973.42

6679.25

6115.982

BARANDIA @ 8366.46

6675.4

6119.286

BARANDIA @ 9803.09

6671.829

6122.199

BARANDIA @ 11080.33

6667.722

6125.501

BARANDIA @ 12769.95

6594.317

6058.134

BARANDIA @ 14098.94

6366.625

5972.613

BARANDIA @ 15464.65

6353.633

5973.92

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Table 5-15: Water depth and flood depth in the simulated river system on 4th September, 2003 and 11th
September, 2003

DATE / TIME
RIVER NAME @ CHAINAGE

ON 4TH SEPTEMBER, 2003 @ 12:00


NOON
WATER DEPTH

FLOOD DEPTH

ON 11TH SEPTEMBER, 2003 @ 12:00


NOON
WATER DEPTH

FLOOD DEPTH

NUNA @ 0.00

8.891

-1.809

8.586

-2.114

NUNA @ 1563.21

9.009

-3.326

8.723

-3.612

NUNA @ 3061.30

8.262

-3.218

8.013

-3.467

NUNA @ 5043.35

8.453

-1.187

8.232

-1.408

NUNA @ 5043.35

8.453

-1.187

8.232

-1.408

NUNA @ 6518.47

8.916

-1.454

8.709

-1.661

NUNA @ 7533.92

8.782

-1.098

8.601

-1.279

NUNA @ 8513.88

8.763

-1.965

8.608

-2.12

NUNA @ 10996.57

8.006

0.397

7.946

0.337

NUNA @ 13004.39

7.746

0.73

7.766

0.75

NUNA @ 14997.14

7.751

-1.018

7.802

-0.967

NUNA @ 16990.94

8.111

0.433

8.177

0.499

NUNA @ 18487.96

8.922

-0.728

9.002

-0.648

NUNA @ 18487.96

8.922

-0.728

9.002

-0.648

NUNA @ 19987.83

8.792

0.332

8.904

0.444

NUNA @ 22973.90

9.419

0.049

9.56

0.19

NUNA @ 25073.55

9.385

-0.605

9.553

-0.437

BARANDIA @ 0.00

8.453

-1.187

8.232

-1.408

BARANDIA @ 1394.81

9.104

-1.402

8.887

-1.619

BARANDIA @ 2521.73

9.242

1.348

9.03

1.136

BARANDIA @ 3671.89

9.046

-1.201

8.854

-1.393

BARANDIA @ 5474.68

8.531

-0.53

8.401

-0.66

BARANDIA @ 6574.18

8.309

-0.646

8.207

-0.748

BARANDIA @ 7372.67

8.225

-0.001

8.135

-0.091

BARANDIA @ 9360.26

8.13

-0.332

8.081

-0.38

BARANDIA @ 10245.92

8.298

-0.317

8.262

-0.353

BARANDIA @ 11914.75

8.511

0.479

8.535

0.503

BARANDIA @ 13625.14

8.385

0.829

8.434

0.878

BARANDIA @ 14572.73

8.775

-0.486

8.84

-0.422

BARANDIA @ 16356.56

8.922

-0.728

9.002

-0.648

Note: The red colour chainage indicate that overtopping of floodwater occurred on the above
specified date and time. The Flood depth is the water level above the crest of the dike represented in
positive value in the flood depth column of above table. Negative values represent no flood (below the
crest of dike).

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Main Nuna River

Time series water level before bifurcation of River


Figure 5-33: Time series water level before bifurcation of Nuna river

Main Nuna River

Time series water level after bifurcation of Nuna River


Figure 5-34: Time series water level after bifurcation of Nuna river

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Barandia River

Time series water level Barandia River


Figure 5-35: Time series water level of Barandia river

Main Nuna River

Time series water level after union of Rivers


Figure 5-36: Time series water level after union of Baandia river into Nuna river

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Before Bifurcation

After union
After Bifurcation

Time series Discharge in Nuna river for flood event


Figure 5-37: Time series discharge in Nuna river for the event

Time series Discharge in Barandia river


Figure 5-38: Time series discharge in Barandia river

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HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Table 5-16: Extreme water depth in the river for the event
Extreme water depth in the river for the event
River Name @ Chainage

