1 91080!lecture3

Classical Electrodynamics
Lecture 3
Sven Nordebo
Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering
Linnus University, Sweden
4FY826 Classical Electrodynamics, October 1, 2013
Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

Laplace equation in spherical coordinates (3.1)
Consider the following partial differential equation in spherical coordinates
2 (x) + A(r)(x)
=
1 2
1
1
2
r
+ 2
sin
+ 2
+ A(r) = 0
r2 r r
r sin
r sin2 2
I A(r) = 0 Laplace equation in electrostatics

I A(r) = k2 =
2
c2
0
Helmholtz equation in electrodynamics
I A(r) = 2m
(E V (r)) Time-independent Schrdinger equation for a single
~2
non-relativistic particle, e.g., the Hydrogen atom
The radial part of the solution will be different (potens functions, spherical Bessel
functions and Laguerre functions, etc) but the angular part will be the same spherical
harmonics Ylm (, )
Sven Nordebo, Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Linnus University, Sweden. 2(48)

2 (x) + A(r)(x)
1 2
1
1
2
r
+ 2
sin
+ 2
+ A(r)
2
2
r r r
r sin
r sin 2

1 2
1
1
1 2
r
+ A(r) + 2
sin
+
2
2
2
r r r
r
sin
sin
1 2
1
= 2
r
+ A(r) + 2 2 = 0
r r r
r
where
2 =
1
2
sin
+
sin
sin2 2
is the (angular) Laplace operator on the unit sphere

In quantum mechanics the orbital angular momentum operator is L = i(r ) and
L2 = L L = 2

1 2
1
r
+ A(r) + 2 2 = 0
r2 r r
r
Separate the variables in spherical coordinates
(r, , ) = R(r)P ()Q()
1 2
1
r
R(r) + A(r)R(r)P ()Q() + R(r) 2 2 P ()Q() = 0
r2 r r
r
1 1 2
1
1
r
R(r) + A(r) + 2
2 P ()Q() = 0
R(r) r2 r r
r P ()Q()
P ()Q()
1 2
1
r
R(r) + r2 A(r) +
2 P ()Q() = 0
R(r) r r
P ()Q()
|
{z
} |
{z
}
=l(l+1)
=l(l+1)
where l(l + 1) is the separation constant.

It can be shown that if the whole angular interval 0 is allowed, then the only
possible values of l are l = 0, 1, . . .

The separation of variables yields
2
r
R(r) + r2 A(r) = l(l + 1)R(r)
r r
2 P ()Q() = l(l + 1)P ()Q()
For the Laplace equation in electrostatics, we have A(r) = 0 and the radial function
R(r) satisfies
2
r
R(r) = l(l + 1)R(r)
r r
with the general solution
R(r) = Arl + Br(l+1)
where A and B are constants. Physical solutions in source free regions must be finite.
Hence, if r = 0 is included in the solution domain where there are no sources then
B = 0, and if r = is included in the solution domain where there are no sources
then A = 0.

For the angular part, the separation of variables yields
2 P ()Q() = l(l + 1)P ()Q()
Hence, with the definition of 2
Q()
1
P ()
1 2 Q()
sin
+ P () 2
= l(l + 1)P ()Q()
sin
sin 2
1
P ()
1
1 2 Q()
1
sin
+
+ l(l + 1) = 0
P () sin
Q() sin2 2
1 2 Q()
1
P ()
sin
sin
+ l(l + 1) sin2 +
=0
P ()
Q() 2
|
{z
} |
{z
}
=m2
=m2
where m2 is the separation constant

The separation of variables yields
P ()
2
2
sin sin + l(l + 1) sin P () = m P ()

2 Q()
= m2 Q()
2
or

m2
P ()
1
sin sin + l(l + 1) sin2 P () = 0

2 Q()
+ m2 Q() = 0
2
If the whole azimuthal range 0 2 is allowed, then due to the periodicity

(uniqueness) the general solution for Q() is given by
Q() = Ceim + Deim
where m is an integer

