Load Transfer To And Through Shear Walls

Copyright Woodworks

By R. Terry Malone, P.E., S.E.

Senior Technical Director

Architectural & Engineering Solutions
terrym@woodworks.org

SE University, February, 2015

www.LearnWithSEU.com

Presentation Based On:

Load Transfer To And Through Shear Walls

Vert. Step
in diaph.

Transfer area

T
Chord
Hdr.

Collector

T
Chord

Based on 2012 IBC, ASCE 7-10

and 2008 SDPWS

Copyright McGraw-Hill, ICC

h1

By: R. Terry Malone, PE, SE

Shear Wall
h2

Senior Technical Director

Architectural & Engineering
Solutions

terrym@woodworks.org
Foundation

Course Description-SEU
The method of distributing lateral forces through simple structures,
has been generally understood for decades. However, with the
increase in the complexity of plan layouts, understanding how to
distribute loads into and out of shear walls is becoming
increasingly more difficult. Topics will include how to maintain
continuous load paths to shear walls, force transfer through shear
walls with openings using the FTAO method and how to design Inplane and out-of-plane offset shear walls.

Learning Objectives-SEU
Load Paths To Shear Walls
Understand the detailing required to maintain continuous load paths to
shear walls.

Shear Walls With Openings

Determine how to design shear walls with openings using the FTAO
method of analysis. Special design issues will be discussed.

Offset Shear Wall Design

Understand how to design in-plane and out-of-plane offset shear walls.

Offset Shear Walls Irregularities

Understand the irregularities that are commonly caused by offset shear
walls.

Poll Question
Are you familiar with the design of wood shear walls?
Segmented?

Perforated?

Yes
No
Yes
No

Force transfer around an opening?

Yes
No
4

Standard Shear Walls

Segmented Walls

Perforated Walls
FTAO Walls

No opportunity for
perforated shear
walls at exterior
line

Segmented SW

FTAO SW

Photo courtesy of Willdan Engineering

Load Paths
Hdr
Boundary nailing
should be installed
at each 2x stud at
hold down and
each plate

Section B

Section A
Wd

Type 4 vert. irreg.

SDC B-F

Compr. blocks
required at all
H.D. locations

Anchor bolts
or nails

Hold Down
(option 1)
No irreg.

Tie
strap

Wd

Collector

Section C

Hold down
(Option 2 -only)

Shear
transfer
Conn.
Header/collector

Nail shtg to
each 2x stud
(option 2)

Analyze this Section

as a transfer diaph.
or transfer wall

Sect. B

Type 4 vert. irreg.

SDC B-F

Sill

Blkg. or rim
joist

Nail shtg to
each 2x stud

Tie strap

D
Hold down
(Typical)

C
Alt. Config.

Type 4 Vertical Irregularity, in-plane offset

ASCE 7-10 12.3.3.3 Elements supporting discontinuous walls SDC B-F
ASCE 7-10 12.3.3.4 25% increase in Fpx SDC D-F (connections)

In-plane Offset Segmented Shear Walls

Floor or roof
sheathing
Blocking or
continuous
rim joist

Sect.

Continuous rim joist, beam or special

truss can be used as strut / collector or
chord.
Double top plate can be used
as strut / collector or chord.
Splice at all joints
in boundary element

Header
Header

Wd.

Wd.

Optional
load path
If balcony
Wd.
Blocking
(typ.)

Column

Opening
Possible perforated
or FTAO shear wall

Opening

Direction of Load

Segmented
shear wall

Examples of Drag Struts, Collectors and chords at Exterior Boundaries

Chord force
T

T
Parapet (typ.)

Transfer
area

Parapet (typ.)

Chord
Hdr.

Diaphragm shtg.
elevation
Vert. Step
in diaph.

Diaphragm shtg.
elevation

Collector

Chord

h1

Tie strap
Shear Wall
(transfer wall)

h2

Shear
Wall

No shear wall
perpendicular
to this wall at
step
Foundation
Soil pressure
Fo/t

If strut action
Fo/t

Complete Load Path to Foundation- Roof at Different Elevations-Chord Forces 9

Blocking not full height.

No diaph. Shr. Transfer (boundary nailing?).
Truss top chords in cross-grain bending.