Minimum depth

Date / Time

Maximum depth

Date / Time

NUNA @ 0.00

7.397

12/9/2003 23:00

10.049

30-8-2003 16:00:00

NUNA @ 1563.21

7.562

12/9/2003 23:00

10.107

30-8-2003 16:01:30

NUNA @ 3061.30

6.925

12/9/2003 23:00

9.233

30-8-2003 16:03:00

NUNA @ 5043.35

7.166

12/9/2003 23:00

9.351

30-8-2003 16:05:30

NUNA @ 5043.35

7.166

12/9/2003 23:00

9.351

30-8-2003 16:05:30

NUNA @ 6518.47

7.665

12/9/2003 23:00

9.781

30-8-2003 16:06:29

NUNA @ 7533.92

7.585

12/9/2003 23:00

9.593

30-8-2003 16:07:30

NUNA @ 8513.88

7.601

12/9/2003 23:00

9.533

30-8-2003 16:07:59

NUNA @ 10996.57

6.936

12/9/2003 23:00

8.719

30-8-2003 14:20:00

NUNA @ 13004.39

6.729

12/9/2003 23:00

8.4

30-8-2003 14:16:00

NUNA @ 14997.14

6.784

12/9/2003 23:00

8.374

30-8-2003 14:13:29

NUNA @ 16990.94

7.165

12/9/2003 23:00

8.728

30-8-2003 14:11:00

NUNA @ 18487.96

7.997

12/9/2003 23:00

9.537

30-8-2003 14:08:30

NUNA @ 18487.96

7.997

12/9/2003 23:00

9.537

30-8-2003 14:08:30

NUNA @ 19987.83

7.912

12/9/2003 23:00

9.422

30-8-2003 14:05:59

NUNA @ 22973.90

8.591

12/9/2003 23:00

10.076

30-8-2003 14:03:00

NUNA @ 25073.55

8.593

12/9/2003 23:00

10.086

30-8-2003 14:00:00

BARANDIA @ 0.00

7.166

12/9/2003 23:00

9.351

30-8-2003 16:05:30

BARANDIA @ 1394.81

7.823

12/9/2003 23:00

9.991

30-8-2003 16:07:00

BARANDIA @ 2521.73

7.975

12/9/2003 23:00

10.107

30-8-2003 16:07:59

BARANDIA @ 3671.89

7.834

12/9/2003 23:00

9.866

30-8-2003 16:09:00

BARANDIA @ 5474.68

7.404

12/9/2003 23:00

9.231

30-8-2003 16:09:29

BARANDIA @ 6574.18

7.224

12/9/2003 23:00

8.949

30-8-2003 14:22:59

BARANDIA @ 7372.67

7.137

12/9/2003 23:00

8.867

30-8-2003 14:22:30

BARANDIA @ 9360.26

7.072

12/9/2003 23:00

8.733

30-8-2003 14:18:59

BARANDIA @ 10245.92

7.248

12/9/2003 23:00

8.9

30-8-2003 14:17:29

BARANDIA @ 11914.75

7.538

12/9/2003 23:00

9.056

30-8-2003 14:14:30

BARANDIA @ 13625.14

7.431

12/9/2003 23:00

8.947

30-8-2003 14:12:30

BARANDIA @ 14572.73

7.848

12/9/2003 23:00

9.357

30-8-2003 14:11:00

BARANDIA @ 16356.56

7.997

12/9/2003 23:00

9.537

30-8-2003 14:08:30

Note: Units of depth are in meters

74

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Table 5-17: Extreme discharge in the river for the event