The equation for P () is given by

P ()
m2
1
sin
+ l(l + 1)
P () = 0
sin
sin2
Introduce the substitution x = cos where 0 and 1 x 1.
We have that
and hence
=
= sin
x
x
1
=
sin
x
sin = sin2 = (1 x2 )
x
x
which yields the generalized Legendre equation

m2
(1 x2 )
P (x) + l(l + 1)
P (x) = 0, 1 x 1
x
x
1 x2
The solutions Plm (x) are called the associated Legendre functions. In order to have
regular (finite) solutions on the interval 1 x 1 it is required that l and m are the
integers l = 0, 1, . . ., and m = l, . . . , l

Legendre equation and Legendre polynomials (3.2)
The ordinary Legendre differential equation (m2 = 0)
(1 x2 )
P (x) + l(l + 1)P (x) = 0,
x
x
1 x 1
To find a solution, assume that

P (x) = x
aj xj
j=0
It is straightforward to show that
X

( + j)( + j 1)aj x+j2 [( + j)( + j + 1) l(l + 1)] aj x+j = 0
j=0
Each power of x must vanish

2
1
x
x+j
separately. Hence
( 1)a0 = 0
( + 1)a1 = 0
aj+2 =
( + j)( + j + 1) l(l + 1)
aj
( + j + 2)( + j + 1)

Each power of x in P (x) = x
aj xj must vanish separately. Hence
j=0
2
x
1
x
x+j
( 1)a0 = 0
( + 1)a1 = 0
aj+2 =
( + j)( + j + 1) l(l + 1)
aj
( + j + 2)( + j + 1)
Every second coefficient aj will be zero, starting either from a0 6= 0 or from a1 6= 0.

Choosing a0 6= 0 = 0 or = 1 a1 = 0 (the other option a1 6= 0 is equivalent)
If = 0 then P (x) is an even function
If = 1 then P (x) is an odd function
It can be shown that the series diverges at x = 1, unless it terminates
The series terminates at + j = l, but only if l is zero or a positive integer,
l = 0, 1, . . .
(
l even = 0 j = 0, 2, . . . , l
l odd
=1
j = 0, 2, . . . , l 1

The Legendre polynomials of order l, Pl (x), satisfy the ordinary Legendre differential
equation
(1 x2 )
Pl (x) + l(l + 1)Pl (x) = 0, 1 x 1
x
x
and are normalized such that Pl (1) = 1. The first polynomials are
P0 (x) = 1
P1 (x) = x
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)/2
P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)/2
P4 (x) = (35x4 30x2 + 3)/8

Rodrigues formula
1 dl
(x2 1)l
2l l! dxl
The Legendre polynomials form a complete orthogonal set of functions on the interval
1 x 1 with orthogonality relationship
Z 1
Z
2
Pl (x)Pl0 (x) dx =
Pl (cos )Pl0 (cos ) sin d =
ll0
2l + 1
1
0
Pl (x) =

Boundary-value problems with azimuthal symmetry (3.3)
General solution for the electrostatic potential with azimuthal symmetry
(r, ) =

X
Al rl + Bl r(l+1) Pl (cos )
l=0
Exercise 3.1: Suppose that all sources are strictly outside a sphere of radius a, and
that the potential on the surface of the sphere is given by V (). Determine the
potential inside the sphere.
Solution: For r a
(r, ) =
Al rl Pl (cos )
l=0
and for r = a
V () = (a, ) =
Al al Pl (cos )
l=0
Use the orthogonality of the Legendre polynomials to find that

Z
2l + 1 l
a
V ()Pl (cos ) sin d
Al =
2
0

Exercise 3.2: Suppose that all sources are strictly inside a sphere of radius a, and that
the potential on the surface of the sphere is given by V (). Determine the potential
outside the sphere.
Solution: For r a we have that 2 = 0 and hence
(r, ) =
Bl r(l+1) Pl (cos )
l=0
and for r = a
V () = (a, ) =
Bl a(l+1) Pl (cos )
l=0
Use the orthogonality of the Legendre polynomials to find that

Bl =
2l + 1 l+1
a
2
V ()Pl (cos ) sin d

0

Exercise 3.3: Find an expansion of the Greens function in terms of the Legendre
polynomials, where
1
G(x x0 ) =
4|x x0 |
Solution: Introduce a spherical coordinate system where is the angle between x and
x0 . Let x0 be oriented along the positive z-axis. The Greens function G(x x0 ) is
now azimuthally symmetric and can generally be expanded as
G(x x0 ) =

