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DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
4.1 STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS
From beam bending theory
d 2V d 2v
EI 2EI M2 M
dx dx
(1)
Hence
1
Mdxdx
EI
We have
V
1
Mdxdx
EI
dF
Since F wdx i.e.
w
dx
and
dM
F
dx
differentiating Eq. (1)
M Fdx i.e.
d 3V dM
EI
F
3
dx
dx
diff again
d 4V
dF
EI
w
4
dx
dx
i.e.
d 4V
w
dx 4 EI
EIV wdx C1
d 3V
Note : V 3
dx
EIV dx wdx C1 x C2
d 2V
Note : V 2
dx
x2
EIV dx dx wdxC1 C2 x C3
2
1
1
EIV dx dx dx wdx C1 x 3 C 2 x 2 C3 x C 4
6
2
EIV M dx C1
EIV dx M dx C1 x C2
C1 to C2 are constants found from B.C,S
Example 4.1.1
A force P and a moment Mo are applied at the free end of
a cantilever. Determine the deflection equation and the
deflection and slope at B. For P = 20 kN, Mo = 5 kN.m, L
= 2 m, EI = 10 MN.m2
Calculate the deflection and angle of rotation at B.
Note: for small angle, slope = tan = = angle of
rotation.
We have
EIV Px M o PL
1
EIV Px 2 M o x PLx C1
2
EIV
1 3 1
1
Px M o x 2 PLx 2 C1 x C2
6
2
2
B.C.S.
At x = 0, V = 0. C2 = 0
At x = 0, V = 0. C1 = 0
Hence
1 1 2
Px M o x PLx
EI 2
1 1 3 1
1
Px M o x 2 PLx 2
V
EI 6
2
2
At B, x = L
1 1 2
2
PL M o L PL
EI 2
L
PL 2M o
2 EI
VB
VB
(a)
1 1 3 1
1
PL M o L2 PL3
EI 6
2
2
(b)
L2
2 PL 3 M o
6 EI
Subst.
P = 20 kN, Mo = 5 kN.m, L = 2 m
EI = 10 MN.m2 into (a) & (b).
VB B (for small angle, slope =
tan = = angle of rotation)
2 103
6 20( 2) 2(5)
2 10 10
0.005 rad.
(note units)
2 2 103
2(20)2 3(5) 6.3 mm
VB
6 10 106
Example 4.1.2
Determine the deflection at the free end of the beam
loaded as shown.
Note: Discontinuities at x L 4 , L 2 , 3 L 4 ,
The problem is equivalent to
B.M.(x)
L
Px M o x
4
W
L
x
2
2
W
3L
x
2
4
L
Note for x , last 3 terms are zeros.
4
L
for x , last 2 terms are zeros.
2
We have
o
2
L
W
L
W
3L
EIV " Px Mo x 4 2 x 2 2 x 4
2
Px
L W
L
'
EIV
Mo x
x
2
4
6
2
W
3L
x
6
4
C1
(a)
Px3 Mo
L 2 W
L 4 W
3L 4
EIV 6 2 x 4 24 x 2 24 x 4 C1x
C2
(b)
B.C.S
At x = L, slope = V = 0
i.e.
3
3
PL2
3L W L W L
0
Mo C1
2
4
6 2
6 4
2
4
384
At x = L, deflection = V = 0
i.e.
PL3 Mo 3L 2 W L 4 W L 4
0
C1 L C2 (c)
6
2 4 24 2 24 4
3
32
6144
Subst. C1 , C2 into (a) & (b) gives
2
Px
L W
L
'
EIV
Mo x
x
2
4
6
2
W
3L
x
6
4
PL2 3 LM o 7WL3
4
384
2
(d)
C1
Px 3 M o
L
EIV
x
6
2
4
W
L
x
24
2
W
3L
x
24
4
2
4
384
C1
C1
C2
3
32
6144
C2
(e)
10
and (from e)
EI 3
32
6144
11
12
b)
13
c)
unknowns, R1 , R2 , M1 , M2
d)
unknowns, R1 , R2 , R3 .
14
Direct Application
Consider:
a) equilibrium
b) force-deformation relationships
c) boundary conditions
2.
-
Superposition
reducing statically indeterminate problem to a
number of statically determinate ones.
displacements are linearly proportional to applied
loads. Assume displacements are small, obey
Hookes Law.
15
(i)
Equilibrium.
Vert. equilibrium
F = 0
RA + RB - P = 0
(a)
P = R A + RB
Rotational equilibrium
M about B = 0
M = 0
MA + RBL - Pa = 0
2 eqs., 3 unknowns.