Extreme discharge in the river for the Event
River Name @ Chainage

Minimum discharge

Date / Time

Maximum discharge

Date / Time

NUNA @ 781.60

8725.931

12/9/2003 23:00

18696.453

30-8-2003 16:00:29

NUNA @ 2312.25

8734.819

12/9/2003 23:00

18695.488

30-8-2003 16:01:59

NUNA @ 4052.33

8742.563

12/9/2003 23:00

18696.145

30-8-2003 16:03:59

NUNA @ 5780.91

4361.229

12/9/2003 23:00

9151.514

30-8-2003 16:05:59

NUNA @ 7026.20

4365.751

12/9/2003 23:00

9151.569

30-8-2003 16:07:30

NUNA @ 8023.90

4368.63

12/9/2003 23:00

9152.007

30-8-2003 16:08:30

NUNA @ 9755.22

4374.08

12/9/2003 23:00

9153.512

30-8-2003 16:11:00

NUNA @ 12000.48

4381.918

12/9/2003 23:00

9024.191

30-8-2003 09:16:30

NUNA @ 14000.76

4388.851

12/9/2003 23:00

8969.713

30-8-2003 18:13:59

NUNA @ 15994.04

4397.744

12/9/2003 23:00

8794.529

30-8-2003 18:11:00

NUNA @ 17739.45

4414.693

12/9/2003 23:00

8633.624

30-8-2003 18:09:29

NUNA @ 19237.89

8948.872

12/9/2003 23:00

15721.724

30-8-2003 20:05:30

NUNA @ 21480.87

8971.938

12/9/2003 23:00

15617.793

30-8-2003 20:03:30

NUNA @ 24023.72

9053.309

12/9/2003 23:00

15694.629

1/9/2003 18:01

BARANDIA @ 697.41

4399.727

12/9/2003 23:00

9542.037

30-8-2003 16:05:30

BARANDIA @ 1958.27

4409.5

12/9/2003 23:00

9540.573

30-8-2003 16:07:00

BARANDIA @ 3096.81

4415.674

12/9/2003 23:00

9069.081

30-8-2003 16:08:30

BARANDIA @ 4573.28

4419.171

12/9/2003 23:00

8849.075

30-8-2003 16:11:00

BARANDIA @ 6024.43

4422.808

12/9/2003 23:00

8841.791

30-8-2003 16:12:30

BARANDIA @ 6973.42

4425.526

12/9/2003 23:00

8840.861

30-8-2003 16:13:00

BARANDIA @ 8366.46

4431.984

12/9/2003 23:00

8669.501

30-8-2003 16:16:00

BARANDIA @ 9803.09

4438.179

12/9/2003 23:00

8448.163

30-8-2003 09:16:59

BARANDIA @ 11080.33

4445.229

12/9/2003 23:00

8429.561

30-8-2003 09:17:29

BARANDIA @ 12769.95

4448.447

12/9/2003 23:00

8150.948

30-8-2003 09:13:29

BARANDIA @ 14098.94

4511.427

12/9/2003 23:00

7407.61

30-8-2003 07:41:29

BARANDIA @ 15464.65

4519.844

12/9/2003 23:00

7237.576

30-8-2003 07:39:59

Note: Discharge units are m3/sec.

75

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Table 5-18: Extreme flood depth in the river for the event
Extreme flood depth in river for the Event
River Name @ Chainage

