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PART
Topic Name
PART I
VOCABULARY
Page No.
Synonyms
Antonyms
Spelling
12
Formation of Word
16
22
Verbal Analogy
24
27
Phrases / Idioms
29
GRAMMAR
PART II
Articles
33
39
42
47
51
56
62
65
69
Tense
Modal Auxiliary
Active Passive
Direct Indirect Speech
VOCABULARY
Exercise-1
In each of the following questions, out of the given alternatives, choose the one which best expresses
the meaning of the given word.
1. MALADY
(1) Ill-will
(2) Ill-luck
(3) Ill-feeling
2. NASTY
(1) Genius
(2) Decent
(3) Naughty
3. MAESTRO
(1) Sorcerer
4. ALERT
(1) Clever
5. INSOLENT
(1) Nervous
(2) Apprentice
(2) careful
(2) Rude
10. RECOLLECT
(1) Remember
(3) Assert
(2) Hobby
(2) Revive
(4) Performer
(4) Watchful
(4) Assertive
(3) Refund
(2) Intensity
9.VOCATION
(1) Employment
(3) Master
(3) Proud
(2) Foretell
8. STAMINA
(1) Energy
(4) Dirty
(3) Thoughtful
6. REBATE
(1) Loss (2) Compensation
7. PREDICT
(1) Explain
(4) Illness
(3) Endurance
(3) Occupation
(3) Recover
(4) Discount
(4) Observe
(4) Eagerness
(4) Post
(4) Memorise
Exercise-2
In each of the following questions, out of the given alternatives, choose the one which best express
the meaning of the italicized word printed in bold in the sentence.
1. Will you please rectify the mistake?
(1) correct (2) clarify
(3) condone
(4) regularize
(4) imaginary
Antonyms
An antonyms is a word that is opposite in meaning to a given word.
The antonyms too may have slight differences in the meanings and so the antonyms suitable in one
context may not be appropriate for a different context. The antonym which is most appropriate is
chosen from the choices given. Sometimes a synonyms itself may be included as an answer choice.
Hints:
A student should be quite alert while choosing an antonym.
1. He should bear in mind that an antonym must be in the same part of speech in which the given
words is.
2. He should note that the answer should be in the same tense form in which the key word is.
3. A candidate should pay proper attention to the fact that generally the examiners include a
synonym in the alternative choices, given for the answer of the key-word.
4. Often the alternative answers are in active as well as in passive voice. The correct answer is that
which is similar in voice to the key-word.
These questions are of two types
1. Word type
2. Sentence type
Word Type Choose the word which is opposite in meaning to the word given in bold.
Ignore
(1) Degrade
(2) Check (3) Admit
(4) Look into (5) None of these
Ans- 4
Sentence Type- Choose the best antonyms of the highlighted word in the sentence from the option
given
Mt brother is very sensitive about hurting animals.
(1) Callous (2) Senseless (3) Indifferent
(4) Unconcerned (5) None of these
Callous means unfeeling or insensitive
Acquit Convict
Assemble- Disperse
Analysis- Synthesis
Barbarous- Civilized
Base Top/apex
Callous-Kind/Compassionate
Decry- praise/overrate
Ghastly- pleasant/ Charming
Hazardous- Safe/Sure
Innocent- Guilty/Sinful
Zany- Ordinary/Conventional
Weeps Laugh/ Rejoice
Yield-Resist/ Defy
Dwarf-Giant
Accept Refuse
Persuade- Dissuade
Prohibit- Permit
Puzzle- solve
Hurry- Delay
Fugitive-Permanent
Intelligent-Dull
Quack-Expert
Weary- Energetic
Youth- Maturity
Hypothesis-Fact
Generous-Selfish
Parallel-Divergent
Single- Multiple
Exercise
Directions: In each of the following questions, out of the given alternatives, choose the one which is
nearest opposite in meaning of the given word.
1. DIVINE
(1) Informal
(2) Celestial
(3) Native
(4) Mundane
2. RELIGIOUS
(1) Atheistic
(2) Immoral
(3) Sinful
(4) Secular
3. IDENTICAL
(1) Indistinguishable
4. SLOPPY
(1) Gullible
(2) Unlike
(2) Robust
5. CONFIDENT
(1) Shy (2) Reserved
6. GROSS
(1) Original
(4) Congruent
(3) Inappropriate
(4) Meticulous
(3) Diffident
(2) Meaningful
8. PERTINENT
(1) Indifferent
(2) Detached
(2) Debt
(4) Timid
(3) Proper
7. DREADFUL
(1) Supportive
10. LIABILITY
(1) Treasure
(3) Senile
(2) Changing
9. FLEXIBLE
(1) Rigid
(2) Immobile
(3) Hard
(3) Asset
(4) Popular
(3) Determine
(4) Entire
(3) Pleasant
(4) Irrelevant
(4) Doubtful
(4) Property
Exercise
Directions: In each of the following questions, out of the given alternatives, choose the one which is
most nearly the opposite in meaning of the word printed in the bold in the sentence.
1. India is a culturally diverse country.
(1) secular
(2) uniform (3) unanimous
(4) singular
(4) angrily
4. The rainfall was plentiful in this part during the last season.
(1) scanty (2) small
(3) rare
(4) occasional (5) None of these
5. His transfer order was revoked yesterday.
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(1) prepared
(2) issued
(3) proposed
(4) approved
(4) shorten
9. I know you would have to prolong your tour; but still I advise you to complete this job also.
(1) obstruct
(2) curtail
(3) hinder
(4) restrain (5) None of these
10. The food served at the official dinner was very bland.
(1) inedible
(2) spicy
(3) nutritious
(4) tasty
Vocabulary-Spelling
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The guide to good vocabulary is good spelling we can use two kind of knowledge to know relating
to the sound (Phonemes) of the word and second is the morphological knowledge relating to the
smallest meaningful units (Morphemes) that a word contains. Learning to spell right enriches
vocabulary and increases your fluency.
Knowledge of correct spelling is required to avoid error in composition. Incorrect spelling spoil the
composition howsoever intelligently it is expressed. A test spelling forms a major part of many
exams of English Language. Besides, English spelling poses serious problem before the learners
because English does not follow all the phonetic rules. Hence, the students are often confused.
A student should learn the spelling of difficult words again and again.
If a word is often mis-spelt, a student should correct it at once.
Correct pronunciation helps in spelling a word correctly. Hence a student should learn the correct
pronunciation of words which will lead to correct spelling.
As such there are fixed rules for spelling. Only regular practice helps in improving spelling.
Right
Abbreviate
Archaeology
Aquarium
Campaign
Cigarette
Essential
Neighbour
Passport
Repetition
Qualified
Rebellion
Impact
Affidavit
Mammal
Machinery
Joyfully
Ninety
Ladder
Occupation
Science
Sculpture
Queue
Receive
Restaurant
Receipt
Beginning
Wrong
Abreviate
Archealogy
Aquarrium
Compiagn
Cigarette
Essensial
Nieghbour
Pasport
Repeatition
Qualifeid
Rebelion
Impect
Affidabit
Mamal
Machinary
Joyfuly
Ninty
Lader
Occupaision
Secince
Sculpchure
Quee
Receive
Restuarant
Reciept
Begining
12
Spelling Rules
Rule-1- One syllable words ending in single Vowel + Single consonant double the consonant be a
suffix beginning with a Vowels.
Ex. beg-begged, run-running, rob-robber, sad-saddest
But- wish-wished (two consonant)
Fear- fearing (two vowels)
Rule-2- Word of two or three syllables ending in single vowel + single consonant if the last syllable
is stressed
Ex- Begin-Beginning, Permit- Permitted
The consonant is not doubled if the last syllable is not stressed
Ex- Worship-Worshipped, Kidnap- Kidnapped
Rule-3- In British English, L consonant is doubled, even if the stress does not fall on the last
syllable.
Ex- quarrel- quarrelled, signal-signalling, travel- traveller, distil-distiller
Note the exception-parallel- paralleled
Rule-4- If the word to which the suffix ful is added inll the second l is dropped
Ex- Skill Skilful, Will- wilful
Rule-5- Word ending in silent e drop the e before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
Ex- live+ing = living, move+ed=moved, hope+ ing = hoping, drive+er = driver
The remains before a suffix beginning with a consonant
Ex- hope + ful = hopeful , engage + ment = engagement
Note the exception- true+ly=truly, whole+ly= wholly, due+ly= duly
nineth+ th= ninth, argue + ment= argument, awe+full= awful
In the special case of words ending in ce and ge which keep the e when adding able or ous
Ex- notice + able = noticeable, peace + able = peaceable, change+able =changeable ,
Courage + ous = courageous
In such words the c and g are pronounced soft before e. Somerimes the e is retained to avaid
confusion with the similar word.
Singe + ing= Singeing (avoid confusion with singing)
Swinge+ ing= Swingeing (avoid confusion with swinging)
Rule-6- Words ending in ee do not drop an e before a suffix.
Ex- see+ing= seeing, agree+ ment= agreement
Rule-7- Words ending in ie change the ie to y when ing is added.
Ex- die+ing= dying, lie +ing = lying
Rule-8- A final y following a consonant changes to i before a suffix except ing
Ex- Carry + ed = Carried , Marry + age = Marriage, Happy + ly = Happily, Beauty + ful = Beautiful
But, Carry + ing= Carrying, Marry + Marrying
But y following a vowel does not change
Ex- pray + ed = prayed, play + er = player
Notice a few exceptions- y change to i
Ex- pay +ed = paid, say +ed = said, lay + ed = laid, day + ly = daily, gay +ly = gaily
When ie or ei is pronounced like ee in jeep I comes before e except after c
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(2) Attenation
(3) Communicable
(3) Notional
(4) National
(3) Difer
8. (1) Seize
Deceive
(2) Geather
(2) Decieve
(4) Crockery
(4) Clench
(3) Anticipiate
(2) Personnel
(2) Defer
(3) Bruise
(4) Tantalise
(4) Refer
(3) Accommodation
(3) weather
(3) Believe
9. (1) Impetuous
Impertinent
(2) Impertinant
(2) Expres
(4) Administration
(4) Feather
(4) Reign
(3) Imperial
(3) Domineering
(4) Implication
(4) Ferrous
Directions: Given below are four set of words. Choose the one that is spelt right.
