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Major Challenges
Lecture 2
Q = mcp T
Latent heating phase change
.
Q = m hfg
Bond energy storage enthalpy of chemical
reactions
Source: http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/gfr.htm
=1 is ideal, but
practically
Source: Dean Bartlett. The Fundamentals of Heat
impossible (big Hx)
Exchangers The Industrial Physicist, AIP, p. 20 (1996)
American Institute of Physics. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our
Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
Diagram of heat exchanger removed due to copyright restrictions. See lecture video for details.
***Source: Ramesh K. Shah, Dusan P. Sekulic. Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. p. 102 (2003).
Q = UAFTlm
Q = Heat transfer rate (W)
( TH
TC )
TH
ln
TC
exchanger chart
Hx is balanced when C* = 1
NTU = Number of Transfer Units
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative
Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
***Source: Ramesh K. Shah, Dusan P. Sekulic. Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. p. 116, 118-119 (2003).
Hx Flow Types
Multi-pass
Single-pass
Counter-flow
Parallel-flow
Cross-flow
Split-flow
Extended surface
Divided-flow
Shell-and-tube
Plate
Fluid 1 m passes
Crosscounter-flow
Crossparallel-flow
Compound
flow
Parallel
counter-flow
m-shell passes
n-tube passes
Split-flow
Divided-flow
Fluid 2 n passes
***After Ramesh K. Shah & Dusan P. Sekulic. Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. (2003).
Counter-flow
Temperature
Temperature
Parallel-flow
tpi
tpi
ti
tpo
ti
to
tso
tpo
tso
tsi
to
tsi
See http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/arithmetic-logarithmic-mean-temperature-d_436.html
Hx Flow Configurations
Plate-type
Tubular
PHE
Gasketed
Spiral
Welded
Plate coil
Extended surface
Printed
circuit
Brazed
Plate-fin
Double-pipe
Shell-and-tube
Cross flow
to tubes
Spiral tube
Regenerative
Tube-fin
Rotary
Fixed-matrix
Pipe coils
Parallel flow
to tubes
Rotating
hoods
Ordinary
separating
wall
Heat-pipe
wall
After Ramesh K. Shah, Dusan P. Sekulic. Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. (2003).
Alfa Biz Limited. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative
Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
Source: http://www.alfa-biz.com/Gasketed-Plate-Heat-Exchanger.asp
Spiral type
Source: http://www.hiwtc.com/photo/products/16/02/14/21470.jpg
Single-phase convection
on both sides
Single-phase convection
on one side, two-phase
convection on other side
Two-phase convection
on both sides
After Ramesh K. Shah, Dusan P. Sekulic. Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. (2003).
turbulent?
Where is the tradeoff between cost & performance?
Materials concerns?
See also: T. Kuppan. Heat exchanger design handbook.
and Som, Introduction To Heat Transfer.
MIT Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering
22.033/22.33 Nuclear Design Course
Heat Transport
Temperatures
Losses
Flow rates
Flow transients
Heat Storage
Source
switch
Load, losses
(transport,
dissipative,
hydraulic)
I
Reactor
Heat storage
system
Power (current)
Courtesy of Prof. Eric C. Toolson. Used with permission.
Prof. Reuel Shinnar. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative
Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
NREL. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative
Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
Sandia National Labs. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our
Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
See http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/thermal_energy_storage.html
Source: M. Demirbas.
Thermal Energy Storage
and Phase Change
Materials: An Overview.
Energy Sources, Part B,
1:8595, 2006.
More compact
Layout can be more
complicated
Salts can be corrosive
Graphite foils have
been used to
improve heat
spreading
Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our
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