Minimum flood depth

Date / Time

Maximum flood depth

Date / Time

NUNA @ 0.00

-3.303

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.651

30-8-2003 16:00:00

NUNA @ 1563.21

-4.773

12/9/2003 23:00

-2.228

30-8-2003 16:01:30

NUNA @ 3061.30

-4.555

12/9/2003 23:00

-2.247

30-8-2003 16:03:00

NUNA @ 5043.35

-2.474

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.289

30-8-2003 16:05:30

NUNA @ 5043.35

-2.474

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.289

30-8-2003 16:05:30

NUNA @ 6518.47

-2.705

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.589

30-8-2003 16:06:29

NUNA @ 7533.92

-2.295

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.287

30-8-2003 16:07:30

NUNA @ 8513.88

-3.127

12/9/2003 23:00

-1.195

30-8-2003 16:07:59

NUNA @ 10996.57

-0.673

12/9/2003 23:00

1.11

30-8-2003 14:20:00

NUNA @ 13004.39

-0.287

12/9/2003 23:00

1.384

30-8-2003 14:16:00

NUNA @ 14997.14

-1.985

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.395

30-8-2003 14:13:29

NUNA @ 16990.94

-0.513

12/9/2003 23:00

1.05

30-8-2003 14:11:00

NUNA @ 18487.96

-1.653

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.113

30-8-2003 14:08:30

NUNA @ 18487.96

-1.653

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.113

30-8-2003 14:08:30

NUNA @ 19987.83

-0.548

12/9/2003 23:00

0.962

30-8-2003 14:05:59

NUNA @ 22973.90

-0.779

12/9/2003 23:00

0.706

30-8-2003 14:03:00

NUNA @ 25073.55

-1.397

12/9/2003 23:00

0.096

30-8-2003 14:00:00

BARANDIA @ 0.00

-2.474

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.289

30-8-2003 16:05:30

BARANDIA @ 1394.81

-2.683

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.515

30-8-2003 16:07:00

BARANDIA @ 2521.73

0.082

12/9/2003 23:00

2.213

30-8-2003 16:07:59

BARANDIA @ 3671.89

-2.413

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.381

30-8-2003 16:09:00

BARANDIA @ 5474.68

-1.657

12/9/2003 23:00

0.17

30-8-2003 16:09:29

BARANDIA @ 6574.18

-1.731

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.006

30-8-2003 14:22:59

BARANDIA @ 7372.67

-1.089

12/9/2003 23:00

0.641

30-8-2003 14:22:30

BARANDIA @ 9360.26

-1.39

12/9/2003 23:00

0.271

30-8-2003 14:18:59

BARANDIA @ 10245.92

-1.367

12/9/2003 23:00

0.285

30-8-2003 14:17:29

BARANDIA @ 11914.75

-0.494

12/9/2003 23:00

1.024

30-8-2003 14:14:30

BARANDIA @ 13625.14

-0.125

12/9/2003 23:00

1.391

30-8-2003 14:12:30

BARANDIA @ 14572.73

-1.414

12/9/2003 23:00

0.095

30-8-2003 14:11:00

BARANDIA @ 16356.56

-1.653

12/9/2003 23:00

-0.113

30-8-2003 14:08:30

As per derived results of MIKE 11 model it was found that there was an extreme floodwater depth that
occurred in the River Barandia at the chainage of 2,522m with 2.2m on 30th August 2003 at 16:08
hours over the Dike crest and in Nuna River at 13,004m with 1.38m on 30th August 2003 at 14:16
hours.

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Table 5-19: Overtopping of the floodwater at the cross sections over the levees

FLOODING (OVER TOPPING LEVEE)


RIVER NAME @ CHAINAGE

START

NUNA @ 10996.57

8/30/03 0:00

9/12/03 0:03

NUNA @ 13004.39

8/30/03 0:00

9/12/03 13:30

NUNA @ 16990.94

8/30/03 0:00

9/12/03 5:13

NUNA @ 19987.83

8/30/03 0:00

9/12/03 4:17

NUNA @ 22973.9

8/30/03 3:36

9/12/03 4:00

9/8/03 11:07

9/11/03 19:45

8/30/03 11:40

8/30/03 15:39

9/1/2003 13:41

9/1/2003 17:09

9/2/2003 0:57

9/2/2003 6:09

BARANDIA @ 2521.73

8/30/2003 0:00

9/12/2003 23:00

BARANDIA @ 5474.68

8/30/2003 7:00

8/31/2003 2:45

BARANDIA @ 7372.67

8/30/2003 0:00

9/3/2003 8:30

9/4/2003 12:30

9/6/2003 2:45

9/9/2003 1:00

9/11/2003 6:30

BARANDIA @ 9360.26

8/30/2033 5:15

9/2/2003 16:30

BARANDIA @ 10245.92

8/30/2003 5:30

9/2/2003 18:15

BARANDIA @ 11914.75

8/30/2003 0:00

9/12/2003 6:00

BARANDIA @ 13625.14

8/30/2003 0:00

9/12/2003 18:30

BARANDIA @ 14572.73

8/30/2003 11:45

8/30/2003 0:00

8/30/2003 11:45

8/30/2003 17:15

9/1/2003 9:00

9/2/2003 12:45

NUNA @ 25073.55

5.3.2.

END

MIKE 21

The MIKE 21 model set-up is based on the input requirement of MIKE FLOOD. The main
requirement for MIKE 21 is setting up of bathymetry and resistance for the floodplain. The results of
set-up of the database are discussed in detail in further sections of this chapter.
5.3.2.1.

Generation Bathymetry database

The bathymetry database was generated using the DSM that was derived from the stereo data of the
CartoSat-1 satellite and the simulated river bathymetry. These datasets were integrated and converted
into *.xyz format and further to MIKE 2D grid.