1. (1) Valise (2) Vaccilate
(3) Valarian
(4) Vacillate
(5) None of these
2. (1) Telbou
(2) Tableau
(3) Tablo
(4) Teblo
(3) Gynaeccology
4. (1) Guerila
(2) Guerilla
(3) Gourilla
5. (1) Garison
(2) Garrison
(3) Garission
6. (1) Hamoglabin
(2) Haemoglobin
(4) Guarilla
(4) Garrisen
(3) Hamoglobin
(4) Hemoglobin
14
(2) Jeoppardise
(3) Queue
(2) Itinerrary
(3) Foreboding
(4) Forebodding
(3) Jeoparddiz
(4) Qaue
(3) Iitinerary
(4) Jeopardize
Directions: In each of the following group pf words, one word may be mis-spelt. Find out the word
that is wrongly spelt. If all the four words are correctly spelt, the answer is 5.
1. He appears (1) / to be unreasonably (2)/ anxious (3)/ about solving his nighbours
(4)/problem./All correct(5)
2. The report envisages (1)/ crucial
method. All correct / (5)
(2)/ guidlines
(4)/ research
(4)/
4. To keep injuries (1)/ away from interferring (2)/ with the progress of the game the player was
advised to take treatment
(3)/ off
(4)/ the field. / All correct (5)
5. A seperate (1)/ bill will be submitted (2)/ for discussion and sympathetic
reconsideration. (4)/ All correct (5)
6. The committee (1)/ underestimates (2)/the efforts involved
suggesting majors (4)/ to solve the problem. / All correct (5)
7. Eradication (1)/ of illiteracy
(2)/ cannot be attained
whole-heartedly. (4)/ All correct (5)
8. The exhistence (1)/ and attitudes (2)/ of the colonial
outbreak
(4)/ of the civil war. / All correct (5)
(3)/
9. Sharad consoled (1)/ Vijay and asured (2)/ him that his son would return (3)/ home by sunset.
(4)/ All correct (5).
10. Quality (1) / is never an accident (2) / and is always the result of sincere (3)/ effort.
(4)/ All correct (5).
Formation of Word
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Words which are not derived or compounded or developed from other words are called primary
words.
They belong to the original stock of words in the language.
1. Compound words- Compound words formed by joining two or more simple words.
Ex- Moonlight, undertake, nevertheless etc.
2. Primary derivatives- Primary derivatives, formed by making some change in the body of the
simple word.
Ex- bond from bind, breach from break, wrong from wring
3. Secondary derivatives- Secondary derivatives, formed by an addition to the beginning or the end.
Ex- unhappy, goodness
An addition to the beginning of a word is a prefix and an addition to the end is a suffix.
1. Compound words are for the most part, Nouns, adjectives and Verbs.
Compound noun may be formed from
Noun + Noun
Ex- moonlight, armchair, postman, airman, railway, horsepower, shoemaker, teaspoon,
etc.
Adjective + Noun
Ex- sweetheart, nobleman, shorthand, blackboard, stronghold, halfpenny, quicksilver etc.
Verb + Noun
Ex- makeshift, breakfast, telltale, pickpocket, daredevil, scarecrow, hangman etc.
Gerund + Noun
Ex- drawing-room, Writing-desk, Looking-glass, Walking-stick, Blotting- paper, Stepping-stone,
spelling- book etc.
Adverb or Preposition + Noun
Ex- outlaw, afterthought, forethought, foresight, overcoat, downfall, afternoon, bypass, inmate, offshoot, inside etc.
Verb + Adverb
Drawback, lock-up, go-between, die-hard, send-off etc.
Adverb + Verb
Outset, upkeep, outcry, income, outcome
Compound Adjectives may be formed from:
Noun + Adjective (or Participle)
Ex- Blood-red, Sky-blue, Snow-white, Pitch-dark, Breast-high, Skin-deep, purse- proud, lifelong,
worldwide, homesick, headstrong, stone-blind, seasick, ear-piercing, hand-made, timeserving, seagirl, bed-ridden etc.
Adjective + Adjective
Red-hot, blue-black, white-hot, dull-grey, lukewarm
Adverb + Participle
Long-suffering, everlasting, never-ending, through bred , well-deserved, outspoken, down-Hearted,
for-seen, inborn
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Nouns
Dolt
Heat
Pride
Nouns
Milk
Wit
Adjectives
Milch
Wise
17
Blood
Breath
Cloth
Drop
Grass
Half
Price
Sale
Tale
Thief
Bleed
Breathe
Clothe
Drip
Graze
Halve
Prize
Sell
Tell
Thieve
Adjectives
Cool
Hale
Verbs
Chill
heal
Secondary Derivatives
Prefixes
Ex- aboard, asleep, beside, forecast, forgive, overflow, tday, Untrue, unfold, underground, Withdraw,
etc.
Suffix
Ex- darkness, freedom, goodness, friendship, likewise, otherwise, hopeful, anyway, forward, joyful
etc.
Noun form
Suffix
al
ance
ation
ness
y
age
cy
Word
Propose
Arrive
Refusal
Attend
Guide
Disturb
prepare
Inform
Kind
fearless
Sad
honest
jealous
bond
Noun
Proposal
Arrival
Refusal
Attendance
Guidance
Disturbance
Preparation
Information
Kindness
Fearlessness
Sadness
Honesty
Jealousy
Bondage
Suffix
ment
infant
Private
Infancy
Privacy
ssion
Verb
Prefix
hood
ship
ity
ion
ence
dom
Word
Treat
move
child
neighbour
hard
relation
national
real
suggest
promote
depend
differ
free
king
wise
Admit
Permit
Noun
Treatment
Movement
Childhood
Neighbourhood
Hardship
Relationship
Nationality
Reality
Suggestion
Promotion
Dependence
difference
Freedom
Kingdom
Wisdom
Admission
permission
Word
Verb
Verb Form
Suffix
Word
18
e
ate
en
ize/ise
ify
Bath
Breath
Cloth
Habit
Fascination
Sharp
Strength
central
Minimum
Pure
identity
Bathe
Breathe
Clothe
Habituate
Fascinate
Sharpen
Strengthen
centralize
Minimize
Purify
Identify
be
em
ac
en
im
as
fool
friend
power
Body
Company
Knowledge
Able
danger
Prison
Park
Sure
sign
Befool
Befriend
Empower
Embody
Accompany
Acknowledge
Enable
Endanger
Imprison
Impark
Assure
Assign
Word
Appear
Differ
Trouble
Tire
Fortune
Passion
Accept
Enjoy
America
India
Power
Wonder
Nature
Nation
resist
Distance
Hero
Rythm
Care
Fear
fore
Down
Adjective
Apparent
Different
Troublesome
Tiresome
Fortunate
Passionate
Acceptable
Enjoyable
American
Indian
Powerful
Wonderful
Natural
National
Resistant
Distant
Heroic
Rythmic
Careless
Fearless
Forward
Downward
Child
Life
Childlike
Lifelike
Adjective Form
Suffix
ous
ly
en
ive
ish
y
worthy
ible
tive
ern
ed
ese
Word
Courage
Danger
Like
Love
Gold
Wool
effect
inform
child
white
Thirst
Taste
Praise
Trust
Permission
Admit
Prime
Constructive
South
East
Desert
Disappoint
Adjective
Courageous
Dangerous
Likely
Lovely
Golden
Woolen
Effective
Informative
Childish
Whitish
Thirsty
Tasty
Praiseworthy
Trustworthy
Permissible
Admissible
Primitive
Constructive
Southern
Eastern
Deserted
Disappointed
Suffix
ent
China
Japan
Chinese
Japanese
like
some
ate
able
an
ful
al
ant
ic
less
ward
Directions: Select the combination of numbers so that letter arranged accordingly will form a
meaningful word.
1. T E R I V U
1 2 3 4 5 6
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(1) 231456
(2) 543162
(3) 312456
2. H R E T A D
1
2 3 4 5
6
(1) 4123456 (2) 421356
(3) 135246
(4) 356124
3. N I T W E R
1 2 3 4
5
6
(1) 321456
(2) 645123
(3) 421356
(4) 213546
4. B U M L E R
1 2 3 4 5 6
(1) 453126 (2) 312564
(3) 543126
(4) 423156
5. F E A T E D
1
2
3 4 5 6
(1) 621534
(2) 123465
(3) 345126
(4) 453126
6. W R E N S A
1
2 3 4 5 6
(1) 513246
(2) 321456
(3) 645132
7. C I T
1 2
3
(1) 621354
R O V
4
5 6
(2) 216345
(3) 345126
(4) 234156
8. T I
C
1
2 3
(1) 531246
V I
M
4
5
6
(2) 216345
(3) 345126
(4) 234156
9. Q A U S E
R
1
2
3 4
5
6
(1) 413265 (2) 432165 (3) 612345
10. M O D N A R
1
2
3 4 5
6
(1) 345126
(2) 561243
Give Noun Forms
Mad- Madness
Satisfied- Satisfaction
Appear- Appearance
Greedy- Greed
Careful- Care
Thirsty- Thirst
Give Adjective Forms
Touch- Touching, Touchy
Tire Tired, Tiresome
Might- Mighty
Greed- Greedy
Sleep- Sleepy
(3) 234561
(4) 234561
(4) 654321
King- Kingdom
Hungry- Hunger
Pray- Prayer
Merciful- Mercy
Touching- Touch
Vast- Vastness
Gold- Golden
Bless- Blessed
Care- Careful
Misery- Miserable
Dream- Dreamy
20
Hunger- Hungry
Give Verb Forms
Satisfaction- Satisfy
Careful- care
Speech- Speak
Painfully Pain
Cancelled- Cancel
Shock Shocking
Company- Accompany
Performance -perform
Celebration- Celebrate
Energetic- Energize
Continuous- Continue
21
Directions: Each question has four items. Select the item that does not belong to the group. If all the
words are related, mark 5.
1. (1) Abnominable
(2) Tempestuous
(3) Abhorrent
(4) Detestable
(5) None of these
Tempestuous resembling to a violent storm. Other words are related to hateful.
2. (1) Accure
(2) Exuberate (3) Numerous
(4) Pullulate
(5) None of these
Accure- to grow as natural result (from), to be added by way of advantage. Other words are
related to abundance(rich).
3. (1) Captivate (2) Enchant
(3) Fascinate
(4) Dazzle
(5) None of these
Dazzle to overpower with strong light. Other words are related to charm.
4. (1) Defraud
(2) Cheat
(3) Swindle
(4) Allure
Allure- ability to fascinate; charm. Other are synonymous.
5. (1) Cleavage
(2) Divulge
(3) Fracture
(4) Severance (5) None of these
Divulge- to make public, to reveal. Other words are related to break
6. (1) Brim
(2) Obscure
(3) Brink
(4) Rim
(5) None of these
Obscure- hidden , dark and unclear. Other words are related to edge.
7. (1) Disaster
(2) Motley
(3) Catastrophe
(4) Calamity
Motley- variegated; heterogeneous(multicolored, mixed).