Cross grain bending at gang-nail plate

Assumed bearing of
block against truss chord

Incomplete Load Path-Blocking Issues

10

Interior Shear Walls and Diaphragm Boundary Elements

Diaphragm Boundary Elements:
Chords, drag struts, collectors, Shear walls,
frames
Boundary member locations:
Diaphragm and shear wall perimeters
Interior openings
Areas of discontinuities
Re-entrant corners.

Diaphragm and shear wall sheathing shall not be used

to splice boundary elements.

Collector elements shall be provided that are capable of

transferring forces originating in other portions of the
structure to the element providing resistance to those
forces.
3
Required for
Seismic and
wind
Chord

A shear wall is a location where

diaphragm forces are resisted
(supported), and therefore defines
a diaphragm boundary location.

Note: All edges of a diaphragm

shall be supported by a boundary
element.
Lets take a look at
load paths to the shear
wall at grid line 2.
1

Chord

SW3
Collector

Strut

Diaphragm 1

Strut

Diaphragm 1
Boundary (typical)

SW1

SW2

Diaphragm 2
Boundary (typical)

Diaphragm 2

Note: Interior shear walls

without a collector or a
complete alternate load path
are NOT ALLOWED!
Chord

Strut

Fundamental Principles:

11

Typical Collector Framing and Connection Parallel to Shear Wall

Special sheathing
nailing required,
usually 8d or 10d
at 6 o.c. or 4 o.c.
Optional
Shthg.

Special sheathing
nailing required

Strut/truss
(Call out force)

Strut/
truss

Cont. 2x plate w/
16d at calculated
Spacing (cross-grain
or end nail failure
problem)

End nailed w/2-16d.

This connection
often has less
capacity than the
shears applied
(e. g. nail capacity
failure problem)

2x flat cross blkg.

at 24 o.c. w/2 or
4-16d to plate

Strut/truss
(multiple if
required)
Shear clips

16d at calculated
spacing (truss to
flat blkg.)
V
L/2

L/2

V
a

Prying

Cross-grain

If truss deflects
Horizontal
and vertical
distribution

Configuration A
Lateral distribution

Configuration B

Configuration C

12

Typical Collector Framing and Connection Perpendicular to Shear Wall

Collector / strut
is missing

Roof diaphragm
force to wall

Roof trusses
@ 24 o.c.

GWB ceiling
buckling
No shear panels
installed or detailed.

Typical interior
Shear wall or
braced wall

Trusses rotate because there

is nothing present to resist the
lateral forces, and the lateral
load is not transferred into the
wall.

13

Interior Shear Wall with Shear Panels and Collector Added

Shear panels vary in detailing from
designer to designer (mini-shear walls).
Add member at end of wall as required.

Continuous drag strut

or collector is required
Note:
When designing
the shear wall, the
forces from the
shear panels
above must be
transposed to the
shear wall below.

Shear wall height

Ceiling
Trusses
also brace
wall
Tie straps at
end of wall
as required.

Typical interior
Shear wall or
braced wall

Wall Perpendicular to Framing

14

The shear panels shown are 24 wide by 6-0 high.

The framing could easily be 16 wide by 12-0 high
or greater.

Wood shear panels

between trusses

Shear panel ratios

3:1

If v=200 plf
400

400
1200

1200

If 3:1 A/R

Wall studs
at 8 o.c.

Does not appear to have vertical blocking at truss

(no shear transfer for vertical shear force).

Photo-Typical Shear Panels

Courtesy of Willdan Engineering

15

Blkg. top and

bottom only

Add vertical
nailing member
in truss

Panel edge
buckling

Side frmg.
members
added

Option 2
Option 1
Side members nailed
Top and bottom
to truss chords by
members nailed
side grain nailing-2 16d
to truss chords by
end grain nailing-2 16d

Option 3
Side members nailed to
truss chords by side grain
nailing, full height

Typical Shear Panel Detailing

16

Blocking

2x blocking w/ shear
clips (if reqd)
A

Splice strap
1 or 2 sides

Roof sheathing

Blocking at
tie strap

These connections
are part of the complete
load path

Shear panels
per detail 3

Edge nailing
each 2x block

Single or multiple
continuous drag
members
Roof trusses
Special strut
nailing full length
Blocking

Shear wall

Hold down
straps as
required

Connections for
shear transfer

Section A

Collector Framing Option 2

(Assuming the collector does not fall at a truss joint)

17

Roof sheathing

Roof trusses
Shear clips as required

2x blocking w/
shear clips
(as reqd.) A

Edge nailing
each 2x
Horizontal strap
is required across
joint if 2x members
can not be cont.