X

l=0
For r < r0 the expansion reads

G(x x0 ) =
Al rl Pl (cos )
l=0
For r > r0 the expansion reads

G(x x0 ) =
Bl r(l+1) Pl (cos )
l=0

Exercise 3.3 (solution):
For r < r0 the expansion reads
G(x x0 ) =
Al rl Pl (cos )
l=0
and for = 0 (use Pl (1) = 1)
Al r l =
l=0
1
1 X r l
1
1
1 X 0 (l+1) l
r
r
=
=
r =
0
0
0
0
4(r r)
4r 1 r0
4r l=0 r
4 l=0
and hence
Al =
1 0 (l+1)
r
4
Finally, the solution is

G(x x0 ) =
1 X 0 (l+1) l
r
r Pl (cos )
4 l=0

For r > r0 the expansion reads
G(x x0 ) =
Bl r(l+1) Pl (cos )
l=0
and for = 0 (use Pl (1) = 1)
Bl r(l+1) =
l=0

1
1
1
1 X r0 l
1 X 0 l (l+1)
r r
=
=
0 =
0
r
4(r r )
4r 1
4r l=0 r
4 l=0
r
and hence
Bl =
1 0l
r
4
Finally, the solution is

G(x x0 ) =
1 X 0 l (l+1)
r r
Pl (cos )
4 l=0

The two solutions can be written jointly as
G(x x0 ) =
1 X 0 (l+1) l
r
r Pl (cos )
4 l=0
1
=
4|x x0 |
1 X 0 l (l+1)
r r
Pl (cos )
4
l=0
or, as
G(x x0 ) =
r < r0
r > r0
l
1 X r<
1
=
P (cos )
l+1 l
4|x x0 |
4 l=0 r>
where

r< = min r, r0
and

r> = max r, r0

Exercise 3.4: Find the potential due to a total charge q uniformly distributed around a
circular ring of radius a with its axis
the z axis and its center at z = b. The distance
from the origin to the ring is c = a2 + b2 where the angle is (see Fig. 3.4 in
Jackson).
The problem has azimuthal symmetry and the solution can hence be written generally
as

X
(r, ) =
l=0
For r < c the expansion reads

(r, ) =
Al rl Pl (cos )
l=0
For r > c the expansion reads

(r, ) =
Bl r(l+1) Pl (cos )
l=0

For r < c the expansion reads
(r, ) =
Al rl Pl (cos )
l=0
and for a point x = rz on the symmetry axis z (use Pl (1) = 1)

(r, 0) =
Al r l =
l=0
1
40
1
q X (l+1) l
dq
q
c
r Pl (cos )
=
=
|x c|
40 |x c|
40 l=0
and hence
Al =
q (l+1)
c
Pl (cos )
40
and the solution is

(r, ) =
q X (l+1)
c
Pl (cos )rl Pl (cos )
40 l=0

For r > c the expansion reads
(r, ) =
Bl r(l+1) Pl (cos )
l=0
and for a point x = rz on the symmetry axis z (use Pl (1) = 1)

(r, 0) =
Bl r(l+1) =
l=0
1
40
1
q X (l+1) l
dq
q
r
c Pl (cos )
=
=
|x c|
40 |x c|
40 l=0
and hence
Bl =
q l
c Pl (cos )
40
and the solution is

(r, ) =
q X l
c Pl (cos )r(l+1) Pl (cos )
40 l=0

Associated Legendre functions and the spherical harmonics (3.5)
The associated Legendre functions Plm (x) are regular (finite) solutions of the
generalized Legendre equation

m2
(1 x2 )
P (x) + l(l + 1)
P (x) = 0, 1 x 1
x
x
1 x2
where l = 0, 1, . . ., and m = l, . . . , l. Note that Pl0 (x) = Pl (x)
For m 0 the associated Legendre functions are defined by
Plm (x) = (1)m (1 x2 )m/2
dm
Pl (x),
dxm
1 x 1
By using Rodrigues formula a representation of Plm (x) is obtained that is valid for
both positive and negative m
Plm (x) =
(1)m
dl+m
(1 x2 )m/2 l+m (x2 1)l ,
l
2 l!
dx
1 x 1
It can be shown that