8. (1) expedition
(2) Campaign
(3) Crusade
(4) Cruise
(5) None of these
Cruise- a sea voyage for pleasure. Other words are related to journey on land or sea with an aim.
9. (1) Renovate
(2) Flourish
(3) Thrive
(4) Blossom
(5) None of these
Renovate- remodel, modernize; to make new again. Other words synonyms
10. (1) Blink
(2) Wink
(3) Bat
(4) Shove
(5) None of these
Shove- to thrust; to push. Other words are related to movement of eyelid.
11. (1) Bicker
(2) Quarrel
(3) Wrangle
(4) Inveigle
(5) None of these
Inveigle- to ensnare (catch) by cajolery (convince). Other words are related to disagreement;
dispute.
Select the odd man out from the given
1. (1) Shy
(2) Convivial
(3) Extroverted
(4) Genial
(5) Gregarious
options 2,3, and 4 are synonyms of gregarious, - a man who likes to be in the company of
others, friendly, sociable, Where as shy is an antonym of the same.
2. (1) Eulogize
(2) Extol
(3) Praise (4) Commend
(5) Denigrate
options 1, 2 and 4 are synonyms to praise. Denigrate which means to degrade or to belittle
somebody, is the antonym of praise.
3. (1) Dog
(2) Wolf
(3) Fox
(4) Jackal
(5) Puma
all the options are members of the dog family, except Puma, which is a member of the cat
family
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4. (1) Pragmatic
(2) Practical
(3) Hardnosed
(4) Realistic
(5) Idealistic
Option 1, 2, 3, and 4 are synonyms whereas Idealistic is an antonym of the other four option.
5. (1) Kite
(2) Plane (3) Car
(4) Helicopter
(5) Glider
Every option has the common relation of flight except option 3, car, which is not related to flight
in any way.
6. (1) Drum (2) Tambourine
(3) Bongo
(4) Flute
(5) Dholak
Options 1, 2, 3 and 5 are percussion instruments where the Flute is a wind instrument.
7. (1) Play
(2) Movie
(3) Opera
(4) Concept
(5) FM Radio
Options 1, 2, 3, and 4 have visual as well as audio connotations whereas FM radio has only an
audio connotation
8. (1) Jackfruit
(2) Lemon
(3) Cashew
(4) Ladyfinger
(5) Olive
OPtions 1, 2, 3, and 5 are names of fuirts where as ladyfinger is a vegetable
9. (1) Elephant
(2) Whale Sharks
(3) Tiger
(4) Bats
(5) Sloths
Except for the whale shark, every other species of animal is warm-blooded
10. (1) Clarification
(2) Revelation
(3) Confusion
(4) Elucidation
(5) Explanation
Option 2 and 4 are synonyms to clarification or explanation. Confusion antonyms
relationship to the other option
11. (1) Grow
(2) Harvest (3) Advance (4) Build
(5) Deteriorate
option 1, 2, 3, and 4 are synonyms and mean to grow. Deteriorate means a decline and is
not related to the other options.
12. (1) T-shirt
(2) Socks
(3) Trousers
(4) Hyperbole
(5) Synecdoche
Option2, 3, 4, and 5 exist in pairs. Option 1 does not occur in pair
Verbal Analogies
Analogies are an important part of the Verbal Review. An analogy is simply a comparison between
items that are basically different but that also have some striking similarities. Because of these
similarities, analogous terms may share a common bond or relationship that is the key to the analogy.
Actually, an analogy is the verbal equivalent of s proportion in mathematics. In a verbal comparison,
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a colon separates two words to be compared. These verbal comparisons or verbal relationships may
be of different types:
Type-1. Part to whole- One frequent pattern is a part of an item or concept to the whole idea or
concept.
Ex. Chapter: Book:: Cage: Zoo
Type-2. Cause to effect- Another relationship is of the cause to its effect or the result to cause.
Ex. Bacteria: Disease:: Sun: Heat
Food: Agriculture:: Laughter: joke
Type-3. A trait and an opposite Trait- A common form of analogies is of a trait and its opposite trait.
Ex. Velour : Cowardice
Type-4. Object to material patternEx. Cotton: Shirt : : Leather: Shoe
24
2. Room: House
(1) Chair: Room (2) Cabin: Ship
3. Sorrow: Death
(1) Laugh: Cry (2) Happiness: Birth
(5) None of these
4. Island: Ocean
(1) Hill: Stream
5. Drama: Director
(1) Movie: Scenario
(2) Hope: Optimist
(4) Anchor: Playwright (5) None of these
6. Family: Child
(1) Pond: Fish
7. Brain: Neurology
(1) Body : Physiology
(4) Horology: Horoscopes
8. Duck: Quack
(1) Dog: Bark
9. Chef: Kitchen
(1) Student: Class
(5) None of these
10. Grease: Slip
(1) Butter: Fry
(2) Snake: Creep (3) Camel: Desert (4) Fisherman: Net (5) None of these
(2) Beer: Brewery
Directions: Three pairs express the relationship similar to that expressed in the capitalized pair.
select the pair not related in this way.
1. EDITOR: NEWSPAPER
(1) Lecturer: University (2) Teacher: School
(4) Architect: Design (5) None of these
2. HORSE: STABLE
(1) Hen: Coop
(2) Monk: Hermit
3. AEROPLANE: DRONE
(1) Birds: Chirp
(2) Paper: Crinkle
4. OPENING: INAUGURATION
(1) Memory: Commemoration
(2) Display: Exhibition
(4) Solemn: Vestments (5) None of these
5. AMPLIFY: ARGUMENT
(1) Redouble: Efforts
(2) Exacerbate: Sales
(5) None of these
25
Directions: For each of the following questions there exists a certain relation between the first two
words. The same relation also exists in the third and fourth words. Out of these four words one
words missing. The place of the missing word is shown by question mark. Find out the missing word
from the five words given below in each question.
1. Air: Atmosphere:: Water:?
(1) Island
(2) Earth
(3) Ocean
(4) Drop
(4) Sister
(5) Grandfather
(3) Roof
(3) Milk
(4) Discipline
(4) Brick
(4) Water
(3) Jealousy
(5) Dew
(4) Adult
(5) Education
(5) Children
(4) Insects
(3) Seeds
(3) Grandson
(4) State
(5) Hawkers
(5) Capital
(4) Aunt
(5) Nephew
26
Exercises
Directions: In each of the following questions, out of the four alternatives, choose the one which can
be substituted for the given words/ sentence.
Q.1. Large scale departure of the people
(1) Migration
(2) Emigration
(3) Immigration
(4) Exodus (5) None of these
Q.2. To examine ones own thoughts and feelings
(1) Meditation
(2) Retrospection
(3) Reflection
(5) None of these
Q.3. Stage between boyhood and youth
(1) Puberty (2) Adolescence
(3) Infancy
(4) Introspection
(4) Maturity
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(4) Foundry
(4) Carpentry
(4) Delicate
(4) Martyr
(3) Illegible
(3) Inhuman
(4) Negligible
(4) Misanthrope
(4) Antibiotic
(4) Fanatic
(4) Breakthrough
(3) Voracious
(4) Avaricious
(4) Spying
PHRASES / IDIOMS
Phrases and Idioms form an important part of English usage. It is almost impossible to guess the
meaning of an idiom or phrase from the words it contains.
An idiom is a form of expression or a phrase unusual to a language and approved by the usage of
that language.
The meaning of a phrase bears no relation to the meaning of either the verb or the practical
which is used with it.
1. To turn over a new leaf To change the old habits and adopt new ones.
2. To get into hot water- To get into trouble
3. Spick and span- Neat and clean
4. A red letter day-An important day
5. A snake in the grass- Unrecognizable danger
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7. To see red
(1) To be very angry (2) To victimize someone
(4) To criticize others (5) None of these
Directions: In each of the following questions, five alternatives are given for the idiom bold in the
sentence. Choose the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrases.
1. He works by fits and starts.
(1) consistently (2) irregularly
(4) crook
(4) Enthusiastically
3. While the ladies continued their small talk in the drawing room, I felt bored?
(1) private conversation (2) whispering (3) gossip (4) backbiting (5) None of these
4. He was all at sea when he began his new job.
(1) happy (2) sad (3) puzzled (4) triumphant (5) None of these
5. The boy turned a deaf ear to the pleadings of all his well-wishers.
(1) listened carefully (2) was deadly opposed (3) posed indifference
(4) did not pay any attention (5) None of these
6. The story does not hold water.
(1) does not deserve appreciation (2) cannot be valued
(4) cannot be believed (5) None of these
30
10. There is a lot of bad blood between the former friends now.
(1) competition (2) argument (3) jealousy (4) ill feeling
31
GRAMMAR
Articles (Upped)
A, An and The are called Articles. Generally they comes before nouns
A and An are Indefinite Articles, The indefinite articles is used before singular countable noun.
Ex- A book, An orange, A girl
The is called definite Article, the definite article is used before singular, countable nouns, plural
countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Ex- The book, The milk, The house, etc.
Use of Indefinite a and an
The choice between the A a and an is determined by sound.
Before a word beginning with a vowel sound an used.
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3. With name of gulfs, rivers, oceans, islands and mountains. (Proper noun)
Ex. the Persian Gulf, the Sutlaj River, the Arctic ocean, the Andaman Island, the Himalayas
Certain books
Ex. the Vedas, the Bible, the Ramayan, the Ramacharit Manas etc.
Musical Instruments
Ex. the Violin, thee Flute, the Tabla etc.
The inventions
Ex. The television is a gift of Science
Part of body comes after preposition
Ex. They shot him in the eye.
Religious groups
Ex. The Sikhs, The Hindus etc.
Political Parties
Ex. The Congress, The Janta Party, The BJP etc.
Clubs and Foundation
Ex. The Rotary Club, The Taj Memorial etc.
Aeroplanes, Ships, Trains etc.
Ex. The Makahi Aeroplane, The Vikrant (Ship), The Rajdhani Express (Train)
4. Before names of an empire, dynasty or historical events
Ex. The Harsha dynasty, The New Stone Age, the Second world War, The Ameircan Revolution
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34
35
36
37
(3) college to /
(3) after /
(3) is /
(3) care of /
(3) of /
(5) No error
(4) Fluently/
(5) No error
(4) us /
(5) No error
(4) cyclone /
(5) No error
38
Words are divided into parts of speech according to their function in a sentence. There are eight
parts of speech.
1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjectives
8. Interjection
5. Adverb
6. Prepositions 7. Conjunctions
Noun (Sangya) - A noun is a word used as the name of person place or things. (A noun is a naming
word.)