77

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Generation of bathymetry was generated as discussed in the section 4.3.2.1 for river in MIKE 21. The
simulated surface is converted into xyz file format and from xyz format to MIKE 21 grid format. The
same was done for the floodplain area and then integrated in the MIKE model.
Generation of bathymetry for Integrated River & Floodplain in Arc GIS environment: The grid
datasets of the river and floodplain surface were exported to ERDAS ASCII file format using AOI
(area of interest) layers for River and floodplain separately. These datasets were opened in excel and
converted to xyz point layer. The point layers generated were integrated to form a single layer in grid
format and further converted into MIKE 2D grid.
Generation of bathymetry by gridded points in Arc GIS environment: The bathymetry database was
generated as discussed in the chapter 4 sections 4.2.6. Better result obtained from this approach, which
has control over editing the surface for the floodplain. These grid point layers are used to generate
MIKE 2D grid as discussed in the section 4.2.6

Figure 5-39: Bathymetry data generated using simple integration method into MIKE

5.3.2.2.

Setting up of Simulation and Results

As per requirement of MIKE FLOOD model, the simulation set-up file for MIKE 21 was generated;
the model requirement was fulfilled by generating bathymetry shown in Figure 5-39, the Resistance
map for River shown in the Figure 5-15 and for floodplain Figure 5-16. For defining the Flood and
Dry parameters minimum water depth allowed at a point before it is taken out of calculation for drying
depth are given, and also the water depth at which the point will be re-entered into the calculation for
flooding depth. The initial surface elevation is given as 3m, since simulations was to be started as dry
condition. The flood extent with water depth and velocity vector on X (U) and Y (V) directions were
obtained at defined time step interval in the MIKE 21 output results grid file.

78

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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5.3.3.

MIKE FLOOD (Integrated MIKE 11 & MIKE 21)

MIKE FLOOD is a tool that integrates the one-dimensional model MIKE 11 and the two-dimensional
model MIKE 21 into a single, dynamically coupled modelling system. The MIKE FLOOD results are
the results obtained in MIKE 21.
The definition of MIKE 11 and MIKE 21 were set-up, the lateral links were defined as discussed in
chapter 4, section 4.3.3.2 and its result is shown in the Figure 5-40 and these lateral links are to be
defined for which side of the river it belongs.

Lateral Link
(Left levee)

Lateral Link
(4,35)

Centre line of
River system

Lateral Link
(Right levee)

Figure 5-40: GUI showing definition of Lateral Links

5.3.4.

Flood inundation results of MIKE FLOOD model

The flood inundation results of the simulated MIKE FLOOD model was generated at a time step of
one-hour interval in two-dimensional grids. MIKE 11 results which were earlier discussed in the
section 4.2.8 have a slight modification in the simulation of time step, since it is set up to 30 seconds
with output generation of 15 minutes. For flood simulation in MIKE 21 model it was again set up to
30 seconds and the output is derived for every one hour as shown in the Figure 5-41 and Figure 5-42.

79

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-41: Flood simulation using MIKE FLOOD model (Figure showing flood inundation situation on
4th September, 2003 @ 12:00 noon)

Figure 5-42: Flood simulation using MIKE FLOOD model (Figure showing flood inundation situation on
11th September, 2003 @ 12:00 noon)

The flood inundation results of the simulated MIKE FLOOD model was generated at a time step of an
hour in two-dimensional grids. The simulation was carried out in 30m grid size and was found to be
satisfactory.
5.3.5.

Calibration of Field (interview) data with Flood model results

The present study area for 2003 flood event, the model results were calibrated with field collected
interview data (Maiti, 2007). The investigation conducted to compare the results with respect to the
flood water level obtained from the MIKE FLOOD model vis--vis flood level data collected from
field interviews in village settlements. The villages in which field interviews were conducted are
80

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Indalo, Jalapoka, Aitpur, Pentha, Raghunathpur and Bachharai. The procedure adopted for the
calibration of the model output consisted of overlaying the settlement location (point layer with flood
depth database in the attribute table) on the time series grid water depth database in MIKE results view
tool. The hourly flood conditions were noted for pixels under the settlement points (change in flood
water level) as shown in the Figure 5-43.

Figure 5-43: Overlay of settlement locations on the inundated grid in MIKE results file.