Plm (x) = (1)m
(l m)! m
P (x),
(l + m)! l
1 x 1

The associated Legendre functions form a complete orthogonal set on the interval
1 x 1 with orthogonality relationship
Z 1
2 (l + m)!
Plm (x)Plm
ll0
0 (x) dx =
2l + 1 (l m)!
1
The spherical harmonics are defined by
s
2l + 1 (l m)! m
P (cos )eim
Ylm (, ) =
4 (l + m)! l
(, )
where l = 0, 1, . . ., and m = l, . . . , l, and Yl,m (, ) = (1)m Ylm
The spherical harmonics form a complete orthonormal set on the unit sphere with
orthogonality relationship
Z 2 Z
Ylm (, )Yl0 m0 (, ) sin d d = ll0 mm0
=0
=0
The spherical harmonics are eigenfunctions of the Laplace operator on the unit sphere
2 Ylm (, ) = l(l + 1)Ylm (, )

Note that
Plm (cos ) = (1)m (sin )m
dm
Pl (cos ),
d(cos )m
0ml
and Ylm (, ) are polynomials in {cos , sin } and in {cos , sin } of order l
q
cos
Y10 (, ) =
4
1
Y00 (, ) =
q
4
Y (, ) = 3 sin ei
11
8

5
3
cos2 12
Y20 (, ) =
4
2
q
15
Y21 (, ) = 8
sin cos ei
Y (, ) = 1 15 sin2 ei2
22
4
2

7
5
cos3 23 cos
Y30 (, ) =
4 2
21
sin 5 cos2 1 ei
Y31 (, ) = 14 4
q
1
105
Y
(,
)
=
sin2 cos ei2
32
4
2
35
Y33 (, ) = 14 4
sin3 ei3

From the completeness of the spherical harmonics follows that the general solution to
Laplace equation 2 = 0 can be written as the series
(r, , ) =
X
m

X
Alm rl + Blm r(l+1) Ylm (, )
l=0 l=m
where Alm and Blm are constants. Physical solutions in source free regions must be
finite. Hence, if r = 0 is included in the solution domain where there are no sources
then Blm = 0, and if r = is included in the solution domain where there are no
sources then Alm = 0.

From the completeness of the spherical harmonics follows that an arbitrary function
g(, ) can be expanded in spherical harmonics
g(, ) =
X
m
X
Alm Ylm (, )
l=0 l=m
where the coefficients are

Z 2 Z
Z
Alm =
Ylm
(, )g(, ) sin d d =
Ylm
(, )g(, ) d
0
Note that
r
Yl0 (, ) =
2l + 1
Pl (cos )
4
and for = 0 (cos = 1)

Plm (1) =
Pl (1) = 1
0
r
Ylm (0, ) =
[g(, )]=0 =
X
l=0
r
Al0
2l + 1
4
where
m=0
m 6= 0

= m0
2l + 1
m0
4
r
Z
2l + 1
Al0 =
Pl (cos )g(, ) d
4

Addition theorem for spherical harmonics (3.6)
Let x and x0 be two points on the unit sphere with spherical angles (, ) and
(0 , 0 ), respectively. Let be the angle between the two vectors (see Fig. 3.7 in
Jackson). The addition theorem for spherical harmonics is given by
Pl (cos ) =
l
X
4
Ylm (, )Ylm
(0 , 0 )
2l + 1 m=l
Proof: (3.6 in Jackson and 12.8 in Arfken)

Let x0 be fixed and consider a rotated coordinate system with x0 on the positive
z-axis and with spherical angles (, ). We have

= (, )
= (, )
= (, )
= (, )
= 0 (, ) = (0 , 0 )
The spherical harmonics are eigenfunctions of 2 with eigenvalue l(l + 1)

2 Ylm (, ) = l(l + 1)Ylm (, )
2
0 Ylm (, ) = l(l + 1)Ylm (, )

where 0 refers to the coordinate system with spherical angles (, )