Classification
1. Proper Noun
2. Common Noun
3. Material Noun
4. Collective Noun
5. Abstract Noun
6. Countable Noun
7. Uncountable Noun
1. Proper Noun (Vyaktivachak Sangya) - Proper Noun is the special name of a particular person or
place.
Person- Thomas, Sita, Hari etc.
Thing- Black pen, phone, pencil etc.
Place- Haridwar, India, Ahmedabad etc.
Note- A Proper Noun always begins with a capital letter.
2. Common Noun (Jativachak Sangya) - A noun which does not point out any particular person.
Place or thing, but it is common to all person, place or thing of the same class or kind is called a
Common Noun.
Ex city, boy, girl, book, river, country, man, etc.
3. Material Noun (Dravyavachak Sangya) - A nouns which stands for the matter or substance of
which things are made is called a Material Noun.
OR
Words which denote matter or substance of which things are made of or made from.
Ex. iron, wood, gold, cotton, steel, silver etc.
4. Collective Noun- Words which denotes a group or collection of similar objects or persons.
Ex- team, crowd, army, police, class, mob, club, herd, fleet, family, department, committee, jury,
company, public etc.
5. Abstract Noun (Bhavvachak Sangya) - An Abstract Noun is the name of something which we
can neither see, nor, touch, but which we can only think of, can be felt.
Ex. hope, honesty, health, courage, pity, joy, pain, sleep. Death, bravery, sickness etc.
Quality- cleverness, bravery etc.
State- youth, poverty, sorrow, slavery etc.
Action- Laughter, Fight, Revenge etc.
6. Countable Noun- It is the name of the thing that can be counted or divide in singular or plural.
Ex. Student, book, table, pen. Photograph, man, woman, boy, girl, chair etc.
7. Uncountable Noun- An uncountable noun is the name of a thing that cannot be counted or
divided in to singular or Plural.
Ex. Milk, rice, coffee, ice, oil, justice, truth, beauty, democracy, wool, gold etc.
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RULES
1. Certain nouns like scenery, furniture, Information, language, poetry, abuse, damage, machinery,
expenditure, advice, mischief, stationery, issue, repair, fuel, vacation, data are used as singular
nouns instead of plural noun. (Some nouns do not have plural forms)
Ex. The sceneries in Switzerland are charming. (Incorrect)
Or
The scenes in Switzerland are charming. (Incorrect)
The scenery in Switzerland is charming. (Correct)
Ram gave me many advices. (Incorrect)
Ram gave me much advice. (Incorrect)
Or
Ram gave me many pieces of advice. (Correct)
Note- Advices is not plural for advise.
An advices means information and Advice is to give or receive suggestion.
2. Some nouns like vegetables, trousers, scissors, spectacles, thanks, circumstances, alms, remains,
Goods, glasses, pyjamas, jeans. eatables, contents, are used only in plural.
Ex. 1. This scissor is blunt. (Incorrect)
This scissors are blunt. (Correct)
2. He does not like vegetable. (Incorrect)
He does not like vegetables. (Correct)
3. What is the content of this letter? (Incorrect)
What are the contents of this letter? (Correct)
Note- Contents- Matter contents is not plural of content.
Content- Satisfied and happy
3. Some nouns like Mathematics, politics, Innings, odds, means, Physics, Athletics, news are
as singular, though in appearance they seem to be plural, as the each of the above said noun ends
at s in spellings (Used in singular form)
Ex. 1. Mathematics are difficult subjects. (Incorrect)
Mathematics is a difficult subject. (Correct)
2. Politics are dirty games. (Incorrect)
Politics is a dirty game. (Correct)
3. These news are sad.
This news is sad.
4. Nouns indicating measure or number do not change into plural especially when used after
numerals.
Ex. Score, hundred, dozen, year, million, six-man, committee etc.
1. I bought five dozens mangoes.
I bought five dozen mangoes.
2. Our five years plan will succeed.
Our five year plan will succeed.
5. A few nouns like sheep, deer, duck, fish, cattle, public, people, hair seem to be singular in form
but actually are plural in meaning.
Ex. 1. The cattles are grazing.
The cattle are grazing.
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6. When material nouns are used to denote a mass of matter, they are not used as plurals.
Ex. Brick, bread, fruit, stone etc.
1. The house is built of bricks.
The house is built of brick.
2. The Taj is built of white marbles. The Taj is built of white marble.
3. I am fond of fruits.
I am fond of fruit.
Exercise1. (1) I feel that/ (2) the circumstances/
3- are in place of is
2. (1) Vegetable /
1- Vegetables
(4) No error
(4) No error
(4) No error
(4) No error
(3) raising .
(2) quite /
(4) No error
(4) No error
(4) No error
(3) effective. /
(3) repair.
(4) No error
(4) No error
(3) Indians.
(4) No error
(4) No error
PRONOUNS (Sarvanam)
Pronoun- Words used instead of nouns are called Pronouns.
Kinds of Pronouns
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I
We
Me
Us
my
our
Mine
Ours
you
You
your
Yours
he
she
it
they
Him
Her
It
Them
his
her
Its
their
His
Hers
Its
theirs
Case
Nominative
Objective
First Person
Singular
I
Me
My
Mine
Plural
We
Our
Our
Second Person
Singular
Plural
You
You
Your
Your
Your
Your
Third Person
Singular
He/She/ It
Him/ Her/ It
His/ Her/ It
Plural
They
Them
Their
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Possessive
Yours
Note- Sometimes a word is subject or sometimes a word can be object in a given sentence. So CASE
is a situation or rule by which we can find how we have to use pronouns in a given sentence.
If pronouns are used before the verbs then pronouns should always be in subjective forms.
Ex- You and I/me are invited there.
If pronouns are to be used after the verbs then pronouns should be in objective forms.
Ex. They have invited you and I/me.
Reflexive Pronoun- (Svavachak Sarvanam)- pronouns refer to the same persons as the subjects of
the verbs. Such Pronouns are called Reflexive Pronouns.
Ex. myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself etc.
Ex.
I did it myself.
You can do it yourself.
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Corresponding
Pronoun
(Related or Parallel)
Man, Boy, Everyone, Everybody, He, Him, His, Himself
Every Person
Woman, Girl, Everywoman, Every She, Her, Hers, Herself
girl
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A Thing, An animal
It, Its, Itself
Men, Women, People, Animals, They, Them, Their, Theirs,
Things
Themselves
You
You, Your, Yours, Yourself
We
We, Us, our, Ours, Ourselves
Rules
1. When first, second and third person pronouns are used then the order of their use is second, third
and first respectively in positive situations. But if the context is negative then the order is first,
second, third.
Ex. I and you are friends.
I, he and you went to Delhi.
2. Each other is used for two persons and one another is used for more than two persons.
Ex. The two sisters help one another. (Incorrect)
The two sisters help each other. (Correct)
The four friends love each other. (Incorrect)
The four friends love one another. (Correct)
3. Each, everyone, everybody, anybody, nobody must be followed by verbs, pronouns and
in singular.
Ex. Everyone of them did their work. (Incorrect)
Everyone of them did his work. (Correct)
He advised everybody to perform their duty.
He advised everybody to perform his duty.
4. If pronouns are used before the verbs then pronouns should always be in subjective forms.
If pronouns are to be used after verbs then pronouns should be in objective forms.
If any sentence starts with let or between, then following pronouns are always used in objective
forms.
Ex. These presents are for you and I.
These presents are for you and me.
Let you and I go there.
Let you and me go there.
5. Either and Neither are used for two objects or pronouns.
Any or None is used for more than two persons or objects.
Either and Any are used in positive sense, Neither and None are used in negative sense.
Ex. Any of these two houses will serve our purpose.
Either of these two houses will serve our purpose.
He is poorer than either of his four friends. (Incorrect)
He is poorer than any of his four friends. (Correct)
None of these two pens are yours. (Incorrect)
Neither of these two pens is yours. (Correct)
6. After one, ones is used.
If one is in subjective case, then ones should be used in objective case.
So, after one, ones of or oneself is used.
Ex. One should serve his country.
One should serve ones country.
7. Generally Who is used as subjective case and whom is used as objective case.
Ex. The person (who/whom) we thought (he) was an actor proved to be a soldier.
The person (who/whom) we feared we had shot (him) proved to be unharmed.
Note: Whenever in any sentence, If we are able to insert (he/she) then who is used and if we are
able to insert (him/her) then whom is used.
Ex. Who did you see yesterday? (Incorrect)
Whom did you see yesterday? (Correct)
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45
2- herself
7. (1) I am /(2) not so weak /(3) as
/(4) him (5) No error
4- he
8. (1) One must /(2) not be /(3) dishonest to his /(4) society. (5) No error
3- ones
9. (1) None of /(2) us have /(3) ever /(4) met her. (5) No error
2- has
10. (1) My father took /(2) my mother and /(3) I for a joy ride /(4) in his new car. (5) No error
3-me
Fill in the blank
1. All failed except _____. (he, him)
2. We scored as many goals as _________. (they, them)
3. Rama and ________ were present. (I, me)
4. There isnt much difference between you and _________. (he, him)
5. The boys hid __________. (himself, themselves)
6. Either Sita or Amina forgot to take ________ parasol. (her, them)
7. There was no doubt as to ______ the speaker meant. (who, whom)
8. It is Sohrab _________ I think is the better of the two at swimming. (Whom, who)
9. I ________ was there. (myself, himself)
10. This is the boy _________ nature is good. (Who, Whose)
Fill in the blanks with the correct Pronouns:
1.The teacher said to Raman, Why are you late again? Didnt I tell you to come to school in time?
Rama Said, I am sorry I am late, sir. Please excuse me this time.
2. The king said to the queen, Please take these jewels and put it carefully in a box. Then come
back to me and I will tell you why you must keep it carefully.
3. My father keeps his savings in a bank. Yesterday I went to the State Bank of India with my father.
This was my first visit to a bank.
4. The policeman saw us and asked us to stop. He asked us what we were doing. We said that we
were looking for our lost dog.
5. The principal asked the students what they were doing in the class. The students told him that they
were doing their work themselves; the principal said that he was happy to know that.
VERBS
Verbs-A verb is a word which says something about a subject.
A verb tells us1. What a person or thing does?
Ex. Hari laughs, the clock strikes, The Sun rises.
2. What is done to a person or thing?
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1. Transitive Verb- It is a verb that denotes an action, which passes over from the doer or subject to
an object.
Ex. The boy picked the stone.
The student wrote a letter.
Alice made a doll.
2. Intransitive verb- It is a verb that denotes an action, which does not pass over to an object. It
expresses the state or being.
Ex. The baby laugh loudly.
He slept very well.
The sun shine.
The man died.
Rules
1. In any sentence when there are words which indicate past time like yesterday, ago etc., we have to
use past indefinite tense.