The same exercise was repeated for agricultural locations and daily flood conditions were noted in
these areas. The following are results observed (village-wise) for the simulation period between 30th
August 2003 and 12th September 2003:
Indalo village: Before the 30th August 2003 the floodwater has entered the village. Settlement no: 25
was inundated for the entire flood period with 2 to 3m water level. Settlement no: 22, 23 and 24 were
inundated from 30th August 2003 at 6:00 hours to 21st hours of 2nd September 2003 with depth of 0 to
1m. Settlement nos: 17 to 21 were inundated from 30th August 2003, 6:00 hours to end of the
simulation period with a flood level of 0 to 1m. As per Field interview data, flood level in the
settlements was varying from 0.7 to 1.2m
Jalapoka village: As per field interview data, there was 0 to 0.7m of inundation, but as per model
there was no inundation.
Aitpur: As per field interview data, there was 0 to 1.2m of inundation, but as per model there was no
inundation.
Raghunathpur village: The settlements are clustered in two groups. First cluster with settlement no
44 to 49 started getting inundated on 30th August 2003 at 9:00 hours and the second cluster (settlement
no: 50 to 52) was not inundated for the flood event. The settlement no 45 to 46 have experienced
dynamic flood level, which varied with time. On 30th August 2003, 9:00 hours inundation of the
cluster started with 0-1m. On 1st September, 2003 it rose to 1-2m, on 3rd September, 2003 reduced to
0-1m, on 10th September it again rose to 1-2m and on the same day at 22: 00 hours it came down to 01m and remained till the end of the simulation. For the settlement no: 44,47,48 and 49, inundation
started on 30th August at 9: 00 hours but there was no inundation for the period from 3rd to 9th
81

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September, 2003, but rose by 0-1m till 11th September, 2003 at 8:00 hours. As per field interview data
the flood level was about 1-2m during the flood.
Pentha village: The settlement no 26 to 29, inundation started from 31st August 2003 till the end of
the simulation with 0-1 m flood depth. In the Settlement no: 30 to 32, the inundation started on 30th
August, 2003 at 9:00 hours with 0-1m, increased to 1-2m on 31st August at 6:00 and further increased
to 2-3m on same day at 18:00 hours and remained same till the end of the simulation. As per field
interview data the flood level was about 0.7 to 1.4m.
Bachharai: The settlement no 41& 42 were inundated from 30th August 2003 at 18:00 hours with 01m, increased to 1-2m on 31st August at 10:00 hours, further increased to 2-3m on 6th September
2003, then reduced to 1-2m on 9th September at 10:00 and increased again 2-3m on 11th September
2003 at 21:00 hours and remained same till the end of the simulation. For the settlement nos:
34,35,36,37 and 43 inundation started on 30th August 2003 at 18:00 hours with 0-1m, then increased to
2-3m on 31st August 2003 at 7:00 hours then after stayed at the same level till the end of the
simulation. In settlement no: 38, inundation started on 31st August 2003 at 6:00 hours with 0-1m then
increased to 1-2m on 31st August 2003 at 17:00 hours, then remained same till the end of the
simulation. As per field interview data settlement nos 41 and 42 have experienced 1.2m, 38 with 1.2m,
34,35,36,37 and 43 with 0.9 to 1.7m and 33, 39 and40 with 0.7 to 1.7m. The settlement nos: 33, 39 &
40 were not inundated as per model because these settlements were closer to Chitrapala river, which
was not included in the simulation study.
For Agriculture fields, In Indalo village inundation was from start of simulation till end with 0-2m
water depth. As per field interview data it was 2.2m. In Jalapoka village, there was inundation for one
day i.e. for 30th August with 0-1m. As per field interview data it is 2.7m flood depth. In Aitpur village
there was inundation partially with 0-1m. As per field interview data it is 3.7m. Raghunathpur village,
was inundated upto 0-2m which increased to 1-3m and remained throughout the event. However as per
field interview data it is 2.7m. Pentha Village experienced flood of 0-2m starting from 30th August
2003 and increased to 1-3m till 1st September 2003, further increased upto 2-3m on 10th September
2003 and reduced to 1-3m on 11th September 2003. As per field interview data, it is 2.7m. In
Bachharai village flooding started on 30th August 2003, increased to 6 to 7m on 2nd September 2003,
reduced to 4-5m on 3rd September, 2003 and further reduced to 2-4m on 11th September, 2003 and
remained same till the end of the simulation. As per field interview data, it is 3.7 4.7m flood level.
5.3.6.