The Laplace operator is invariant to a rotation of the coordinate system. Hence
2 = 0 2 and
2
0 Ylm (, ) = l(l + 1)Ylm (, )
Hence, Ylm (, ) is an eigenfunction of the operator 0 2 with the same eigenvalue
l(l + 1), and can hence be expanded as
Ylm (, ) =
l
X
Alm0 Ylm0 (, )
m0 =l
where
Ylm
0 (, )Ylm (, ) d(, )
Alm0 =
Z
Yl0
(, )Ylm (, ) d(, )
Al0 =
Let g(, ) = Ylm (, ). Then
0
[g(, )]|=0 = Ylm ( , ) =
l
X
m0 =l
r
Alm0 Ylm0 (0, ) =
| {z }
2l + 1
Al0
4
q
= 2l+1
m0 0
4

We have also
r
Yl0 (, ) =
l
X
2l + 1
Pl (cos ) =
Am (0 , 0 )Ylm (, )
4
m=l
where
Am (0 , 0 ) =
Ylm
(, )Yl0 (, ) d(, ) =
Ylm
(, )Yl0 (, ) d(, ) = Al0
and hence
Pl (cos ) =
l
X
m=l
4
2l + 1
Am (0 , 0 )
|
{z
}
Ylm (, )
q
4 Y ( 0 ,0 )
=A
= 2l+1
l0
lm
l
X
m=l
Ylm (, )Ylm
(0 , 0 )
2l + 1
Addition theorem for spherical harmonics (3.6)

Expansion of the free space Greens function in terms of the spherical harmonics
G(x x0 ) =
l
1
1 X r<
=
P (cos )
l+1 l
4|x x0 |
4 l=0 r>
l
l
X
1 X r<
4
Ylm (, )Ylm
(0 , 0 )
l+1
4 l=0 r> m=l 2l + 1
X
l
X
l=0 m=l
l
r<
Y (, )Ylm
(0 , 0 )
l+1 2l + 1 lm
r>

Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates; Bessel functions (3.7)
Consider the following Helmholtz equation (Laplace equation when k = /c0 = 0) in
cylindrical coordinates
2 (x) + k2 (x) = 0
1
1 2
2
(x) + 2
(x) +
(x) + k2 (x) = 0
2

z 2
Introduce the separation (x) = R()Q()Z(z), yielding
QZ
1 2
2
1
R + RZ 2
Q + RQ 2 Z + k2 RQZ = 0

2
z
1 1
1 1 2
1 2
R + k2 +
Q+
Z=0
2
2
R
Q
Z z 2
1
1 2
1 2
R + k 2 2 +
Q +2
Z=0
2
R
Q
Z z 2
| {z }
= 2
Solution for the azimuthal part

2
Q + 2Q = 0
2
Q() = ei
If 0 2 is allowed v = m (integer)

Continue to separate the radial and longitudinal part
1
1 2
R + k2 2 2 + 2
Z=0
R
Z z 2
2
1 2
1 1
R + k2 2 +
Z=0
R
Z z 2
| {z }
= 2
Solution for the longitudinal part

2
Z 2Z = 0
z 2
Z(z) = ez
( is the propagation constant)
Solution for the radial part

1 1
2
R + 2 + k2 2 = 0
| {z }
R
=2

1
2
R + 2 2 R = 0

where 2 = 2 + k2 (For the Laplace equation = )


Solution for the radial part

1
2
R + 2 2 R = 0

Substitution: x =
= x
The Bessel equation
x
R(x) + (x2 2 )R(x) = 0
x x
Solutions are called Bessel functions of order
x
The Bessel functions of the first kind and order (real or complex) are given by the
series expansion
J (x) =
X
j=0
x 2j+
(1)j
,
j!(j + + 1) 2
x, C
where is the Gamma function. For integer order m 0 the series expansion becomes
Jm (x) =
X
j=0
(1)j x 2j+m
j!(j + m)! 2
and where
Jm (x) = (1)m Jm (x)

Derivation of the series expansion
Define = x
x
+ (x2 2 ) and make the ansatz R(x) =
aj x+j , a0 6= 0
x x
j=0
It is straightforward to show that

