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1.1
TYPES OF TURBOMACHINES
Introduction
1.2 Geometries
A typical turbomachine rotor, a centrifugal pump impeller, is shown schematically in
Figure 1.1. Liquid enters the eye E of the impeller moving in an axial direction, and then
turns to a radial direction to finally emerge at the discharge, D having both a radial and
a tangential component of velocity. The vanes, V impart a curvilinear motion to the fluid
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particles, thus setting up a radial centrifugal force which is responsible for the outward
flow of fluid against the resistance of wall friction and pressure forces.
The vanes of the rotor impart energy to the fluid by virtue of pressure forces on
their surfaces, which are undergoing a displacement as rotation takes place. Energy from
an electric motor is thus supplied at a constant rate through the shaft, S which is
assumed to be turning at a constant angular speed.
If the direction of fluid flow in Figure 1.1 is reversed, the rotor becomes part of a
turbine, and power is delivered through the shaft S to an electric generator or other load.
Typically, hydraulic turbines have such a configuration (see Figure 1.4) and are used to
generate large amounts of electric power by admitting high-pressure water stored in dams
to the periphery of such a rotor.
In all of the machines mentioned so far, the working fluid undergoes a change in
pressure in flowing from inlet to outlet, or vice versa. Generally, pressure change
takes place in a diffuser or nozzle and in the rotor as well.
However there is a class of turbines in which pressure change does not occur in the rotor.
These are called impulse, or zero-reaction, turbines, as distinguished from the so-called
reaction turbine, which allows a pressure decrease in both nozzle and rotor.
A hydraulic turbine with zero reaction is shown in Figure 1.3, and a reaction-type
hydraulic turbine appears in Figure 1.4.
Common Turbomachines
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Centrifugal machines are depicted in Figure 1.5 through 1.7, and axial-flow turbomachines
are indicated in Figures 1.8 through 1.10. A mixed-flow pump is shown in Figure 1.11.
This class of machine lies part way between the centrifugal, or radial-flow, types and the
axial-flow types.
RRotor vanes
Stationary guide
vanes
Tail race
Figure 1.4 Francis turbine.
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Guide vanes
Casing
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Figure 1.8 Kaplan turbine
Rotor blades
Stator vanes
Rotor axis