Comparison of flood model with visually interpreted data and Satellite


data

The results obtained from the model, visual interpretation and satellite data were compared. On
overlaying the interpreted information with the model output (Figure 5-45 and Figure 5-46), it was
found that over flooding seems to have occurred in the model simulation. When it was overlaid on the
RadarSat-1 satellite data (Figure 5-47 and Figure 5-48), it was found that model represented a true
picture of flooding situation. There were some patches of water bodies that were near to Cithrapala
river on the interpreted image and they were mis-interpreted as Nuna or Barandia River not having
influence on those water bodies and over the settlement, leading to no inundation. Hence it was not
considered for interpretation. The model result was overlaid on the interpreted data. It was found that
the model result represented over inundation in general. When these were matched with RadarSat-1
satellite data, the interpretation was proved wrong. In RadarSat-1 satellite data, there was no
inundation over the Settlement / Vegetation areas. As per field interview data, there was inundation in
Bachharai village. But as per model results, the village was inundated on 4th September 2003 (Figure
82

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

Inundation depth

5-44). Hence it is proved that Radar data does not show inundation extent over settlement / Vegetation
areas. This might be due to high backscattering of signals from the features (Settlement / Vegetation)
(Smith, 1997).

RadarSat 1
Peak Flood event

MIKE FLOOD
Water depth result
Peak Flood event

CartoSat-1 PAN
Figure 5-44: Comparison of Results with datasets for the event in Bachharai Village.

Figure 5-45: Comparison of interpreted information to the model output for 4th September, 2003

83

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-46: Comparison of interpret information over the model output for 11th September, 2003

Figure 5-47: Model output overlaid on the RadarSat-1 satellite data for 4th September, 2003 @ 12:00 noon

Figure 5-48: Model output overlaid on the RadarSat-1 satellite data for 11th September, 2003 @ 12:00
noon

Statistics derived for the island between the two rivers, on 4th of September 2003 revealed that the
inundation extent derived by model is 2.1 km2, whereas the visual interpretation derived area was 3.3
84

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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km2. On 11th September 2003 the inundation area derived by model is 1.8 km2 and that of visual
interpretation is 3.6 km2. The variation in the results could be due to the effect of spatial resolution in
which the model is simulated. Better results can be obtained when simulation in finer resolution is
carried out.
The velocity maps were produced along X direction and Y direction on 4th September and 11th
September 2003 as shown in the Figure 5-49, Figure 5-50, Figure 5-51 & Figure 5-52.

Figure 5-49: Velocity along X- direction on 4th of September 2003 at 12:00 noon

Figure 5-50: Velocity along Y- direction on 4th of September 2003 at 12:00 noon

85

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Figure 5-51: Velocity along X- direction on 11th of September 2003 at 12:00 noon

Figure 5-52: Velocity along Y- direction on 11th of September 2003 at 12:00 noon

86

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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13.5 m
0m

Inundation depth

MIKE FLOOD
Result
on 30m Grid

MIKE FLOOD
Result
on 300m Grid

CartoSat-1 PAN

Figure 5-53: Effect of resolution on the Flood inundation in Hydrodynamic model

87

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
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Table 5-20: Effect of floodwater depth with resolution

Feature ID

on 30m Grid
Model result

on 300m Grid
model result

Interview data

33

3.36

1.7

34

4.24

1.7

35

2.91

1.2

36

2.49

1.2

37

1.3

1.7

38

3.5

2.2

39

2.2

2.39

2.2

40

2.39

2.2

41

1.21

2.39

2.2

42

2.51

2.39

2.2

43

2.38

1.7

Note: units are in meters


From the Table 5-20 and Figure 5-53, the effect on resolution in the flood inundation depth derived
from Hydrodynamic model in Bachharai Village can be seen. The MIKE FLOOD model was
simulated on 30m and 300m. The depth of inundation was calibrated with the field interview collected
for the 2003 Orissa flood event. On analyzing depth, feature ID 33 to 38 represented inundation of 3m
approximately on 30m grid and no flooding on 300m grid. 1.5m over inundation was observed on 30m
grid in comparison with field interview data and 1.5m under inundation was computed with 300m
grid. Feature ID 41 to 43 represented better correlation of flood results. In this study an average flood
depth of 1.5m was predicted, using hydrodynamic modelling.