R(x) =
X
aj x+j ( + j)2 2 +
aj x+j+2 = 0
j=0
Identify powers

x :
x+1 :
+2
x
:
..
+m
x
:
j=0
a0 (2 2 ) = 0

a1 ( + 1)2 2 = 0

a2 ( + 2)2 2 + a0 = 0
a1 = 0
..
.

am ( + m)2 2 + am2 = 0
General solution am =
1
am2 for m 2
( + m)2 2

Derivation of the series expansion
General solution for m = 2, 4, . . . (use 2 = 2 )
am =
1
1
am2 =
am2
( + m)2 2
m(m + 2)
or for j = 1, 2, . . .
a2j =
1
a2j2
4j(j + )
Iterate to obtain
a2j =
(1)j
(1)j ( + 1)
a0 = 2j
a0
22j j!( + j)( + j 1) ( + 1)
2 j! ( + j + 1)
and choose
a0 =
1
2 ( + 1)
to obtain (with = )
J (x) =
X
j=0
a2j x2j+ =
X
j=0
x 2j+
(1)j
j!(j + + 1) 2

The Gamma function is defined by Eulers integral
Z
et tz1 dt
(z) =
0
which is holomorphic in the half-plane Re z > 0. A single integration by parts yields

the recurrence formula
(z + 1) = z(z)
It is seen that (1) = 1 and (n + 1) = n! for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(z) is defined by analytic continuation for Re z 0. It is a meromorphic function
1
at z = n for
with no zeros and with simple poles with residues (1)n n!
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .. The function 1/(z) is entire with simple zeros at z = n.
Proof (residues): A Taylor series expansion at z = 0 gives (z + 1) = 1 + zf (z) where
f (z) is holomorphic in a neighborhood of z = 0. It follows that
(z n) =
(z)
1 + zf (z)
=
(z 1)(z 2) (z n)
z(z 1)(z 2) (z n)
1
1
1 + zf (z)
1 (1)n
=
+
z
z =
n
z (1) n! (1 z)(1 2 ) (1 n )
z n!

The Gamma function
Note that
( + j + 1) = ( + j)( + j) = ( + j)( + j 1)( + j 1) =
= ( + j)( + j 1) ( + 1)( + 1)
so that
Note also that
1
( + 1)
=
( + j)( + j 1) ( + 1)
( + j + 1)

1
1
=
= (1)n n!
z (z) z=n
Res (z)|z=n

Exercise 3.5: Use the properties of the Gamma function to show that
Jm (x) = (1)m Jm (x) where m is a non-negative integer (m 0).
Jm (x) =
X
j=0

x 2jm
(1)j
1
= 0 for j m + 1 0
=
j!(j m + 1) 2
(j m + 1)
=
X
j=m
x 2jm
(1)j
= {j = k + m}
j!(j m + 1) 2
X
k=0
x 2(k+m)m
(1)k+m
(k + m)!(k + 1) 2
(1)m
X
k=0
(1)k x 2k+m
= (1)m Jm (x)
(k + m)!k! 2

The Wronskian
If f1 and f2 are two solutions of a linear differential equation of the second order, and
if f10 and f20 denote their derivatives, then f1 and f2 are linearly independent if and
only if the Wronskian determinant does not vanish identically, i.e.,

f
W (f1 , f2 ) = 10
f1

f2
= f1 f20 f2 f10 6= 0
0
f2
Proof (sketch): f1 and f2 are linearly dependent

f 0 f2 f1 f20
f1
=C 1
= 0 f1 f20 f2 f10 = 0
f1 Cf2 = 0
f2
f22
It can be shown that
W (J (x), J (x)) =
2 sin
x
Hence, J (x) and J (x) are linearly independent if is not an integer, and they are
linearly dependent if is an integer = m. Note that Jm (x) = (1)m Jm (x) for all
integers m.