Shear panels
per detail 3

Single or multiple
continuous drag
members

Special strut nailing

full length
Blocking with nails
and/or shear clips
(as reqd.)

Hold down straps

as required
Shear wall

Connections for
shear transfer

Section A

Drag Strut Framing Option 3

(Assuming the collector does not fall at a truss joint)

18

Trusses (typ.)

Truss
joint

Special transfer area

nailing (drag shear plus
basic diaphragm shear)
V

B
Shear wall

Drag strut or collector

Special nailing
required

Special
nailing

Plan View
Shear
panels

2x blkg.
A

Section B

Shear clips
as required
Cont. drag
members

Roof sheathing
Shear panels
per detail 3

Edge nailing
each 2x
Horizontal strap is
required across joint
if 2x members can
not be continuous

Shear wall
Roof
trusses

Drag Strut Framing Option 4

(If the collector falls at a truss joint)

19

FTAO Shear Walls

(See recent Testing-APA Form M410)

Lets talk about loads:

Shear panels
or blocking 1

1.2

(Typical boundary
Member) w=200 plf

Many examples
ignore gravity loads
3

3.6

4500 lb

Cont. Rim joist

Strut/collector
2
B

2 min. per SDPWS

Section 4.3.5.2
(2008 requirement)
9

4
Typical boundary
member
C

Tie straps full

length of wall
per SDPWS
section 4.3.5.2

3
D

Anchor bolts
or nails
3

14.5

5.5

20

Clear height

Wall Pier
height

Collector (typ.)
Wall
pier

Wall
pier

Wd.

Wall
pier
width

Wall
pier

Wall
pier

Wd.

Wall
pier

Dr.

Wall pier
height

Wall pier
height

Boundary
members

Wall
pier
width

Notice: Not
shown as
having to
comply w/
A/R
Foundation wall

Limitations:

The aspect ratio limitations of

Table 4.3.4 shall apply to the
overall wall and the pier sections
on each side of the openings

Sections exceeding 3.5:1 aspect

ratio shall not be considered a
part of the wall.

Minimum pier width=2-0.

A full height pier section shall be

located at each end of the wall.

Where a horizontal offset occurs,

portions on each side of the
offset shall be considered as
separate FTAO walls.

Collectors for shear transfer shall

be provided through the full
length of the wall.

Overall width
AF & PA SDPWS Figure 4E
(b) Force Transfer Around Opening

Allowable Shear Wall Aspect Ratios For FTAO Shear Walls

21

Point of inflection is assumed

to occur at mid-length (Typ.)
1

M
V

Gravity loads
to wall

M
w=200 plf

4500

M
B

F=0 lb

F=0 lb

F=0

F=0 lb
J

D
F=0 lb

V
C

M
Tie strap/blocking
full width

M
Blocking

M
N.A.

L
D

F
F
T
1343.1

V
F=0

C
4243.1

Force Transfer Methodology (Diekmann)-Vierendeel Truss/Frame

22

200 plf
4500 lb

14.5

H
B

4
C

I
Point of
inflection

B.5

M = 0

F1B.5

F4B.5

208.62 lb

2691.38 lb
200 plf
A

M = 0

4500 lb
2

3
2
B.5

C
3
VB.5
587.08 lb

B
V2.5
991.38 lb

VB.5
3912.92 lb

208.62 lb

Free-body of Upper Half and Upper Left Section

23

V = 0

M = 0

1937.1
3

(0)

1591.38

M = 0

931
G

M = 0 1706.9

H = 0 F3B(H)
F3B(V)

1422.9

Corner tie
strap force

M = 0

H
M = 0

VB=3912.92

(0)

B.5

(xxx) Shears and forces determined

in previous step.

B.5

(0)

3912.92

(2691.38)

1160.3
3

M = 0

1551.7
3

V3

F3C(H)
3676.6

1551.7 M = 0
3

Resultant Forces on Wall Segments

1551.7

V = 0

F2.5C
2124.9
1551.7

F3(V)
1422.88

V2.5

587.08

F2C(v)
391.39
F2C(H)
573.23

M = 0

Corner tie
strap force

1551.7

Vc=587.08

(1343.1)

(3912.92)
VB.5=3912.92

M = 0

M = 0

F4B
1268.5

Units are in lb

(587.08)
VB.5=587.08

V = 0

V2

F1C
182.77

F2b(V)
391.39

931
B

F3A
268.8

(208.62)