Figure 5-54: Flood depth for the event on 30m grid size

Note: The simulation of 30m results is based on 5 seconds time step and result stored for every one
hour for peak flood event

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6. Conclusion and Recommandation


This study presents, the role of geoinformation and hydrodynamic modelling in flood studies. The
advantage of applying geoinformation techniques is demonstrated by being able to obtain the terrain
geometry of the study area from RS data, extraction of flood inundation extent to validate the model
results and using satellite data to generate land cover map, a source map to derive the Mannings
coefficient. The terrain geometry was derived using CartoSat-1 and TERRA ASTER stereo pair data
by means of Digital Surface model. Based on the research question and objectives, the following
conclusions were derived.
The CartoSat-1 DSM was derived using automatic DSM extraction tools of LPS in different
resolutions (10m, 12.5m, 15m, 17.5, & 20m) and ASTER DSM in (15m, 30m and 45m) using
Topographic tools of ENVI. The GPS survey was conducted in differential mode to generate GCP
library. The GCPs were used to generate DSM. The analysis shows that the 30m resolution DSM with
9.91m standard deviation with respect to GCPs was found better among DSMs generated using
ASTER data. For CartoSat-1, 15m and 17.5m DSM represented SD of 4.2m & 3.8m and mean of
10.7m and 10.7m respectively. As per representation of shape of flow influencing features, 15m DSM
was found to represent near-true shape as in satellite data. The DSM derived with break lines in the
stereo point measurement tool was found to represent much better shape.
The datum of derived DSM (WGS 84) of the study area was found to be 60m above the mean sea
level. By using GIS technique three methods of datum transfer were evaluated (EGM 96, Spot heights
and feature identification on High-resolution satellite data). From the analysis, feature identification on
High-resolution satellite data was found to give better results among the other methods studied.
The downgrading of spatial resolution of DSM was attempted for faster computation in 2D
hydrodynamic model. The grid points were used to downgrade the resolution of DSM. From the 10m
source DSM, 30m and 300m DSMs were derived. The derived DSMs showed good representation of
flow influencing features at both resolutions.
The two factors considered to decide the optimum resolution of digital surface model to run in MIKE
FLOOD model are 1) vertical accuracy and 2) representation of the features on different resolutions of
the DSM. As per the statistics of vertical accuracy of DSM 15m and 17.5m resolution DSM
represented good results. Based on representation of the flow influencing features, 15m resolution
DSM showed good result among the DSMs derived using classical point measurement tool. The 10m
resolution DSM derived using Stereo point measurement tool represented the study area much better.
Hence the optimum DSM resolution to be used to run MIKE FLOOD would be 15m resolution DSM
in case of using classical point measurement tool.
The integrated 1D / 2D hydrodynamic model was simulated using MIKE FLOOD software for the
flood event occurred in Nuna and Barandia rivers of Kendrapara district in Orissa during August89

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE 2003 NUNA RIVER FLOOD USING TERRAIN INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM REMOTE SENSING
SOURCES

September, 2003. The simulation was carried out at 300m and 30m resolutions of DSM. Validation of
results with Satellite data (RadarSat-1) and field interview data was carried out. The analysis showed
that the inundation extent derived from 300m resolution simulated model was found to be 63% of the
inundation extent observed with RadarSat-1 data on 4th September 2003. The match reduced to 50%
on 11th September, 2003. Flood depth on floodplain (Bachharai village) was found to 1.5m more on
30m resolution DSM and 1.5m less in 300m DSM compared to Field interview data. The analysis
showed that the validation of hydrodynamic model results with combined Satellite (RadarSat-1) and
field interview data was found to be a better method. Satellite data gave the inundation extent only in
open areas while the field interview data gave depth of inundation in the settlement areas.
Limitations of the study:
The weather condition in the study area was considered as dry for simulation
Only gauge level data was used for river simulation
Surveyed river bathymetry data for the river simulation could not be used
No validation for the simulated cross section of the river bathymetry
The flow influencing features within the river like piers, embankment, etc. could not be
considered.
Future prospects of the study: Further studies can be conducted using the database generated for the
simulation.
Model simulation in the floodplain in different resolutions can be taken up
Different grid conversion techniques into HD model and its effect on the floodplain can be
taken up
Simulation of the river and floodplain behaviour for different flood return periods
Scenario studies by incorporating flow influencing features within the river like embankment,
weirs, etc. which could be used as flood control structures.

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