Ex. Ram have seen him last yesterday. (Incorrect)
Ram saw him yesterday. (Correct)
I have met him last year. (Incorrect)
I met him last year. (Correct)
2. When two nouns are connected by together with, as well as, beside, in addition to are followed by
verbs in singular. If former of two nouns is singular and later of two nouns is plural.
Ex. The father together with his sons were there. (Incorrect)
The father together with his sons was there. (Correct)
He as well as his friends were winner. (Incorrect)
He as well as his friends was winner. (Correct)
3. If different person or things are meant, the article is repeated and followed by the verb in plural.
Ex. The teacher and the leader is dead. (Incorrect) The teacher and the leader are dead. (Correct)
If one person or thing is meant, the articles is not repeated and followed by the verb in singular.
Ex. The teacher and novelist are dead. (Incorrect) The teacher and novelist is dead. (Correct)
4. Each, Either, Neither, Every, Nobody, any one, everyone is followed by verb in singular.
Ex. Neither of these reports are true. (Incorrect)
Neither of these reports is true. (Correct)
Each boy and each girl were given sweets. (Incorrect)
Each boy and each girl was given sweets. (Correct)
Every one of them have attended college. (Incorrect)
Every one of them has attended college. (Correct)
5. When two singular nouns are joined by either.or, neither . Nor, the verb is singular.
Ex. Either he or his friend have the solution.
Either he or his friend has the solution
6. When the subjects of different persons are joined by eitheror, neithernor, the verb is placed
according to nearest person.
Ex. Neither you nor I are artist.
Neither you nor I am artist.
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7. When two different nouns combine to form one idea, the verb is singular.
Ex. Bread and butter are his favourite snack.
Bread and butter is his favourite snack.
Slow and steady win the race.
Slow and steady wins the race.
8. The verb used will always be according to subject.
If subject is singular then verb is singular.
If subject is plural then verb is plural.
Ex. Our only hope are promises made by leaders. Our only hope is promises made by leaders
The promises made is our only hope.
The promises made are our only hope.
9. When many a is followed by one noun, verb is singular. But when many a followed by two
different nouns, the verb is plural.
Ex. Many a students were there. (Incorrect)
Many a students was there. (Correct)
Many a boy and girl was dancing. (Incorrect)
Many a boy and girl were dancing. (Correct)
10. In any sentence if main clause is in past tense, than dependent clause or part must be in past
tense, But if in dependent clauses any universal fact is quoted, then it must be in present
indefinite tense.
Ex. I recognised from his face that I know him. (Incorrect)
I recognised from his face that I knew him. (Correct)
Ram told me that the earth moved round the sun. (Incorrect)
Ram told me that the earth moves around the sun. (Correct)
11. Perfect tense are used when we are talking about two events and one of the event is complete
before the start of another.
Ex. The train left the station before Ram reached there. (Incorrect) sensuous
The train had left the station before Ram reached there. (Correct)
12. After one of when noun is in plural number the verb should also be plural.
Ex. This is one of the best cars that has ever been built.
This is one of the best cars that have ever been built.
13. Two future tenses are not used in same sentence one of them is in present indefinite tense with
if and the other is in future tense.
I shall do work if machine will be in good condition. (Incorrect)
I shall do work if machine is in good condition. (Correct)
14. That is not used before when, where, how, what, which, who, why.
In interrogative sentence verb is placed before the subject.
Ex. I do not know that how to find him.
I do not know how to find him. triumph
15. When the sentence starts with never, near, seldom, rarely, neither, not only, no sooner, verb is
placed before the subject.
Ex. Never I have visited such a place. (Incorrect)
Never have I visited such a place. (Correct)
16. When helping verbs like have and will are used; we must complete the sense of sentence.
Ex. I have never and will never see you. (Incorrect)
I have never seen and will never see you. (Correct)
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17. When worth is sued as an adjective it is generally placed before the verb.
Ex. Gitanjali is worth reading book. (Incorrect)
Gitanjali is a book worth reading. (Correct)
18. After certain verbs/ words like avoid, dislike, enjoy, help, stop, remember, succeed; we use
(verb + ing) gerund.
Ex. He dislikes to do this. (Incorrect)
He dislike to doing this. (Correct)
19. After had better, had rather, as soon as; to is not used.
Ex. You had better not to read this. (Incorrect)
You had better not read this. (Correct)
20. Some nouns like number, plenty, army, brave, variety, enemy, pair, dozen are actually plural in
meaning though they look like singular noun. That is why the verb used after then is always
plural.
Ex. The brave always deserved the victory. (Incorrect)
The brave always deserve the victory. (Correct)
Our army has all the qualities. (Incorrect)
Our army have all the qualities. (Incorrect)
21. When two nouns or pronouns are joined by Not only. but also the verb is used as per second
noun or pronoun.
Ex. Not only the principal but also the students was playing. (Incorrect)
Not only the principal but also the students were playing. (Correct)
22. Generally for is used to show purpose and to is used to show the direction but in any sentence
if direction is already shown by any other word (not by to) then to is used to show purpose.
Ex. He came here for buying this house. (Incorrect)
He came here to buy this house. (Correct)
23. When since, is used as conjunction, the verb after Since should be in past indefinite.
Ex. More than a year has passed since I have gone there. (Incorrect)
More than a year has passed since I went there. (Correct)
24. When a plural noun is considered collectively, the verb is always singular.
Ex. Fifty kilometers are a long distance. (Incorrect)
Fifty kilometers is a long distance. (Correct)
Ten thousand are a big amount. (Incorrect)
Ten thousand is a big amount. (Correct)
Exercises
Locate the error:
1. (1) The king as /(2) well as the soldiers /(3) are /(4) dancing . (5) No error
3 Replace are to is
2. (1) The aeroplane
1- had
/ (2) left / (3) before we reached / (4) the airport. (5) No error
3. (1) A week has / (2) passed since / (3) I am going / (4) there. (5) No error
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3- I went
4. (1) Ram asked / (2) me / (3) where did I live. (4) No error
3- Where I lived
5. (1) She was / (2) hung / (3) for / (4) murder. (5) No error
2- hanged
6. (1) Shyam asked / (2) him / (3) what is his address. (4) No error
3- What his address was
7. (1) A variety of / (2) wines were / (3) saved. / (4) No error
2 Replace were to was
8. (1) He need
4
50
3. Relative Adverbs
1. Simple Adverbs- Simple adverbs tells the time, place, number, degree of quantity, manner,
affirmation.
1. Adverb of time- (Smaysuchak/ kaadvachak kriyavisheshan)
When an action is done, such adverb is called Adverb of time.
Ex. tomorrow, daily, today, yesterday etc.
She left early.
He will come presently.
The school will open tomorrow.
Adverbs of time answer the question- when Kyare
2. Adverb of place- (Sthanvachak kriyavisheshan)
The adverb show where an action is done such adverbs are called Adverb of place.
Ex. outside, everywhere, here, there, out, forward, in, up, down, away
The boys are waiting outside.
He lives here.
The train stops there.
The boys ran forward.
Adverbs of place answer the question where Kya
3. Adverbs of number- (Avrutivachak kriyavisheshan)
The adverb show how often an action is done such adverb are called Adverb of number.
Ex. After, never, twice, thrice, even, seldom, always, occasionally, once etc.
Ex. Twice the boy struck him.
You are always late.
He seldom comes here.
I visited him once.
Adverbs of number answer the question How often ketli var
4. Adverbs of Manner- (Ritivachak kriyavisheshan)
The adverb show how or the manner in which an action is done such adverb are called Adverb of
Manner.
Ex. slowly, fastly, quickly, slowly, well, happily, bravely, carelessly, badly etc.
She spent all her wealth foolishly.
The old man walked slowly.
The soldier fought bravely.
She ran fast.
51
Rules
1. Too cant be used in place of very or much.
Very means truly. Too means more than enough. Too is not use instead of very or much
Ex. It is too cold today. (Incorrect)
It is very cold today. (Correct)
This movie is too interesting. (Incorrect)
This movie is very interesting. (Correct)
Sugar is too sweet. (Incorrect)
Sugar is very sweet. (Correct)
This wall is too strong. (Incorrect)
This wall is very strong. (Correct)
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53
time.
I saw this picture before three weeks. (Incorrect)
I saw this picture three week ago. (Correct)
Maya left this place in 2000; she won it ago 10 years. (Incorrect)
Maya left this place in 2000; she won it 10 years before. (Correct)
10. So cant be used in sense of very.
Ex. He is so kind to me. (Incorrect)
He is very kind to me. (Correct)
11. very qualifies adverb or adjective in positive degree and much is used in comparative degree.
Ex. Ritu is very slower than Deepu (Incorrect)
Ritu is much slower than Deepu. (Correct)
12. The adverb briefly is always used before the verb it qualifies.
Ex. He explained briefly his views. (Incorrect)
He briefly explained his views. (Correct)
13. Certain adverbs like fortunately, unfortunately, at length, are meant to qualify the whole sentence
or to make the sense of that situation. So these adverbs are placed at the start of sentence.
Ex. I saw that match fortunately. (Incorrect)
Fortunately I saw that match. (Correct)
He completed this task at length.
At length he completed this task.
14. We cant use quite or too in place of very or in the sense of very.
Ex. He is quite happy for his new job. (incorrect)
He is very happy for his new job. (Correct)
15. We cant say firstly, secondly, thirdly etc. while describing more than one incident at a time.
Ex. Firstly we went to movie and secondly we went to picnic. (Incorrect)
First we went to movie and secondly we went to picnic.(Correct)
16. For the event of near future we use presently and for the near past or near present we use just
now
Ex. Salman will arrive just now. (Incorrect)
Salman will arrive presently. (Correct)
We have reached presently. (Incorrect)
We have reached just now. (Correct)
17. If verb in the given sentence is intransitive, then adverb comes after verb.
Ex. The sun brightly shines. (Incorrect)
The sun shines brightly. (Correct)
The sheep deep sank. (Incorrect)
The ship sank deep. (Correct)
ANSW
ER
18. If verb in the given sentence is transitive, then the place of adverb is after the object.
Ex. Rama immediately opened the window. (Incorrect)
Rama opened the window immediately. (Correct)
The boy quickly picked the stone. (Incorrect)
The boy picked the stone quickly. (Correct)
19. If main verb and helping verb in the given sentence then the place adverb is between the main
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Exercise
Locate the error
1. (1) The soldier / (2) bravely fought / (3) and defeated / (4) the enemy. (5) No error
2- fought bravely
2. (1) The driver / (2) was / (3) much / (4) drunk. (5) No error
3- very
3. (1) There was / (2) very noise / (3) in the classroom. / (4) (5) No error
2-much noise
4. (1) I only / (2) saw / (3) him once. (4) No error
1- I saw him only once.