The Neumann function
The Neumann function (or Bessel function of the second kind) is defined by
N (x) =
J (x) cos J (x)

sin
when is not an integer. The Neumann function and the Bessel function of the first
2
kind are linearly independent and their Wronskian is W (J (x), N (x)) = x
For integer order m the Neumann function is defined by the limit
Nm (x) = lim
J (x) cos J (x)

sin
It can be shown that Nm (x) and Jm (x) are linearly independent, their Wronskian is
2
W (Jm (x), Nm (x)) =
, and that Nm (x) = (1)m Nm (x).
x

Exercise 3.6: Show that
Nm (x) =
1
J (x)
J (x)
+ (1)m

=m
=m
Solution:
J (x) cos J (x)
sin
J (x) cos Jm (x)(1)m (J (x) Jm (x))
= lim
m
sin

J (x) cos Jm (x)(1)m
J (x) Jm (x)
lim
m
(1)m sin( m)
(1)m sin( + m)

J (x)(1)m Jm (x)(1)m
J (x) Jm (x)
lim
m
(1)m ( m)
(1)m ( + m)

1
1
=
J (x)
+ (1)m
J (x)

=m
=m
Nm (x) = lim

Exercise 3.7: Find the dominating singularity behavior of Nm (x) for m 0

1
1
Solution: Use Nm (x) =
J (x)
J (x)
+ (1)m
and the series

=m
=m

j
j
X
X
x
(1)
x 2j+
(1)
e(2j+) ln 2
expansion J (x) =
=
j!(j
+
+
1)
2
j!(j
+
+
1)
j=0
j=0
Nm (x) =

x 2j+
1 X (1)j
1
x 2j+
1
+
j=0 j!
(j + + 1) 2
(j + + 1) 2
=m

x 2j+
X
1
(1)j
1
1
x 2j+
+ (1)m
+
j!
(j + + 1) 2
(j + + 1) 2
=m
j=0

m
1
1
x
2
x
= (1)m
+ + Jm (x) ln +
( + 1) =m 2
2
|
{z
}
=(1)m1 (m1)!

Summary of Bessel functions of integer order
Bessel function of the first kind
X
(1)j x 2j+m
1 x m
Jm (x) =
=
+ O{xm+2 }
j!(j
+
m)!
2
m!
2
j=0
2
Bessel function of the second kind (Neumann function), W (Jm , Nm ) = x

(m 1)! x m
2
x
+ + Jm (x) ln +
Nm (x) =
2
x
N0 (x) = J0 (x) ln +
2
(1)
Bessel function of the third kind (Hankel functions), W (Jm , Hm ) =

(1)
(2)
W (Hm , Hm )
2i
,
x
4i
x
=
r
2 i(xm/2/4)
(1)
H
(x)
=
J
(x)
+
iN
(x)
e
as x
m
m
m
x
r
2 i(xm/2/4)
(2)
Hm
(x) = Jm (x) iNm (x)
e
as x
x

Recursion formulas for Bessel functions. Here Cm (x) is a Bessel function of the first,
second or third kind
2m
Cm1 (x) + Cm+1 (x) =

Cm (x)
0
Cm1 (x) Cm+1 (x) = 2Cm
(x)
m
C 0 (x) =
Cm (x) Cm+1 (x)
m
x

The Fourier-Bessel series
The zeros xmn of the Bessel function of the first kind Jm (x) satisfy
Jm (xmn ) = 0, for n = 1, 2, . . .
and are given asymptotically as xmn n + (m 1/2)/2 as n
It can be shown that the following orthogonality relationship holds
a
Z
0
a2 2
Jm (xmn )Jm (xmn0 ) d =
J
(xmn )nn0
a
a
2 m+1
and hence that a function f () with f (a) = 0 can be expanded in the Fourier-Bessel
series
f () =
Amn Jm (xmn )
a
n=1
and where
Amn =
2
2
a2 Jm+1
(xmn )
Z
0
f ()Jm (xmn ) d
a

