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What is Java?
Features of Java
How Will Java Change My Life?
Java Applications and Java
Java Developer's Kit
Prepare and Execute Java
Write Once, Run Anywhere
Byte Code: Food for the VM
Java Application & Applet

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A programming language
Fully buzzword-compliant:

A simple, object oriented, distributed,

interpreted, robust, secure, architecture neutral,
portable, high performance, multithreaded,
dynamic language.
From:

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Java: An Overview
James Gosling, Sun Microsystems,
February 1995.

According to Gosling:

An environment
A platform
A way of thinking
ok, whatever

Java is a phenomenon
Took the world by storm in 1995 when
introduced with the HotJava web Browser
Quickly integrated with Netscape browser

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1993 Oak project at Sun

small, robust, architecture independent, Object-Oriented,
language to control interactive TV.
didnt go anywhere
1995 Oak becomes Java
Focus on the web
1996 Java 1.0 available
1997 (March) Java 1.1 - some language changes, much larger
library, new event handling model
1997 (September) Java 1.2 beta huge increase in libraries
including Swing, new collection classes, J2EE
1998 (October) Java 1.2 final (Java2!)
2000 (April) Java 1.3 final
2001 Java 1.4 final (assert)
2004 Java 1.5 (parameterized types, enum, ) (Java5!)
2005 J2EE 1.5

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Java is a general-purpose, high-level

programming language.
The features of Java
Java program is both compiled and interpreted.
Write once, run anywhere

Java is a software-only platform running on

top of other, hardware-based platforms.
Java Virtual Machine (Java VM)
The Java Application Programming Interface
(JAVA API)

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Get started quickly

Write less code
Write better code
Develop programs faster
Avoid platform dependencies with 100% pure
Java
Write once, run anywhere
Distribute software more easily

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Stand-alone Applications

Applet

Just like any programming language

Run under a Java-Enabled Browser

Midlet

Servlet

Switchlet

Run in a Java-Enabled Mobile Phone

Run on a Java-Enabled Web Server

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Java's programming environment

Core Java API

compiler
interpreter
debugger
dis-assembler
profiler
more...

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For most languages, compilation produces

machine code
Java compilation produces bytecode
Intermediate code readable by the VM
Transferable across the Internet as applets

VM interprets BC into instructions

Partly responsible for performance lag

ByteCode produced on any platform may

be executed on any other platform which
supports a VM

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source
(text)

compiler

bytecode
(aka. class file)
JVML
dynamic
loading

virtual machine
bytecode
interpreter

verifier
JIT
compiler

CPU
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compiled
code

Just-In-Time compiler
Translates bytecode into machine code at
runtime
1-time overhead when run initiated
Performance increase 10-30 times

Now the default for most JVMs

Can be turned off if desired
JIT can apply statistical optimizations based on
runtime usage profile

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JVM (J2EE & J2SE)

Well-known Java Virtual Machine.

CVM, KVM (J2ME)

Small devices.
Reduces some VM features to fit resourceconstrained devices.

JCVM (Java Card)

Smart cards.
It has least VM features.

And there are also lots of other JVMs

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Java API and Virtual

Machine insulate
the Java program
from hardware
dependencies.
Java API

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public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

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Compile
javac HelloWorld.java

One file named HelloWorld.class is created if

the compilation is succeeds.
Run
java HelloWorld

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Since Java is object-oriented, programs are organized into

modules called classes, which may have data in variables and
subroutines called methods.
Each program is enclosed in a class definition.
main() is the first method that is run.

class HelloWorld
{ public static void main (String[] args)
{ System.out.println(Hello World!);
}
}
The notation class.method or
package.class.method is how to refer
to a public method (with some
exceptions).

Syntax is similar to C - braces for

blocks, semicolon after each statement.
One difference: upper and lower case
matter!

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import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString(Hello World!, 5, 25);
}
}

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javac HelloWorldApplet.java
One file named HelloWorldApplet.class is
created if the compilation is succeeds.

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Create an HTML file with an applet tag to display the results

of drawing the applet.

<html><head>
<title>Simple Hello Page</title>
</head>
<body>
Name of your applet class.
My Java applet says:
<applet code=HelloWorldApplet.class width=150 height=25>
</applet>
</body></html>
The browser will use a rectangle of width 150 pixels and height 25
pixels to display the applet within the other html.
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Java applets are part of the class hierarchy that can call methods
to display on a screen (within the browser window). One way to
draw on the screen is to call the method drawString from the
standard method paint.
The import statement allows the use of methods from
the Graphics class without the dot notation .

import java.awt.Graphics;

Puts this as a subclass of Applet.

public class HelloWorldApplet extends java.applet.Applet

{ public void paint (Graphics g)
{ g.drawString(Hello World!, 5, 25);
}
}
The paint method displays a graphics object on the
screen - one of the standard methods that takes the place
of main for applets.
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Yes, applets have a main method...

...but it's in the browser, not in your code!
More about that later in the course

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