5. (1) He just / (2) arrived / (3) in time. (4) No error
1- He arrived just in time.
6. (1) I am / (2) enough rich / (3) to support / (4) you (5) No error
2- rich enough
7. (1) I am / (2) too glad / (3) to see / (4) you. (5) No error
2- very
8. (1) His success / (2) is much / (3) surprising . (4) No error
2- very
9. (1) You are / (2) very / (3) stronger / (4) than I.(5) No error
2- much
10. (1) They studied / (2) real / (3) hard / (4) for the test. (5) No error
2- really
Adjective (Visheshan)
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56
3. Superlative Degree
Positive Degree- (Samantavachak Tulana) - An adjective used to talk about the quality of a person
place or thing is known as positive degree.
Ex. Fat, good, heavy, beautiful, healthy etc.
Mary is a clever girl.
Rakesh is as clever as Hiren.
Mohini is not as beautiful as Sohini.
Mohini is not so beautiful as Sohini.
Comparative Degree- (Adhiktavachak Tulna) - An adjective used to compare two persons or things
or the qualities is known as comparative degree.
Ex. Fatter than, better than, heavier than, more beautiful than, healthier than etc.
Rakesh is clever than Hiren.
Sohini is more beautiful than Mohini.
NOTE- Comparative degree is generally followed by the Conjunction than
Superlative Degree- (ShreshthataVachak Tulana) - An adjective used to talk about comparing more
than two persons or things or their qualities is known as superlative degree.
Ex. The Fattest, the best, the heaviest, the cleverest, most beautiful, the healthiest etc.
Raman is the best boy in the class.
Raman is the ablest of all boys.
NOTE- The superlative degree is proceed by the and followed by of/in.
The adverb Clause of Comparison
1. The Positive Degree- Affirmative- as + adj/adv + as
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Rules
1. With word Comparatively no comparative degree is used.
Ex. Ram is comparatively weaker in Maths. (Incorrect)
Ram is comparatively weak in Maths. (Correct)
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2. After the words prefer, preferable, senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, to is used instead of
than in comparative degree.
Ex. I prefer tea than coffee. (Incorrect)
I prefer tea to coffee. (Correct)
Ram prefers health than wealth. (Incorrect)
Ram prefers health to wealth. (Correct)
He is junior than me. (Incorrect)
He is junior to me. (Correct)
3. Some adjectives like ideal, unique, complete, perfect, full, cheap, entire, impossible, preferable,
extreme are used as such. We cant change them into comparatives or superlatives.
Ex. Sachin is the most ideal batsman. (Incorrect)
Sachin is an ideal batsman. (Correct)
This pen is the most unique. (Incorrect)
This pen is unique. (Correct)
4. Little is used for quantity (uncountable noun) and few is used to count numbers, persons or
objects (Countable nouns)
few and little mean nobody, nothing respectively.
A few and a little mean somebody, something respectively.
Ex. Few boys were present in the class. (Incorrect)
A few boys were present in the class. (Correct)
Little happiness is better than none. (Incorrect)
A little happiness is better than none. (Correct)
He wants little salt for soup. (Incorrect)
He wants a little salt for soup. (Correct)
5. Many a is always followed by noun and verb in the singular.
Ex. Many a girls were absent. (Incorrect)
Many girls were absent. (Correct)
Many a girl was absent. (Correct)
Many a battle has been fought on the soil of India. (Correct)
6. Other is always followed by than not by but
Ex. I know no other person here but Ram. (Incorrect)
I know no other person here than Ram. (Correct)
7. Later and Latest refer to time, while Latter and Last refer to position.
Later expresses time
Latter means second in position or order
Latest express time
Last means final in position or order.
Ex.
59
9. When we are comparing the qualities of same person, we should not use comparative degree.
Ex. Ram is richer than wise. (Incorrect)
Ram is more rich than wise. (Correct)
(Instead of this more is used)
10. When whole is used as an adjective it is preceded by the and followed by of
Ex. Whole India was shocked at loss of this leader. (Incorrect)
The whole of India was shocked at loss of this leader. (Correct)
Very is used when we cant measure the quality mentioned and much is used when we can see or
measure the quality mentioned.
Exercise
Locate the error
1. (1) They have / (2) lesser books / (3) than /
2- fewer
2. (1) There is / (2) a little / (3) hope/ (4) of his recovery. (5) No error
2-little
3. (1) Of / (2) all the poets / (3) Yeat /
4- the
4. (1) My all / (2) Friends/ (3) helped /
1- All my
(4) is best.
(5) No error
5. (1) Your/ (2) lovely / (3) friend / (4) Raj. (5) No error
2. loving
6. (1) She / (2) is/ (3) junior / (4) than me. (5) No error
4- to
7. (1) He shall / (2) leave by / (3) latest / (4) plane. (5) No error
3-last
8. (1) It was / (2) much / (3) fine / (4) yesterday. (5) No error
2-very
9. (1) These flowers/ (2) smell/ (3) sweetly. (4) No error
3- sweet
10. (1) Ram is in / (2) most / (3) extreme / (4) difficultly. (5) No error
2- remove most
Fill up the blank with the proper form of the Adjectives.
1. Which is the highest mountain in the world? (high)
2. He is the older than his sister. (old)
3. He is the laziest boy in the class. (lazy)
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4. Toms essay is bad, Harrys is worse , but Peters is the worst. (bad)
5. Balis work is good, Anils is better, but Ashoks is the best. (good)
6. What is the latest news from Germany? (late)
7. It was the proudest moment of my life. (proud)
8. Lead is heavier than any other metal. (heavy)
9. Who is the oldest man in your village? (old)
10. Africa is the hottest of the five continents. (hot)
11. Iron is more useful than any other metal. (useful)
61
He is fond of tea.
The cat jumped of f the table.
Where to use preposition
Place- in, on, over, under, above, up, upon, by, between, across etc.
Ex. The fan is over my head.
Time- in, on, at, after, behind, before, through, out, for, during, till, since etc.
Ex. We shall go to a movie on Sunday.
I have eaten nothing since yesterday.
Agent and Instrumental- by, with, through etc.
Ex. She was stabbed with a knife.
We heard the news through them.
The programme was presented by dumb student.
Direction- to, towards, into etc.
Ex. The thief went towards the temple.
Measure- by, of
They purchase their grains by the kilos.
Will you please buy a liter of milk.
Purpose- for, to
He went to the shop for fruit.
Similarity- like detach
Sima looks like her mother.
Post or Designation- as
Raju work as a captain of the team this summer.
Note- One preposition is used differently according to its use.
Note- Generally, the use of preposition is made before the noun or the pronoun but sometimes it is
used after the noun or the pronoun.
Ex. What are you looking for?
Rules
1. Never use any preposition after verbs like recommend, attack, reach, accompany, order, lack,
obey, combat, afford, join, resemble; when these verbs are used in active voice.
Ex. Joy resemble with his mother. (Incorrect)
Joy resembles his mother. (Correct)
He has joined in the school. (Incorrect)
He has joined the school. (Correct)
He attacked upon me. (Incorrect)
He attacked me. (Correct)
2. For is used if actual sum is not mentioned and at is used if the actual sum is not given.
Ex. I bought this book at 50 rupees. (Incorrect)
I bought this book for 50 rupees. (Correct)
I cant buy this shirt for such a price. (Incorrect)
I cant buy this shirt at such a price. (Correct)
3. On is used with the days of the week or month. At is used with the exact time.
Ex. The train will arrive at Monday. (Incorrect)
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Exercise
Locate the error
1. (1) She did not / (2) pity with / (3) the labourers / (4) No error
4
2. (1) Do you / (2) fear from / (3) your teacher. (4) No error
2- remove from
3. (1) I have told / (2) to you about / (3) this affair. (4) No error
2- remove to
4. (1) She was / (2) waiting for / (3) the car. (4) No error
4
5. (1) What is / (2) she / (3) talking of? (4) No error
3- replace about to of
6. (1) She is / (2) angry / (3) on you. (4) No error
3- with in place of on
7. (1) He asked / (2) a / (3) holiday. (4) No error
2- should be for a
8. (1) He tore
5
63
10. (1) This is / (2) inferior / (3) than that. (4) No error
3- to in place of than
11. (1) Diwali / (2) Corresponds / (3) with Christmas. (4) No error
3- to in place of with
12. (1) He went / (2) near / (3) station. / (4) No error
2- near to
13. (1) There is / (2) no harm / (3) in doing this. (4) No error
4
14. (1) He / (2) rides / (3) in a bicycle. (4) No error
3- on in place of in
Fill in the blanks
1. My uncle lives _________ a large house ________ farm.
(1) in, on (2) in, in (3) on, on (4) None
2. When we were ________ London, we stayed ________ Oberoi Hotel.
(1) by, at (2) at, at (3) in, at (4) None
3. He started going ________ school ________ the age of seven.
(1) to, at (2) to, by (3) with, in (4) to, at
4. I am returning ______ India _______ the end of this month.
(1) by, to (2) at, by (3) to, by (4) None
5. One day Friday came running ________ the beach and told Robinson that there was big
ship ________ the sea.
(1) on, from (2) at, in (3) by, with (4) from, on
6. The driver get ______ and put it _____ side of the road.
(1) in, out (2) out, to (3) from, to (4) None
64
1. Co-ordinating Conjunction- The words used to join sentences which are independent in nature are
called Co-ordinating Conjunction.
Ex. and, but, for, also, either-or, neither-nor etc.
Ex. Birds fly and fish swim.
She spoke impressively at the meeting and won the appreciation of all.
I offered to help her but she refuses my help.
He neither helped his father nor loved him.
2. Sub- ordinating Conjunction The words which join dependent and independent sentences are
called Sub-ordinating Conjunction.
Ex. after, because, if, that, though, before, unless, as, when, where, while, than, since, until
Ex. I like him because he is honest.
I know when he will come.
I will do this if I am allowed.
I know where you were born.
Some Conjunction that are used in pairs.
Either or- Either take it or leave it.
Neither nor- He is neither rich nor poor.
Both and- We both loved and honoured him.
Though yet- Though he is poor, yet he is happy.
Not only but also- He not only passed but also won a scholarship.
So- that- He is so tired that he could hardly walk.
Hardly when- He had hardly reached the station when it began to rain.
No sooner than- No sooner did the bell ring than the boys ran out of their classes.