1037.1
F2B(H)

F2.5A
1274.9

200 plf

V3

V = 0

200 plf

2.5

991.38

V2

931

587.08
F1B
V = 0
600
VB=587.08

1381

M = 0

391.39

(4500)
2

200 plf

2
H =0
F2A

(991.38)

200 plf

V = 0

VC=3912.92

F4C
4114.3

3912.92

K
236.17
5.5

3
M = 0

(4500)
H =0

(4243.1)

24

Complete Example with narrative and calculations

Download Process:
WoodWorks.org website
Publications-Media tab
Wood Solutions Papers

http://www.woodworks.org/publications-media/solution-papers/
http://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/Irregular-Diaphragms_Paper1.pdf
25

Example -Blocking and Strapping Partial Width (with uniform load)

1

1.2

w=200 plf

3.6

4500 lb

Support

Support

2
B

Tie straps
full depth
of TD

T.D.1

Transfer
diaphragm
sections

T.D.2

2x blkg.
full depth
of TD

Support

Support

Check aspect
ratio of transfer
Diaphragms/walls

2.67
3

2.67
6

5.5

14.5
Use results from previous example

26

281.1
= - 105.3 plf
2.67

-105.3

1937.1

1937.1

A
+243.9

+303.3

+1028.8

vnet=349.23+620.2
=+969.45 plf

1656
= +620.2 plf
2.67

vnet=408.6+620.2
=+1028.8 plf

+620.2

+1028.8

vnet=408.57-756.8
=-348.21 plf
471.5
C

-407.6

-348.2

408.6

471.5

-407.6

-348.2

+408.6

+471.5

1551.7

2020.6
= -756.8 plf
2.67
-756.8

2020.6
Transfer diaphragm shears

Sign convention

471.5

3676.6

3676.6

408.6

408.6
+969.5

+471.5

T.D.2

vnet=349.23-756.8
=-407.55 plf

v=

+408.6

B
+969.5

v=

vnet=408.57-105.38
=+303.27 plf

3.6

w=200 plf
1591.4

v=

vnet=349.23-105.38
=+243.93 plf
281.1
1975.8

2.67

3143.1 lb
(+349.23 plf)

Summing V=0
Basic Shear Diagram

Transfer Diaphragm Shears and Net Shears

using loads and forces from previous example

3677.1 lb
(+408.57 plf)

V = 0

4243.1
4243.1 lb
(+471.46 plf)

27

2.67

3.6

2.83

Support
Vtop

Ftop

Ftop

T.D.2
Fbot

Fbot

Vbot

Support

Transfer diaphragm shears

+

Sign convention

Summing

Fo/t

Basic Shear Diagram

v3

v3.6

v4

Pier Section Collector Force Diagrams

28

Poll Question
Are you familiar with the common types of irregularities
associated with offset shear walls?

Yes
No

29

Offset Shear Walls

SW 1

Collector

Collector

Collector
SW 2

Out-of-plane Offsets

In-plane Offsets
30

Relevant Irregularities Per ASCE 7-10

Tables 12.3-1 and 12.3-2
Transfer diaphragm grid line
1 to 3 See Section 12.10.1.1
ASCE 7 Table 12.3-2
Type 4 vertical irregularity- inA.25
plane offset discontinuity in
A
the LFRS (if no H.D. at A.25)
12.3.3.3 Discont. Walls SDC B-F
12.3.3.4 25% incr. SDC D-F B

ASCE 7 Table 12.3-1

Type 4 horizontal irregularity-out-ofplane offset discontinuity in the LFRS
12.3.3.3 Discont. Walls SDC B-F
12.3.3.4 25% incr. SDC D-F

ASCE 7 Table 12.3-2

Type 4 vertical irregularity-inplane offset discontinuity

1
2

12.3.3.3 Discont. Walls SDC B-F

12.3.3.4 25% incr. SDC D-F
3
A.75
A.33

The deflection equation must

be adjusted to account for the
uniformly distributed load plus
the transfer force.

Potential buckling
problem w/ supporting
columns and beams

Elements requiring
over-strength load
combinations

31

Out-of-Plane Offset Shear Walls

Assumed to act in the Same Line of Resistance
Transfer
area
Collector

Drag
strut

SW

Offset walls are often assumed to act in the

same line of lateral-force-resistance.

Calculations are seldom provided showing how

the walls are interconnected to act as a unit, or
to verify that a complete lateral load path has
been provided.