16
(b)
EIV R A x M A x P x a
x2
P
EIV R A
M A x 1 x a 2 C1
2
2
3
x 2 P xa 3
RA x
EIV
MA
C1x C2
2 3
2
2
3
2 3
2 2
3
17
(c)
We have
Pb
R A 3 3 L2 b 2
2L
Pa 2
RB
3 2L b
2L
Pb 2
M A 2 L b2
2L
18
Example 4.2.2
For the overhanging beam shown, determine the
magnitude of the supporting force at B
i)
Equilibrium.
vert. equil.
F = 0
R1 + R2 - w(a + b) = 0
Rotational equil.
M about B = 0
M = 0
M1 + R2a - w(a + b)
( a b)
0
2
( a b) 2
M1 + R2a - w
0
2
19
(a)
(b)
W 2
EIV M1 x R1 x
x R2 x a
2
(frowning)
o
R1 2 W 3 R2
EIV M1 x
x
x
x a 2 C1
2
6
2
1
M1 2 R1 3 W
R2
4
EIV
x
x
x
x a 3 C1 x C2
2
6
24
6
2
6
24
20
i.e.
a wa 2
M1 R1
3 12
3
3wb 2
R2 wa wb
8
4a
wa 2 wb 2
M1
8
4
21
(c)
2) Superposition
i) Statically determinate beam
Example 4.2.3
2L w 384 EI
PL3
V
2L p 48 EI
Hence deflection at
L
2
384 EI 48 EI
22
Equilibrium
F = 0
RA + RB - WL = 0
M about B = 0
WL2
RA x L - MA 0
2
(a)
M = 0
(b)
23
V B W
WL4
8 EI
24
VB R
RB L3
3EI
We have
VB R
VB w
0
8 EI 3EI
25
i.e.
3
RB WL
8
From (a)
3
5WL
R A WL WL
8
8
From (b)
WL2
M A RA L
2
1 2
WL
8
26
Example 4.2.5
Given that wo w , find V at x = L, i.e. at x = 4d,
d
b) V
x L
x L
wo L4
8 EI z
P
3a 2 L a 3
6 EI z
27
wo 4d
32wo d 4
32wd 3
V1
8EI
EI
EI
4
(2)
3
3W
11
Wd
V2
3d 2 (4d ) d 3
6 EI
2 EI
28
(3)
3
2W
40
Wd
V3
3(2d ) 2 4d (2d ) 3
6 EI
3 EI
(4)
W
27 Wd 3
2
3
V4
3(3d ) 4d (3d )
6 EI
2 EI
29
32
EI
2 3 2
79 Wd 3
V
3 EI
30
CC
31
D
dx
Deflected shape
D
Tan C
Elastic curve
Tan D
32
dV
dx
if angle is small
m tan
(a)
dV
i.e.
dx
Q
In above triangle
Slope of line PQ
dV
= tan
= = (for small angle)
dx
33
d 2V
d
M EI 2 EI
dx
dx
i.e. d
M
dx
EI
(a)
M
curve from C to D.
EI
dx
34
i.e.
M
dx
A EI
BA
area under
M
curve from A to B.
EI
35
BA
A
P
B
Note:
i.e. BA = B-A
Hence,
36
K
L
1) Draw a vertical line from point A. Let the tangents at C and D meet
the vertical line at K and L and denote distance KL as dt.
2) Let the tangent at B meets the vertical line at P and denote distance
AP as tAB .
from geometry
dt = x d
Subst. into eq. (a)
We have
M
dx
EI
37
Integrating
dt x
M
dx
EI
t AB A x
B
Since
B
x
A
M
dx
EI
M
B
dx A xdA X A
EI
Hence
t AB X A
M
X Area under
curve .
EI
38
Example 4.3.1
Determine the slope at pts. B and C.
Moment-curve
PL
2 EI
PL
EI
BA = B - A , A = 0 BA = B.
BA = Area under AB
PL L 1 PL L
2 EI 2 2 2 EI 2
3PL2
8EI
39
CA = C - A , A = 0 CA = C.
C = Area under AC
1 PL
L
2 EI
PL2
2 EI
40
Example 4.3.2
Determine the deflection at points B and C.
Moment curve
EI 2 4
M o L2
8 EI
41
2
EI
M o L2
2 EI
42
Example 4.3.3
Determine deflection at C and slope at A
43
slope at A
CA = C - A , C = 0 A = - CA.
Hence
A = - CA
= - (area under AC)
44
WL3
A
24 EI
Deflection at C
We have
5L
16
t AC Vmax A1 X
5WL4
384 EI
5WL4
or displacement of C 384 EI
45
Example 4.3.4
A cantilever beam is subjected to loads as shown in Fig.
for M = 0.6PL, determine the slope and deflections at the
free end.