Such Conjunctions as are used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions
Rules
1. Though/Although is not followed by but. Some time you can use though/although . Yet.
Ex. Though he is intelligent but he is not proud. (Incorrect)
Though he is intelligent, he is not proud. (Correct)
2. If such is used as an adjective then the conjunction used after such is as.
Ex. This is such a place that no one likes. (Incorrect)
This is such a place as no one likes. (Correct)
I like such songs which are melodious. (Incorrect)
I like such songs as are melodious. (Correct)
3.When not only is used, it is followed by but also.
Ex. He is not only good in sports but in studies. (Incorrect)
He is not only good in sports but also in studies. (Correct)
4. Other is always followed by than, if it is used as an adjective.
Ex. I had no other plans but to visit here. (Incorrect)
I had no other plans than to visit here. (Correct)
5. As is not followed by so, except in a few idioms.
Ex. As he was tired so he could not go to picnic. (Incorrect)
As he was tired, he could not go to picnic. (Correct)
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6. And is used when both the things in a sentence are to be taken or is used to show the choice
between the given alternatives.
Ex. He will visit Agra or Bhopal. (Incorrect)
He will visit Agra and Bhopal. (Correct)
Please do this work and leave the office. (Incorrect)
Please do this work or leave the office. (Correct)
7. Without should not be used in place or in sense of unless.
Ex. He will not go without being invited. (Incorrect)
He will not go unless invited. (Correct)
8. Both and as well as are not used together. But both is used in positive sense and in negative
sense, neither. nor is used in place of both.
Ex. Both Sita as well as Gita are intelligent students. (Incorrect)
Both Sita and Gita are intelligent students. (Correct)
Both Sita and Gita are not interested (Incorrect)
Neither Sita nor Gita is interested. (Correct)
9. But is used to join the sentences of opposite nature And is used to join the sentences of similar
nature.
City life is fast and rural life is slow. (Incorrect)
City life is fast but rural life is slow. (Correct)
He is intelligent but smart. (Incorrect)
He is intelligent but smart. (Incorrect)
He is intelligent and smart. (Correct)
10. Neither is always followed by nor and by same form of helping verbs.
Ex. Neither did I eat nor he ate. (Incorrect)
Neither did I eat nor did he eat. (Correct)
Neither did I speak nor I acted. (Incorrect)
Neither did I speak nor I act. (Correct)
11. As is used in positive degree to denote some kind of equality. Also equally is not true
conjunction.
Ex. This book is as good if not better than it. (Incorrect)
This book is as good as if not better than it. (Correct)
His shirt is equally beautiful as that of mine. (Incorrect)
His Shirt is as beautiful as that of mine. (Correct)
12. Because and therefore are not used together.
Ex. Because he is late, therefore he is dismissed. (Incorrect)
Because he is late, he is dismissed. (Correct)
He is late therefore h e is dismissed. (Correct)
13. Conjunction like neither.nor, not only.but also should be placed before the words of
same sense speed.
Ex. He neither writes English nor Hindi. (Incorrect)
He writes neither English nor Hindi. (Correct)
14. That is not used before which, when, why, how, where, what etc.
Ex. He asked me that why I was crying. (Incorrect)
He asked me why I was crying. (Correct)
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16. Unless, until, lest, deny, forbid are already negative. They should not be followed by only
negative like not, no etc.
Lest is always followed by Should and not by may or might.
Exercise
Fill in the blank
1. Three and three make six.
2. There is no doubt that the earth is round.
3. Is this my book or yours?
4. I shall not go out now because it is raining very heavily.
5. They left when we returned
6. Wait till I come.
7. He is taller than I.
8. My brother is well but my sister is ill.
9. HE Must have passed this way because as there is no other road.
10. I know you are better than he.
Locate the error
1. (1) Ram not only / (2) wrote / (3) the poems but / (4) also plays. (5) No error
1- Ram wrote not only the poems but also plays.
2. (1) Hari asked / (2) him / (3) that / (4) who he is. (5) No error
3- remove that
3. (1) He has / (2) no other /(3) jacket except / (4) this. (5) No error
3- than in place of except
4. (1) He is equally / (2) smart / (3) as his / (4) brother. (5) No error
1- as in place of equally
5. (1) I doubt / (2) that /(3) you will /(4) succeed. (5) No error
2- use if or whether
6. (1) Both Ram and / (2) Shyam did /(3) not /(4) go there. (5) No error
1- Neither nor in place of bothand
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7. (1) As he is my / (2) friend, therefore/(3) I will /(4) help him. (5) No error
2- remove therefore
8. (1) Guide him/ (2) until/(3) he is with /(4) you. (5) No error
2- as long as
9. (1) Either the / (2) choice /(3) is right /(4) or wrong. (5) No error
1- The choice is either right or wrong.
10. (1) Supposing if / (2) she /(3) fails what will /(4) she do? (5) No error
1- supposing or if
11. (1) No sooner he / (2) arrive the station /(3) than the train /(4) started.(5) No error
1- No sooner did he
12. (1) I asked him/ (2) as I would help /(3) him /(4) in. (5) No error
2- if in place of as
13. (1) Scarcely had I entered / (2) the office /(3) when the /(4) telephone rang. (5) No error
5- No error
14. (1) When he reached / (2) Delhi then it /(3) was /(4) raining.(5) No error
2- remove then
15. (1) Neither you or / (2) I could /(3) do it. /(4) No error
1- nor in place of or
16. (1) As soon as / (2) the chief guest arrived/ (3) then / (4) the function started. (5) No error
3- remove then
17. (1) The old timetable / (2) will continue / (3) to March 31. /(4) (5) No error
3- till/until
18. (1) You are upset/ (2) like/(3) you are /(4) insulted. (5) No error
2- as if in place of like
ANSW
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19. (1) Drive carefully / (2) lest you may / (3) meet with an/(4) accident. (5) No error
2- should
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3. Complex
Simple Sentence- A simple sentence is one which has only one subject and one predicate. Or a simple
sentence is one which has only one finite verb.
Ex. His courage won him honour.
Subject
predicate
Explanation- Sentence has one subject and one predicate.
Compound Sentence- A compound sentence is one that is made up of two or more Co-ordinate Clauses.
Ex. The moon was bright and we could see our way.
1. The moon was bright.
2. We could see our way.
Explanation- These two parts are joined by the Co-ordinating Conjunction and. Each part contains a
Subject and a predicate of its own. Each part is what we call a clause. Each clause makes good sense by
itself Each clause is independent of the other.
or of the same order or rank, and is called a Principal or Main Clause.
Ex. Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.
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Exercise
1. What is the negative of: She is too fat to walk.
(1) She is not too fat to walk. (2) She is not so fat that she can walk.
(3) She is so fat that she cannot walk. (4) She is not so fat that she cannot walk. (5) None of these
2. Make negative: Sanskrit is the most difficult language.
(1) Sanskrit is not one of the easiest language. (2) Sanskrit is not the easiest language.
(3) Sanskrit is not an easy language. (4) No other language is so difficult as Sanskrit (5) None of these
3. The negative of He is too dull to understand it
(1) He is not too dull to understand it.
(2) He is so dull that he understand it.
(3) He is so dull that he cannot understand it. (4) He is not too dull that he cannot understand it.
(5) None of these
4. Make Assertive: A fireman and afraid of spark!
(1) It is strange that a fireman should be afraid of fire. (2) It is sad that a fireman is afraid of sparks.
(3) A fireman is afraid of sparks. (4) The fact that the fireman should afraid of sparks is strange.
(5) None of these
5. Make Interrogative: Everyone wants to get respect.
(1) Does every one want to get respects? (2) Isnt anyone want to get respects?
(3) Doesnt everyone want to get respects? (4) Do all want to get respects? (5) None of these
6. Select a simple sentence
(1) He is too old to walk without a stick. (2) He is so old that he cannot walk without a stick.
(3) He is old therefore; he cannot walk without a stick.
(4) He cannot walk without a stick because he is old.
(5) None of these
7. Select the complex sentence
(1) In spite of his hard work, he failed.
(3) Though he worked hard, he failed.
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(1) He asked her where she was working. (2) He told her where she was working.
(3) He asked her that where she was working. (4) He asked her if where she was working.
(5) None of these
14. Which of the following sentences are correct?
(1) It is strange that you do not know swimming. (2) It is strange that you do not know how to swim.
(3) It is strange that you do not know to swimming. (4) It is strange that you do not know to swim.
(5) None of these
TENSE-(Kaad)
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Tense- Tense is a term used in Grammar to indicate the time of action or event.
In any language tense is divided into three classes Present Tense When a verb is used to show that an action takes place at present, it is known as the
present tense.
Ex.Tom works hard.
Past Tense When a verb is used to show that an action was completed , it is known as the Past
Tense. Ex. Tom worked hard.
Future Tense- When a verb is used to show that an action will take place in future, it is known as
the future tense.
Ex. Tom will work hard.
FORMATION OF TENSE This tense is formed with the base form of the verb
Each of the above tenses is again divided into four classes.
Simple Tense (Sado Kaad)
Continuous Tense (Chalu Kaad)
Perfect Tense (Purna Kaad)
Perfect Continuous Tense (Purna Chalu kaad)
Simple Present Tense- (Sado vartman Kaad) When a tense is used to show the present time it is
known as the Simple present tense.
Ex. I love, I write
Aff- S + V1 + O/C.
I eat simple food daily.
Neg- S + do/does + not + V1 + O/C.
I do not eat simple food daily.
Int.- Do/Does + S + V1 + O/C?
Do I eat simple food daily?
Neg-Int- Dont/Doesnt + S + V1 + O/C
Dont I eat simple food daily?
In simple present tense to make negative, interrogative and Negative- interrogative sentences
Helping verb Do or Does is use.
I, we, you, they- do and he, she, it - does
Simple Past Tense- (Sado Bhut Kaad) When a tense shows that an action was completed in the past
it is known as simple past tense.
Ex- I wrote, I loved
Aff- S + V2 + O/C
I saw a poisonous snake.
Neg- S + did + not + V1 + O/C.
I did not see a poisonous snake.
Int- Did + S + V1 + O/C?
Did I see a poisonous snake?
Neg- Int- Didnt + S + V1 + O/C?
Didnt I see a poisonous snake?
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In simple past tense to make negative, interrogative and Negative- interrogative sentences Helping
verb did is use.
Did is V2 so dont use V2 form of verb, use only V1 form of verb.
Simple Future Tense- (Sado Bhavishya kaad) When a tense is used to show that some action will
take place in future, it is known as the simple future tense.
Ex, I shall write, I shall love
In future tense shall or will used.
I, we- Shall and you, he, she, it, they will
Aff- S + shall/will + V1 + O/C.
We shall purchase juicy fruits.
Neg S + shall/will + not + V1 + O/C.
We shall not purchase juicy fruits.
Int. Shall/Will + S + V1 + O/C?