Collectors are required to be installed to

transfer the disrupted forces across the offsets.

Collector

Collector

Loads
Offset SW

Discont.
drag strut

SW

Drag
Collector strut

Discont.
drag strut

Collector

Collector

Typical mid-rise multi-family

structure at exterior wall line

ASCE 7-10 Section 14.5.2

Where offset walls occur in the wall line, the
shear walls on each side of the offset should be
considered as separate shear walls unless
provisions for force transfer around the offset are
provided.
Check for Type 2 horizontal irregularity
Re-entrant corner irregularity

32

Poll Question
Do you know how to analyze offset shear walls?

Yes
No

33

Mid-rise Multi-family

Cant.

SW

SW

SW

SW

SW

SW

SW

SW

SW

SW

No exterior
Shear walls

Flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid???

34

Loads
SW3

SW3

SW1

TD1
TD2

Higher 3
shears
SW
and nailing
requirements

SW2

SW4

TD3

Collector
(typ.)

Higher
shears
and nailing
Reqmts.

I1

I1

TD2

Transfer Area
Higher shears
and nailing
Reqmts.

SW5

Multi Story, Multi-family

TD1

SW4
Collector
Strut/chord

Beam

SW1

Strut

SW2

Collector
(typ.)

Main
diaphragm
becomes TD3

SW5

I2

I2

I3

Optional Framing
Layouts

Diaphragm stiffness changes

ASCE7-10
1.3.5 - Cont. load Paths
12.1.3 - Cont. load paths-inter-connection ties
12.10.1-Openings, re-entrant. transfer of dis-cont. forces combined with other forces
12.10.2-Collector elements

35

Example 3-Diaphragm with Horizontal End Offset

Longitudinal Loading-Out-of-plane offset Shear Walls
Drag strut
A

25

10

Support

Drag strut

SW 2

80

15

8
C

200 plf

50

Diaphragm 2

Collector
Offset SW
12

Drag strut

SW 3
8

Drag strut is
discontinuous
20
2

SW 4

Drag strut
45
Pos. direction

25
1

Chord

SW 1
B

Offset
SW
Drag strut

Chord
collectors

35

1. Assume shear walls at grid lines B and C

act along the same line of lateral-forceresistance.
2. Assume the total load distributed to grid lines
A and B/C= wL/2 .

TD1

Diaphragm 1
Chord
collectors

200 plf

Chord

Assumptions:

15 Support
+

80
3

36

Total Shear to Shear Walls (Assumed)

Vsw2=wL/2, vsw2=Vsw2/Lsw2 plf
Vsw1, sw3, sw4=wL/2, vsw=V1,3,4/(Lsw1+Lsw3+Lsw4) plf
VA

SW 2

VA
A

VA

10

35

160 plf

Pos.

200 plf

40 plf

Diaphragm 1

Diaphragm 2

TD1

F2B

VB

17

Vnet=Vsw-Vdiaph

F2B
200 plf

SW 1

200 plf
SW 3
8

Determine Force transferred

Into Transfer Diaphragm

VB
Neg.

Fend

50

F2B

SW 4

VC

15

VC

3
Pos. direction

Basic Diaphragm Shears and Transfer Diaphragm Shear

37

Vnet sw

VA

VA

SW 2

Pos.

V=Basic shear
+/- TD shear plf
(Net shear)
35

50

8 SW 3

Vnet sw

V=Basic shear
+/- TD shear plf
(Net shear)

Neg.

VB
15

8 SW 1
Vnet sw

15 SW 4
VC

VC

Pos. direction

25
No net change
1

20
Net change
in TD

Vnet sw

80
3

No net
change

Net Diaphragm Shears

38

SW 2
A
-

Net shear

Net shear (TD tension chord and

Diaph.2 compression chord)

Diaphragm 2

Special
nailing

F2B

F3B

F3B
B

15

8 SW 1
1

8 SW3

15 SW 4

F2B

Net shear

-vB

x2 -F
+F

Pos. direction

x1

+vC

So far, so good

Transverse Collector Force Diagrams

39

Fend

F4A=+xxx lb (Error)

F2A
5

80

SW 2 5
10

F3A

Vnet sw

Fstart

Note: Neither force diagram

closes to zero, therefore error.
Notice that they do not close
by the same amount.