Z
Exercise 3.8: Show that
0
Jm (xmn )Jm (xmn0 ) d = 0 when n 6= n0

a
a
Solution: with x = , the Bessel equation is

1
2
R() + 2 2 R() = 0

Now, put =
xmn
a
x = xmn a , so that

2
xmn
2
Jm (xmn ) = 0
Jm (xmn ) +

a
a2
2
a
Multiply the equation with Jm (xmn0 a ) and integrate
a
Z
0
Jm (xmn )Jm (xmn0 ) d+

a
a
Z
0

x2mn
2
Jm (xmn )Jm (xmn0 ) d = 0

a2
2
a
a

Exercise 3.8: Integrate by parts

Z a
x 0
0
Jm (xmn )Jm (xmn0 )
Jm (xmn )Jm
(xmn0 ) mn d
a
a 0
a
a
a
0
|
{z
}
=0
Z
+
0

x2mn
2

a2
2
a
a
0
xmn xmn0
0
Jm
(xmn )Jm
(xmn0 )
d
a
a a
a

Z a 2
xmn
2
+
a2
2
a
a
0
Interchange n and n0 and subtract, to obtain

x2mn x2mn0
a2
Z
0

a
a
showing that the integral vanishes when n 6= n0


Boundary-value problems in cylindrical coordinates (3.8)
Exercise 3.9: Find an analytical solution to Laplace equation 2 = 0 for a finite
cylinder as depicted in Fig. 3.9 in Jackson. The radius of the cylinder is a and the
hight is L. The boundary conditions are = 0 at all surfaces except at the top at
z = L where (, , L) = V (, )
Solution: The separation of variables gives solutions of the form
(, , z) = R()Q()Z(z) = (Am Jm () + Bm Nm ())eim (Cm ez + Dm ez )
where = and x = and m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Since the origin = 0 is included in the problem we have that Bm = 0
Since = 0 for z = 0 we have that Z(0) = 0 yielding Cm + Dm = 0 or
Z(z) = Cm (ez ez ) = 2Cm sinh(z)
Since = 0 for = a, we have that R(a) = Jm (a) = 0 yielding a = xmn or
= mn = xmn
for n = 1, 2 . . .
a
The following general expansion is obtained
(, , z) =
Amn Jm (mn )eim sinh(mn z)
m= n=1

Boundary-value problems in cylindrical coordinates (3.8)
The boundary condition at the top of the cylinder is
(, , L) = V (, ) =
Amn Jm (mn )eim sinh(mn L)
m= n=1
which is a Fourier-Bessel series in the radial variable and an ordinary Fourier series in
the azimuthal variable. We have the following orthogonality relationships
Z
a
0
a2 2
J
Jm (xmn )Jm (xmn0 ) d =
(xmn )nn0
a
a
2 m+1
ei(m
m)
d = 2mm0
and it follows that

Amn =
1
2
a2 sinh(mn L)Jm+1
(xmn )
Z
0
Z
0
V (, )Jm (xmn )eim d d

a

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Classical Electrodynamics

4FY826 Classical Electrodynamics, October 1, 2013

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

I A(r) = 0 Laplace equation in electrostatics

Helmholtz equation in electrodynamics

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

is the (angular) Laplace operator on the unit sphere

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

where l(l + 1) is the separation constant.

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

2 P ()Q() = l(l + 1)P ()Q()

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

where m2 is the separation constant

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

sin sin + l(l + 1) sin P () = m P ()

sin sin + l(l + 1) sin2 P () = 0

If the whole azimuthal range 0 2 is allowed, then due to the periodicity

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

To find a solution, assume that

It is straightforward to show that

Each power of x must vanish

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

aj xj must vanish separately. Hence

Every second coefficient aj will be zero, starting either from a0 6= 0 or from a1 6= 0.

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

P2 (x) = (3x2 1)/2

P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)/2

P4 (x) = (35x4 30x2 + 3)/8

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

Use the orthogonality of the Legendre polynomials to find that

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

Use the orthogonality of the Legendre polynomials to find that

V ()Pl (cos ) sin d

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

For r < r0 the expansion reads

For r > r0 the expansion reads

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

and for = 0 (use Pl (1) = 1)

Finally, the solution is

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

and for = 0 (use Pl (1) = 1)

Finally, the solution is

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

For r < c the expansion reads

For r > c the expansion reads

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

and for a point x = rz on the symmetry axis z (use Pl (1) = 1)

and the solution is

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

and for a point x = rz on the symmetry axis z (use Pl (1) = 1)

and the solution is

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

It can be shown that

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

Associated Legendre functions and the spherical harmonics (3.5)

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II

where the coefficients are

and for = 0 (cos = 1)

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics: II