MB
A
B
RB
(0.6PL)/EI
A1
B
B
A2
Plotting this Eq. we have 0.6PL (top rectangle), -PL+Px (bottom
triangle)
The above diagram is known as a composite bending moment diagram.
46
We have
0.6 PL2
0.6 PL
L
A1
EI
EI
L
X1
2
1 PL
PL2
L
A2
2 EI
2 EI
2L
X2
3
Slope at A
AB = A - B = A - 0
= Area under moment curve
= A1 +A2
0.6 PL2 PL2
EI
2 EI
PL2
01
.
EI
47
Deflection at A
t AB A1 X 1 A2 X 2
. PL2 L PL2 2 L
06
EI 2 2 EI 3
PL3
30EI
48
Example 4.3.5
A cantilever beam is subjected to loads as shown in Fig.,
determine the slope and deflections at B and C given that
P=22.2 kN, L=1829 mm, E= 69x103 MPa, I=2.71 x 107
mm4 ,
using
a) double-integration method
b) moment-area method
MA
2EI
EI
L/2
L/2
RA
49
x
MA = PL
Mxz
Fxy
RA = P
B.C.
At x= 0, V1 = 0
At x= 0, V1 = 0
C1 = - PL2/2
C2 = PL3/6
i.e.
i.e.
Hence
V1 = P(X2 2xL)/4EI
V1 = P(X3 3x2L)/12EI
(1)
(2)
Consider segment CB
EIV2 = Mxz = P(x - L)
EIV2 = P(x - L)2/2 + C3
EIV2 = P(x - L)3/6 + C3x + C4
Or
V2 = [P(x - L)2/2 + C3]/EI
V2 = [P(x - L)3/6 + C3x + C4]/EI
B.C.
At x = L/2,
(3)
(4)
I.e.
P[(L/2)2 2(L/2)L]/4EI = [P(L/2 - L)2/2 + C3]/EI
from Eq.1
from Eq.3
51
i.e.
3PL2 /16 = PL2/8 + C3
and C3 = -5PL2/16
Similarly, at x = L/2,
I.e.
from Eq.4
52
MA
2EI
EI
L/2
L/2
RA
(2/3)(L/2) = L/3
M/EI
L/4
A
(2/3)(L/2) = L/3
C
A3
A1
-PL/4EI
A2
-PL/2EI
-PL/2EI
53
We have
A1 = (L/2)(-PL/4EI) = - PL2/8EI
A2 = (1/2)(L/2)(-PL/4EI) = - PL2/16EI
A3 = (1/2)(L/2)(-PL/2EI) = - PL2/8EI
A = 0,
VA = 0,
(VA)
Hence slope at C :
C = CA = Area under CA
(Vc)
= A1+A2
= -(PL2)/8EI + (- PL2)/16EI = -3(PL2)/16EI
At x=0,
and slope at B :
B = BA = Area under BA
= A1+A2+ A3
= -(PL2)/8EI + (- PL2)/16EI + -(PL2)/8EI
= -5(PL2)/16EI
To calculate VC , we have
X 1 =L/4,
X 2 = (2/3)(L/2) = L/3
I.e. VC = tCA = A1 X + A2 X 2
= [-(PL2)/8EI](L/4) + [(- PL2)/16EI](L/3)
= -5(PL3)/96EI
1
54
To calculate VB , we have
X 1 = L/4 + L/2,
X 2 = L/3 +L/2,
X 3 = L/3
I.e. VB = tBA
= A1 X + A2 X 2 + A3 X 3
= [-(PL2)/8EI](3L/4) + [(- PL2)/16EI](5L/6)
+ [(- PL2)/8EI](L/3)
= -3(PL3)/16EI
1
Vmax = VB = -3(PL3)/16EI
3 22.2 103 (1.829 103 )3
16
69 103 2.71 107
13.66 mm
55
56
(a)
t BA ( a ) x B ( a ) A( a )
x B(a)
57
L 2 L 5
L
2 32 6
1 L PL
PL2
2 2 2 EI z
8 EI z
A( a )
5 PL2
5 PL3
L
6 8 EI z
48 EI z
t BA( a )
(b)
t BA(b ) x B (b ) A(b )
x B (b )
A(b )
1 F3 L F3 L2
L
2 EI z 2 EI z
t BA(b )
t BA( a ) t BA(b )
2 F3 L2 F3 L3
L
3 2 EI z 3EI z
5 PL3 F3 L3
0
48 EI z 3EI z
F3
from which;
2
L
3
5
P
16
11
R1 P
16
5
R2 P
16
58
3
M A PL
16