Shall we purchase juicy fruits?
Neg- Int- Shant/ wont + S + V1 + O/C?
Shant we purchase juicy fruits?
Present Continuous Tense- (Chalu Vartman Kaad) When a tense is used to show what is really
happening now, it is known as the present continuous tense.
Aff- S + is/am/are + V1 ing + O/C.
The leaves are falling to the ground.
Neg- S + is/am/are + not + V1 ing + O/C.
The leaves are not falling to the ground.
Int- Is/Am/Are + S + V1 ing + O/C?
Are leaves falling to the ground?
Neg- Int- Isnt/Arent + S + V1 ing + O/C?
Arent leaves falling t o the ground?
Past Continuous Tense (Chalu Bhut Kaad) When the tense is used to show that an action was in
progress or incomplete in the pat, it is known as the past continuous tense.
Aff- S + was/were + V1 ing + O/C.
We were playing when you came.
Neg- S + was/were + not + V1 ing + O/C.
We were not playing when you came.
Int- Was/Were + S + V1 ing + O/C?
Were we playing when you came?
Neg- Int- Wasnt/ Werent + S + V1 ing + O/C?
Werent we playing when you came?
Future Continuous Tense (Chalu Bhavishya kaad) When a tense is used to show that some action
will be progress in future, it is known as the future continuous tense.
Aff- S + shall/will + be + V1 ing + O/C.
I shall be advocating my principles.
Neg- S + shall/will + not + be + V1 ing + O/C.
I shall not be advocating my principles.
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Present Perfect Continuous Tense When the tense is used to show that an action has been taking
place since a point of time in the past and in progress up to now, it is known as present perfect
continuous tense.
Aff- S + have/has + been + V1 ing + O/C.
They have been enjoying the party for the last 3 hours.
Amitabh has been acting in the film since 1968.
Neg- S + have/has + not + been + V1 ing + O/C.
Amitabh has not been acting in the film since 1968.
Int- Have/Has + S + been + V1 ing + O/C?
Has Amitabh been acting in the film since 1968?
Neg Int- Havent/ Hasnt + S + been + V1 ing + O/C?
Hasnt Amitabh been acting in the film since 1968?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense When a tense is used to show that an action had been in progress
up to another action began.
Aff- S + had + been + V1 ing + O/C.
I had been reading this book for 3 days.
She had been crying in her room since 2 p.m.
Neg- S + had + not + been + V1 ing + O/C.
He had not been practicing since morning.
They had been constructing the buildings for 6 months.
Int- Had + S + been + V1 ing + O/C?
Had you been watching movies since your childhood/
Had he been discussing with his boss since 11.00 am?
Neg-Int- Hadnt + S + been + V1 ing + O/C?
Hadnt you been learning Spoken English for the last 6 months?
Hadnt she been investing money in the stock market since January?
Future Perfect Continuous Tense When a tense is used to show that some action will have been
in progress in future, it is known future perfect continuous tense.
Exercise
Fill in the blank choosing the proper forms of the verbs given in the bracket.
1. Usually we enjoy Indian music. (enjoy, are enjoying)
ANSW
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The modal auxiliaries do not change with the number or person of the subject. They cannot be used
in continuous sentences. WE use modals to express our moods, manners and attitudes.
The Modal Auxiliaries
Shall, Should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need, dare, used.
Uses of Should
Should is the past5 tense of shall
1. To express duty or obligation in all persons
Ex. We should help the poor.
We should keep our promises.
He should not quarrel with his brother.
Note- Duty in the past is expressed by should have
Ex. You should have paid the money long ago.
You should have attended the meeting.
2. When giving or seeking advice
You shouldnt make fun of the disabled.
How much should I pay her for her work?
3. To express Disapproval
You shouldnt have behaved in this manner.
4. After lest to express a negative purpose.
Ex. Sake heed lest you should fall.
He ran fast lest he should miss the train.
5. Desirability (formally request)
Ex. It is 9.00pm now; I should return my home now.
We should start our work now.
6. Necessity
Ex. They should be here by 9.00am.
Uses of Would
Would is the past tense of will
1. To express a wish and choice
Ex. Where would you like to go?
Would like to see that book.
Would you like to take tea?
Would you prefer biscuits?
2. Request (Polite speech)
Ex. Would you bring me a glass of water?
Would you help me? Yes, I would.
Would you mind on my taking your pen?
Would you please lend me your book?
Would you mind not smoking here?
3. To express past Habit
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4. Compulsion
Ex. You must pay the bill today only.
You must control your diet and weight.
6. Duty
A soldier must fight for his country.
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Uses of Ought to
Ought to is used to express moral obligation, duties, and desirability, Ought to can indicate
present or future time. It is always followed by an infinitive to
Ex. We ought to work hard.
Why are you doing nothing? You ought to be working.
I ought to write him a letter of thanks.
You ought to have helped her.
The boy ought to have worked hard.
She said I ought to write to my mother.
India ought to fight against terrorism.
Uses of Need
As a modal need is mostly used in negative and interrogative. In the affirmative it stands as
require or in need of.
Ex. I need to work harder.
Do you need to work so hard?
It needs to be done with great care.
You need not copy the whole book.
They didnt need to hurry.
You neednt go now, the work has been completed.
Uses of Used
Used is the past tense of a defective verb which has no present tense.
Ex. I used to smoke cigarettes, now I dont.
Annu used to stand at the window for hours, looking at the busy road.
Used to can also be an adjective meaning accustomed.
Ex. Im used to working in a noisy room.
You will soon get used to the noise in the room.
Uses of Dare
The verb dare is used in the following ways
1. Present Tense
Ex. He cannot dare to defy (challenge) you.
Will she dare to jump out of the window?
She doesnt dare to say anything against her friend.
2. Past Tense
Ex.They dared not say such things again.
They dared not go very fast as they were afraid of an accident.
Did he dare to criticize his boos.
3. Interrogative Sentence
Ex. How dare you hit my brother?
How dare you speak so loudly in class?
How dare you open my letters?
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Passive Voice- A verb is in the passive voice when the person or thing denoted by the subject is the
receiver of the action. (that is, when the subject is passive or is acted upon)
Ex. Active voice- Rama helps Hari.
Passive Voice- Hari is helped by Rama.
Active voice- The peon opened the gate.
Passive voice The gate was opened by the peon.
Subjective case- I, we, you, he, she, it, they
Objective case- by me, by us, by you, by him, by her, by it, by them
Tense + Modal
Simple Present Tense
Present
Continuous
Tense
Present Perfect
Simple past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Tense
Simple Future
Future Perfect
Can/may/must/should
etc
Active Voice
take/takes
am/is/are taking
Passive Voice
am /is/are taken
Am/is/are being taken
Has/have taken
took
Was/were taking
Had taken
Will/shall take
Will/shall have taken
Can/may/must/should take
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PV- O + M.A. + be + V3 + by + S.
AV- We should pay our fees regularly.
PV- Our fees should be paid by us regularly.
AV- Anyone can solve this problem.
PV- This problem can be solved by anyone.
The Modal Auxiliary (Perfect construction)
AV- S + M.A. + have + V3 + O/C.
PV- O + M.A. + have + been + V3 + S.
AV- She should have taken my permission.
PV- My permission should have been taken by her.
AV- He may not have kept his promise this time.
PV- His promise may not have been kept by him this time.
ANSW
ER
Interrogative Sentence
AV- Who will bell the cat?
PV- By whom will the cat be belled?
AV- Why do we pray to god?
PV- Why is (does) god by us?
AV- What can I do for you?
PV- what can be done for you by me?
AV- Where did you forget your camera?
PV- where was your camera forgotten by you?
AV- How do you solve your problems?
PV- How are your problems solved by you?
Imperative Sentence
AV- V1+ O/C.
PV- O + should + be + V3
PV- Let + O + be + V3
You are asked/ ordered/ requested/ instructed to + V1 + O/C
AV- Opens the gate.
PV- The gate should be opened.
PV- Let the gate be opened.
PV- you are instructed to open the gate.
AV- Shut the window.
PV- you are requested to shut the window.
AV- Keep quite.
PV- You are ordered to keep quite.
AV- Get out.
PV- You are ordered to get out.
AV- Help the poor.
PV- Let the poor be helped.
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Indirect Speech- Indirect Speech do not gives the exact words of the speaker. But give only the
substance of what he said.
Ex- Ram said that Harry was an idle boy.
Direct Speech- Speaker Subject + Reporting verb, + Listener Subject + Reported Speech
Sentence
Indirect Speech- Speaker Subject + Reporting verb + Listener Subject + (helping verb) that +
Subject place + Verb + other words
Reporting verb changes
Direct
Say
Says
Say to
Says to
Said
Said to
Indirect
Say
Says
Tell
Tells
Said
told
Indirect
was/were
had been
did
had + past participle
had
could
might
would
Indirect
would
must
had
Indirect
that
those
there
that day
that night
then
before
so
the previous day/the day before
the previous week/month/year
the next day/the day after the following day
the following week/month/year
go
Direct Speech
1. The exact words of the speaker (Reported speech) are put with in inverted commas.
2. The first word of the reporting speech begins with a capital letter.
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3. A comma is placed after the reporting verb to separate it from the second part of the sentence.
Indirect Speech
1. The reported words are not placed with in inverted commas.
2. No comma is placed after said or reported verb.
3. The verb is change
Rules1. If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the verb in the reported speech is not changed
at all.
Ex. Direct- Tom says, There is no ink in the ink-pot.
Indirect- Tom says that there is no ink in the ink-pot.
Direct- The teacher says, The boy was lazy.
Indirect- The teacher says that the boy was lazy.
Direct- Ashok will say, Dinner is ready.
Indirect- Ashok will say that dinner is ready.
2. If the Reporting verb is in the past tense the verb in the reported speech is also changed to the past
tense.
a. The simple present becomes the simple past.
Ex. Direct- Pinky said, Kamala works very hard.
Indirect- Pinky said that Kamala worked very hard.
b. The present continuous becomes the past continuous.
Ex. Direct- He said, Anand is working hard.
Indirect- He said that Anand was working hard.
c. The present perfect becomes the past perfect.
Ex. Direct- Peter said, Bali has done his work.
Indirect- Peter said that Bali had done his work.
Direct- She said, Kamala has written the letter.
Indirect- She said that kamala had written the letter.
d. May is changed into might; can is changed into could
Ex. Direct- He said, The boy may pass.
Indirect- He said that the boy might pass.
Direct- I said, I can do the sum.
Indirect- I said that I could do the sum.
e. The simple past becomes the past perfect.
Ex. Direct- Bali said, Raman returned at noon.
Indirect- Bali said that Raman had returned at noon.
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ANSW
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