F2B
Fend

F= F2B

8 SW 1
Vnet sw

15

Vnet sw
SW 3

15 SW 4
45

12

Fend

F3C
Fstart
20

25
2

Vnet sw

Fstart
80
3

F4C = -xxx lb (Error)

Longitudinal Strut Force Diagrams

Pos. direction

40

Revised
forces

Calculated
forces
4600 lb

SW 2
Line needs to move
in this direction
The shear wall shears
Load distribution
needs to be lower in
needs to increase
order to move the force
towards line B/C.
diagram in this direction
Increase the load
to B/C by the
The shear wall shears amount off +/-.
need to be higher in
order to move the force
diagram in this direction
SW 1

Line needs to move

in this direction

15

SW 4

SW 3

5400 lb

25

20

80
Pos. direction

Adjusted Longitudinal Strut Force Diagrams (8% to 20% increase to B/C)

[Amount shifted to B/C depends on the offset to span ratio of the transfer diaphragm]

41

In-plane Offset Shear Walls

42

Example 4-In-plane Offset Segmented Shear Wall -with Gravity Loads

VHdr=450 lb
DL=150 plf
2000 lb
Hdr
Wd

SW1

Sections do not
comply with the
required aspect
ratio for a perforated
or FTO shear wall.

VHdr=960 lb
DL=250 plf

Sill

3000 lb
Blkg. or rim joist

Hdr/collector

Collector

Nail shtg.
To each
2x stud
8

A
No hold down
(option 1)
Hold-down
(option 2)

Wd

SW2
ASCE 7 Table 12.3-2-Type 4
vertical irreg.- in-plane
discontinuity in the LFRS
if no hold down at B.

Sill
C

B
4

8
12

12.3.3.3 & 12.3.3.4

SDC B-F SDC D-F

43

Ends of wall panels do not line up.

Requires special nailing of sheathing
into stud below.

Requires same
number of studs
above and below
with boundary
nailing each stud

Solid blocking
required

Hold down

Nailing found
in field was 12
o.c.

No hold-down below
Hold down

Photo-In-plane Offset Segmented Shear Walls

44

5000 lb
Rim joist
12

VHdr=450 lb
416.67 lb

w=230 plf (incl. wall DL)

416.67 lb
1080 lb
330 plf (incl. wall DL)

Aver.=250 plf

SW1

365

1620 lb
+ (+202)
- shears

8
1020
(-127.5)

1260
(-157.5)

1620
(+202)

60
(+7.5)

+ shears

TD shears-lbs. (plf)
3370

8
416.67
2920 lb
+450 lb
3370 lb

Upper Shear Wall

VHdr=960 lb
+
+259.2

SW2

1
Pos. direction

416.67

5000 lb
Collector

1080 lb

1080

+
Sign Convention

+424.1 +289.2
4

Wall and Transfer Diaphragm Shears

2490 lb

Basic Shear

135

+416.67 plf

+250 plf

2000 lb
1260 lb
(-157.5)

+618.7
8

Lower Shear Wall 9700 lb

45

Roof

2000 lb

2000 lb

Roof
C

3000 lb T
1

8
2nd floor Rim joist

3000 lb

VHdr=990 lb

SW2

+424.2

2
+

+289.2

+618.7 C
8
9700 lb

Vertical Collector Forces

Depth TD

2490 lb

416.67

SW1

135

365(8)+450=3370

2nd

365

8
floor Rim joist

+259.2

C 8

+
365

135

416.67

SW1

+259.2

SW2

1
+

2
+

+424.2 +289.2
4
T
2490 lb

Depth TD

+618.7
8

C
9700 lb

Horizontal Collector Forces

Pos. direction

Collector Force Diagrams

Sign Convention

46

Conclusion:

Maintaining continuous load paths to the vertical lateral

force resisting elements is essential. A load path is only
as good as its weakest link.

Offset shear walls can create challenging design

problems. It is important to recognize these issues and
the irregularities they cause.

47

This Concludes Our Presentation on:

Load Transfer To And Through Shear Walls
By R. Terry Malone, P.E., S.E.
Copyright

Senior Technical Director

Architectural & Engineering Solutions
terrym@woodworks.org

SE University, February, 2015

www.LearnWithSEU.com 48

CHALLENGE QUESTION:
Which type of Shear Wall is the answer to this
sessions Challenge Question?

A. Perforated
B. Segmented
C. Force Transfer Around Openings (FTAO)
D. None of the above
Please circle the answer that is announced so that you can use the
information to complete your quiz (NY) or form (FL) for PDH.